Fabrication of PVDF films has been making using Hot Roll Press. Preparation of samples carried out for nine different temperatures. This condition is carried out to see the effect of temperature fabrication on electri...Fabrication of PVDF films has been making using Hot Roll Press. Preparation of samples carried out for nine different temperatures. This condition is carried out to see the effect of temperature fabrication on electrical properties and crystallite size of PVDF films. The electrical properties like as surface resistivity are discussion focus in this paper. Surface resistivity properties of PVDF can be improved by mechanical treatment on the varying film thickness and the temperature. To obtain the diffraction pattern of sample characterization is performed using X-Ray Diffraction. Crystallite size of PVDF films calculate from broadening pattern of X-Ray Diffraction. Furthermore, from the diffraction pattern calculated β fraction and crystallite size, for calculation to determine the crystallite size of the sample by using the Scherrer equation. Has been obtained an increase piezoelectric properties of PVDF films that characterized by increasing β fraction. Have been obtained β fraction increased from 25.4% up to 44% for temperatures of 130°C up to 170°C, respectively. Resistivity value has been obtained at temperature 130°C up to 170°C, decreased from 1.23 × 104 Wm up to 0.21 × 104 Wm respectively. From the experimental results and the calculation of crystallite sizes obtained for the samples with temperature 130°C up to 170°C respectively are increased from 7.2 nm up to 20.54 nm. These results indicate that mechanical treatment caused increase β fraction and decrease surface resistivity. Increasing temperatures will also increase the size of the crystallite of the sample. This happens because with the increasing temperature causes the higher the degree of crystallization of PVDF film sample is formed, so that the crystallite size also increases.展开更多
We have constructed a consistent system of equations for the Yang-Mills quantum-wave fluctuations in the classical Yang-Mills condensate based on canonical quantization in the Heisenberg representation. Such a quasi-c...We have constructed a consistent system of equations for the Yang-Mills quantum-wave fluctuations in the classical Yang-Mills condensate based on canonical quantization in the Heisenberg representation. Such a quasi-classical system has been thoroughly analyzed in the conformal limit in the linear and quasi-linear approximations, both analytically and numerically. We have found that interaction between waves and condensate triggers a significant transfer or swap of energy from the condensate to the wave modes in the SU(2) gauge theory. Remarkably, a similar energy swap effect has been found in the maximally-supersymmetric N=4 Yang-Mills theory, as well as in the two-condensate SU(4) gauge theory. Such a generic feature of Yang-Mills dynamics opens up vast phenomenological implications in ultra-relativistic Yang-Mills plasma physics.展开更多
文摘Fabrication of PVDF films has been making using Hot Roll Press. Preparation of samples carried out for nine different temperatures. This condition is carried out to see the effect of temperature fabrication on electrical properties and crystallite size of PVDF films. The electrical properties like as surface resistivity are discussion focus in this paper. Surface resistivity properties of PVDF can be improved by mechanical treatment on the varying film thickness and the temperature. To obtain the diffraction pattern of sample characterization is performed using X-Ray Diffraction. Crystallite size of PVDF films calculate from broadening pattern of X-Ray Diffraction. Furthermore, from the diffraction pattern calculated β fraction and crystallite size, for calculation to determine the crystallite size of the sample by using the Scherrer equation. Has been obtained an increase piezoelectric properties of PVDF films that characterized by increasing β fraction. Have been obtained β fraction increased from 25.4% up to 44% for temperatures of 130°C up to 170°C, respectively. Resistivity value has been obtained at temperature 130°C up to 170°C, decreased from 1.23 × 104 Wm up to 0.21 × 104 Wm respectively. From the experimental results and the calculation of crystallite sizes obtained for the samples with temperature 130°C up to 170°C respectively are increased from 7.2 nm up to 20.54 nm. These results indicate that mechanical treatment caused increase β fraction and decrease surface resistivity. Increasing temperatures will also increase the size of the crystallite of the sample. This happens because with the increasing temperature causes the higher the degree of crystallization of PVDF film sample is formed, so that the crystallite size also increases.
文摘We have constructed a consistent system of equations for the Yang-Mills quantum-wave fluctuations in the classical Yang-Mills condensate based on canonical quantization in the Heisenberg representation. Such a quasi-classical system has been thoroughly analyzed in the conformal limit in the linear and quasi-linear approximations, both analytically and numerically. We have found that interaction between waves and condensate triggers a significant transfer or swap of energy from the condensate to the wave modes in the SU(2) gauge theory. Remarkably, a similar energy swap effect has been found in the maximally-supersymmetric N=4 Yang-Mills theory, as well as in the two-condensate SU(4) gauge theory. Such a generic feature of Yang-Mills dynamics opens up vast phenomenological implications in ultra-relativistic Yang-Mills plasma physics.