Characterization and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban and Suburban Tianjin, China

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas.

Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

Numerical Simulation of Land Subsidence at Tanggu District in Tianjin, China

Based on observed data from Tanggu District in Tianjin, a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) model was introduced to predict possible land subsidence due to exploitation of groundwater. According to model estimation under various hypothetical extraction scenarios, patterns of land subsidence at Tanggu District were studied and discussed.The predicted average background land subsidence rate of Tanggu is 9.47 mm/a.The significance of contribution of aquifers to land subsidence descends in order of units Ⅳ,Ⅲ,Ⅴ,Ⅱ.Land subsidence tends to deteriorate with the increase in total extraction rate.

Study on Winter Operation Process of the Surface Flow Constructed Wetland in Tianjin Area

[Objective] The research aimed to study winter operation process of the surface flow constructed wetland in Tianjin area.[Method] In view of climate characteristics in Tianjin,by the way of running under the ice,winter operation experiment of the surface flow constructed wetland in Tianjin was conducted,with the expectation to get some useful process parameters to run such systems in North China in winter.[Result] Although purification effect of the sewage by surface flow constructed wetland in winter was worse than that in other seasons(average reduction of about 20%),surface flow constructed wetland running under the ice was feasible in Tianjin area.When surface flow constructed wetland in North China ran under ice in winter,it was suggested that the outlet must be located in a low position to prevent to be completely frozen,and running water depth should not be less than 50-60 cm.The hydraulic load could be raised on the basis of reflux,and hydraulic retention time should maintain less than 4 d to keep water-soil interface not freezing.Inlet water depth should be increased as much as possible to improve temperature in the system.[Conclusion] The research could provide reference for promotion and application of the surface flow constructed wetland in North China.

Grey Relevance Analysis of Major Factors of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in Tianjin,China

Energy-related CO2 emissions from Tianjin’s production and household sectors during 2000–2012 were calculated based on the default carbon-emission coefficients provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Grey relational analysis was used in this study to capture the dynamic characteristics of 12 different factors related to CO2 emissions.The results indicated that population scale and structure,industrial structure,per capita disposable income,energy consumption and structure appeared as the main drivers related to the CO2 emissions increase during the study period.Based on the research,we make the policy recommendations including optimizing the industrial structure and energy structure,improving energy efficiency and promoting low-carbon consumption.

Identifying the sources of organic matter in marine and riverine sediments of Bohai Bay and its catchment using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes are useful tracers for distinguishing marine and terrestrial plant sources of sedimentary organic matter(OM),and for identifying OM from different types of plants.By analyzing the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of marine and riverine sediments from Bohai Bay and its catchment,we were able to identify the source of OM in these sediments.The stable carbon isotope values of Bohai Bay sediments were between-22.94‰ and-23.90‰,while those of riverine sediments were from-24.45‰ to-32.50‰.Marine algae were the main source of OM in Bohai Bay sediments.However,lacustrine algae were the main source of riverine sediments,not terrestrial OM.The nitrogen isotopes in Bohai Bay sediments decreased in eastward direction,with increasing distance from the coastline,which suggested a higher degree of impact from human activities along the coast.

Enhanced Riboflavin Production by Expressing Heterologous Riboflavin Operon from B.cereus ATCC14579 in Bacillus subtilis

Fragment containing the whole riboflavin(rib)operons of B.cereus ATCC14579 was detected from GenBank and annotated.The rib operon of ATCC14579 was cloned with Pn,its native promoter,or with P43,the vegetative growth promoter,into the plasmid.Expression analysis showed that heterologous rib operon was operative in B.subtilis.Integrative plasmid with P43-rib fragment was integrated into the chromosome of B.subtilis RH33,yielding transformant B.subtilis PY.With optimized medium components,4.3 g·L -1 of riboflavin was achieved in batch culture of B.subtilis PY,which was 27%enhancement compared to the host strain.Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis indicated that the transcriptional level of ribA maintained 2.8-fold higher with the expression of herterologous rib operon.Furthermore,the stability of B.subtilis PY was increased form 45%to 87%.The high transcriptional level of rib gene and higher stability of B.subtilis PY could explain the increased riboflavin production.

Implications of excess ^(210)Pb and ^(137)Cs in sediment cores from Mikawa Bay, Japan

Four sediment cores were collected from Mikawa Bay, Japan, and excess 210Pb and 137Cs were measured by gamma spectrometry. Sedimentation rates for the four cores were determined by 210Pb method. The sedimentation rate range is 0.10-0.70 g/(cm2·year). The bio-mixing depth for each core is less than 7.0 cm, and was determined by the excess 210Pb profiles as well. Therefore, the bioturbation is slight. The 210Pb-derived dates coincided with the results from 137Cs geochronology. Acceleration in sedimentation rate due to environmental alteration has been found in cores A2.5 and 05AS8, representing two depocenters due to their topography. Evidence of the Tokai Flood in 2000 was found in core 05AS8 according to the profiles of both radioisotopes and trace metals.

Experimental Research on the Application of Water Hyacinths to the Ecological Restoration of Water Bodies with Eutrophication

[Objective] The study aims to discuss the application of water hyacinths to the ecological restoration of water bodies with eutrophication through simulation experiments. [Method] In this study, water hyacinths were used to restore the simulated eutrophic water with green algae as the dominant algae species, and then the restoration effect of the simulated eutrophic water by water hyacinths was analyzed. [Result] In the simulation test without sediment, the peak chlorophyll concentration was 434.6 mg/m3 in the tank without water hyacinths, which decreased to 285 and 119 mg/m3 respectively in the tanks with 1 and 4 water hyacinths. In the experiment with sediment, compared with the control tank without water hyacinths, a 58% reduction in chlorophyll concentration could be observed in the tank with 4 water hyacinths planted (with a coverage of 51%). The results showed that water hyacinths could inhibit alga growth notably, but there was likely a density threshold (51% coverage), and no significant eco-restoration effect was observed in the simulated eutrophic water with too few water hyacinths planted. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the ecological restoration of eutrophic water bodies.

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium for ternary system of ethanol, ethyl propionate and para-xylene at 101.3 kPa

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) data for the binary system ethyl propionate(2) + para-xylene(3) and ternary system ethanol(1) + ethyl propionate(2) + para-xylene(2) at atmospheric pressure(101.3 k Pa)were obtained by a VLE modified othmer still. All the experimental data passed a point to point consistency test of Van Ness method, which verified the data reliability. The Wilson and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models were employed to correlate the binary VLE data to obtain binary interaction parameters. Based on binary interaction parameters, ternary VLE data of ethanol(1) + ethyl propionate(2) + para-xylene(3) were predicted by Wilson and UNIQUAC models, which proved that predicted values are consistent with the experimental data.Furthermore, azeotropic phenomenon between ethanol and ethyl propionate disappears when the mole ratio of para-xylene and binary system of ethanol and ethyl propionate is 1:1. Therefore, this paper convinced that para-xylene is a proper extractive additive that could be used in extractive distillation to separate the binary azeotropic system of ethanol and ethyl propionate.

Study on Treatment of the Pesticide Wastewater by the Composite Process of Biological Active Carbon Filter-Fluid Bed

[Objective]The research aimed to study treatment effect of the pesticide wastewater by the composite process of biological active car-bon filter-fluid bed. [Method] The composite process of biological active carbon filter-fluid bed was applied to treat the mixed pesticide wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODCr ,BOD5 ,NH3-N,SS and the influence factors were investigated. [Result] The composite process had good treatment efficiency for pesticide wastewater. After running stably,the average removal rates of CODCr ,BOD5 ,NH3-N and SS were respectively 91. 6%,96. 2%,90. 2% and 87. 5%. All indices reached the third level criteria specified in Comprehensive Standard of the Sewage Discharge ( DB12/356-2008) . [Conclusion] The whole system operates reliably and simply,and provides a stable,convenient and economical solution for deep treatment of the mixed pesticide wastewater.

Simulation of liquid-gas flow in full-scale Caroussel oxidation ditch with surface aeration

A model for liquid-gas flow(MLGF),considering the free movement of liquid surface,was built to simulate the wastewater velocity field and gas distribution in a full-scale Caroussel oxidation ditch with surface aeration.It was calibrated and validated by field measurement data,and the calibrated parameters and sections were selected based on both model analysis and numerical computation.The simulated velocities of MLGF were compared to that of a model for wastewater-sludge flow(MWSF).The results show that the free liquid surface considered in MLGF improves the simulated velocity results of upper layer and surface.Moreover,distribution of gas volume fraction(GVF) simulated by MLGF was compared to dissolved oxygen(DO) measured in the oxidation ditch.It is shown that DO distribution is affected by many factors besides GVF distribution.

Methane emissions during storage of different treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people,animals and environment.In general,the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals,temperature,manure characteristics and so on.This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with different piling treatments.Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30,45,60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm.Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009.Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values.Subsequently,all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment.Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner.There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap.However,regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.

Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations in Surface Soils Under Ermans Birch and Dark Coniferous Forests

Soil samples were taken from an Ermans birch(Betula ermanii)-dark coniferous forest(Picea jezoensis and Abies nephrolepis)ecotone growing on volcanic ejecta in the northern slope of Changbai Mountains of Northeast China,to compare soil carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)transformations in the two forests.The soil type is Umbri-Gelic Cambosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Soil samples were incubated aerobically at 20-C and field capacity of 700 g kg-1 over a period of 27 weeks.The amount of soil microbial biomass and net N mineralization were higher in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest(P<0.05),whereas the cumulative C mineralization(as CO2 emission)in the dark coniferous forest exceeded that in the Ermans birch(P<0.05).Release of the cumulative dissolved organic C and dissolved organic N were greater in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest(P<0.05).The results suggested that differences of forest types could result in considerable change in soil C and N transformations.

Distributions and sources of n-alkanes in PM_(2.5) at urban,industrial and coastal sites in Tianjin,China

Aliphatic hydrocarbons(n-alkanes) associated with fine particulate matter were determined in the ambient air of urban,industrial and coastal areas in Tianjin,China,where intensive coal burning for industrial and domestic purpose takes place.n-Alkane homologues from C12 to C35 were quantifiable in all samples with C20-C31 being the most abundant species.Average concentrations of the total n-alkanes were 148.7,250.1 and 842.0 ng/m3 in July,April and January,respectively.Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to ambient temperature changes and coal combustion for residential heating.Among the three studied areas,the highest levels of n-alkanes were observed in the industrial complex in winter and spring,but in summer the coastal alkane concentration moved up to the highest. A mono-modal distribution for n-alkanes was observed in spring and summer with odd carbon number predominance and a maximum centered at C27-C31,suggesting the release of plant wax into the atmosphere.The bimodal distribution with maxima at C22 and C26 observed in winter indicated a substantial influence of fossil fuel sources.All the CPIs(CPI1,CPI2,CPI3) values,varying between 0.64 and 1.97,indicated the influence of anthropogenic emissions on fine organic aerosols.The estimated contributions of plant wax to total n-alkanes were on average of 12.9%,19.1%and 26.1%for winter,spring and summer,respectively.

Vertical Distribution Characteristics of PM2.5 Observed by a Mobile Vehicle Lidar in Tianjin, China in 2016

We present mobile vehicle lidar observations in Tianjin, China during the spring, summer, and winter of 2016. Mobile observations were carried out along the city border road of Tianjin to obtain the vertical distribution characteristics of PM_(2.5). Hygroscopic growth was not considered since relative humidity was less than 60% during the observation experiments. PM_(2.5) profile was obtained with the linear regression equation between the particle extinction coefficient and PM_(2.5) mass concentration. In spring, the vertical distribution of PM_(2.5) exhibited a hierarchical structure. In addition to a layer of particles that gathered near the ground, a portion of particles floated at 0.6–2.5-km height. In summer and winter, the fine particles basically gathered below 1 km near the ground. In spring and summer, the concentration of fine particles in the south was higher than that in the north because of the influence of south wind. In winter, the distribution of fine particles was opposite to that measured during spring and summer. High concentrations of PM_(2.5) were observed in the rural areas of North Tianjin with a maximum of 350 μg m–3 on 13 December2016. It is shown that industrial and ship emissions in spring and summer and coal combustion in winter were the major sources of fine particles that polluted Tianjin. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of haze formation and the effects of meteorological conditions during haze–fog pollution episodes in the Tianjin area.

Interactions between Ipomoea aquatica and Microbial Populations

[Objective]This paper was to research the water purification mechanism of Ipomoea aquatica and its correlation with algae and rotifer. [Methods]Taking I. aquatica as the test material,Chlorella vulgaris,Scenedesmus obliquus,Microcystis aeroginosa and rotifer Adineta vaga with different densities were added to the hydroponics nutrients solutions of I. aquatica by the hydroponic ecological simulation method. The growth characteristics of I. aquatica,changes of microbial populations and the consumption status of nutrients in the nutritional solution were determined. And the interactions between the plant and the microbial populations were researched. [Results]When I. aquatica seedlings grew to a certain stage,growth of principal root stopped; while the lateral roots emerged greatly; and the nutrition absorption efficiency enhanced. As the inoculation concentration of C. vulgaris increased,root length of I. aquatica increased relatively great due to the competition for nutrients. The competition and allelopathy of M. aeroginosa and S. obliquus restricted the development of root system of I. aquatica. The grazing pressure of Chlorella vulgaris had little effects on M. aeroginosa,but restricted the rapid growth of S. obliquus. [Conclusions]This research provided data support for the application of fish-shrimp-vegetable aquaculture system.

Quantitative characterization of Cu binding potential of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment from Taihu Lake using multiple techniques

溶解有机物(DOM ) 特别为有更高的 DOM 集中的发育营养正常促进剂湖在水的环境在重金属种形成和分发起一个重要作用。泰胡·莱克是第三最大的淡水和一个高发育营养正常促进剂湖在长江下游，中国。在湖，水藻花蕾的经常的逃走极大地在湖沉积增加了不同有机物的集中。在这研究，沉积样品从泰胡·莱克的各种各样的部分被收集与 Cu 在 DOM 的有约束力的潜力探索空间差别。滴定实验被采用到份量上描绘在 Cu (II ) 和用离子从泰胡·莱克沉积提取的 DOM 之间的相互作用选择电极(ISE ) 和荧光熄灭技术。ISE 结果证明外长的 DOM 比内长的 DOM 有更高有约束力的能力，并且从水的 macrophytes 导出的 DOM 比源于水藻的有一个更高有约束力的能力。熄灭结果的荧光显示腐殖的物质在湖在在 DOM 和 Cu (II ) 之间的 complexation 起了一个关键作用。因为水藻花蕾的经常的逃走，然而，像蛋白质的事也是象在泰胡·莱克的腐殖的事一样的主要部件。因此，因为在 DOM 的像蛋白质的物质是不稳定的，当分解时，他们将释放界限金属，由像蛋白质的物质的金属界限应该被引起担心。

Synthesis of Bi-doped TiO2 Nanotubes and Enhanced Photo-catalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution from Glycerol Solution

有可变 Bi/Ti 比率的做双性人的 TiO2 nanotubes 被热水的处理在 10 摩尔综合 ? 慮潮慰瑲捩敬吗？？

Application of mobile vehicle lidar for urban air pollution monitoring

A mobile vehicle lidar system has been developed and applied to detect urban air quality. On September 21 and22, 2015, particulate matter observation with mobile vehicle lidar was carried out in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin. Combined with the latitude and longitude information acquired by a GPS, the three-dimensional distribution of the aerosol extinction coefficient was presented in the experimental area. Furthermore, the source,distribution, and the transportation path of the aerosols in the area were investigated based on lidar data, local meteorological data, and backward trajectory analysis. The results show that mobile vehicle lidar can detect the atmospheric aerosols and reflect the stereoscopic distribution properties of aerosols. The potential of this vehicle lidar system provides a new scientific basis for the study of the source, distribution, and transportation of atmospheric particles.