Ultra-deep carbonate basement reservoirs formed by polyphase fracture-related karstification in the Offshore Bohai Bay Basin, China

The Palaeozoic carbonate basement of the Offshore Bohai Bay Basin (OBBB) presents considerable potential for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the multistage tectonism and complex superimposed palaeo-karstification in the area are unclear, which leads to a lack of understanding on the formation mechanism and distribution of the deep carbonate basement reservoirs. In this study, the occurrence of a fracture-vug network and its fillings in carbonate reservoirs were investigated based on borehole cores, thin sections, and image logs from the southwestern slope of the OBBB's Bozhong Sag. Then the diagenetic fluid properties of the carbonate matrix and fillings were analysed via the data of carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes, and major, rare elements from coring intervals. The results revealed that fracture-related karst reservoirs have lithologic selectivity inclined toward dolomite strata. The intersecting relationships, widths, and strikes of the fractures and the regional tectonic background indicate three structural fracture families: NW-, NNE-, and NNW- trending, related to the Indosinian, middle Yanshanian, and late Yanshanian orogeny, respectively. The Indosinian NW- and end-Mesozoic NNE-trending fractures produced by compressional tectonic stress mainly contributed to the formation of the basement reservoirs. The geochemistry of the calcite veins filling these fractures suggests two main types of diagenetic fluids. The fluid of autogenic recharge related to the earlier fills is karstification diffuse flow dominated by internal runoff from rainfall in the highland setting of the Indosinian thrusting orogenic belt. The other fluid of allogenic recharge related to the later fills is the main lateral freshwater flow dominated by external runoff from the catchment in the setting of the horst-lowland within the rifting basin, induced by the Yanshanian destruction of the North China Craton. Finally, the relationship between the three fracture families and two kinds of related fluids is revealed. This allows us to propose a model to understand the polyphase-superimposed fracture-related karst reservoir complexes within the deep carbonate basement of tilting fault blocks that neighbour the Bozhong hydrocarbon kitchen and predict the formation of potential plays with high accuracy.

Division and identification of vertical reservoir units in Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hill of Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Based on the data associated with cores,sidewall cores,casting thin sections,reservoir physical properties,conventional logging and imaging logging,the classification schemes of vertical reservoir units are proposed for the two types of Archaeozoic buried hills(exposed and covered ones)in the Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin.The geological characteristics and storage spaces of these reservoir units are described,and their identification markers in conventional and imaging log curves are established.The Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills can be vertically classified into two primary reservoir units:weathering crust and inner buried hill.The weathering crust contains four secondary units,i.e.,the clay zone,weathered glutenite zone,leached zone,disaggregation zone;and the interiors contain two secondary units,i.e.,interior fracture zone and tight zone.In particular,the inner fracture zone was further divided into cataclasite belts and dense-fracture belts.It is proposed that the favorable reservoirs of exposed Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills are mainly developed in four parts including weathered glutenite zone,leached zone,disintegration zone superposed with the cataclasite belt and the cataclasite belt of inner fracture zone,and are controlled by both weathering and tectonic actions.Favorable reservoirs in covered Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills are mainly developed in the weathering crust superposed with the cataclasite belts and the cataclasite belts of inner fracture zone,and are mainly controlled by tectonic actions.

Hydrocarbon Charging and Accumulation Process of the Large Bozhong19-6 Condensate Gas Reservoirs in the Southwestern Bozhong Sub-Basin,Bohai Bay Basin,China

The Bozhong19-6(BZ19-6)condensate gas reservoirs,located in the southwestern Bozhong sub-basin,Bohai Bay Basin,China,were paleo-oil reservoirs in the geological past and have undergone at least three successive hydrocarbon charging events.The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process of“early oil and late gas”has occurred in the current reservoirs.At the end of the sedimentation of the Guantao Formation(N_(1)g,∼12 Ma),the reservoirs began to fill with first stage low-moderate mature crude oil.At the late stage of the Lower Minghuazhen Formation(N_(1)ml)(∼6.7 Ma),the reservoirs were largely charged with second stage high mature crude oil.Since the deposition of the upper Minghuazhen Formation(N_(2)m^(u),∼5.1 Ma),the paleo-oil reservoirs were transformed into shallow Neogene reservoirs due to the reactivation of basement faults.From the late stage of the N_(2)m^(u)to the present day(∼2.8–0 Ma),the reservoirs were rapidly filled by natural gas within a short period.In addition,analysis of the formation of the reservoir bitumen and the conspicuous loss of the lower molecular weight n-alkanes in the crude oil reveal that the injection of a large amount of gas in the late stage caused gas flushing of the early charged oil.

Control of Anticline Crest Zone on Depositional System and Its Geological Significance for Petroleum in Changshaling,Ying- er Sag,Eastern Jiuquan Basin

ABSTRACT： Yinger sag is the main petroleum and only the Changshaling oil resource has shaling anticline crest zone was formed above the generative sag in eastern Jiuquau Basin, been found after 60 years prospecting. Chang- regional uplift, and was slightly affected by crest was identified as a structural transposition zone. Based on analysis of seismic facies, logging facies and seismic inversion technique, it has been demonstrated that anticline crest zone conducts drainage entering basin and dominates sedimentary detritus further dispersing, and the anticline crest zone controls the distribution of sand bodies and the development of sedimentary system consequently. The sequence stratigraphic patterns of multi-step fault belt in Member 3 of Xiagou Formation in Lower Cretaceous in the anticline crest zone is composed of the development of sedimentary facies in plan and distribution of multi-step fault belt sand bodies in spa- tial. This research investigates the sand-control models and sequence patterns, and finally a model of reservoirs in anticline crest zone is identified.

Petroleum Charging and Leakage in the BZ25-1 Field, Bohai Bay Basin

This paper discusses origin and charging histories of the Bozhong （渤中） 25-1 field （BZ25-1） in the Bozhong sub-basin, Bohai （渤海） Bay basin. Petroleum is contained in both Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs in the BZ25-1 field. The origin of the field was studied using biomarker distri-butions for 61 source rock samples and 34 oil samples. Oil in the Paleogene reservoirs was derived from the third member （Es3, 43.0-38.0 Ma in age） of the Eocene Shahejie （沙河街） Formation, whereas oil in the Neogene reservoirs was a mixtures of oil generated from the third member and the first member （Es1, 35.8-32.8 Ma） of the Eocene Shahejie Formation. Charging of the shallow Neogene reservoirs was dynamic, probably ongoing, which was a combined result of the existence of active source rocks, the development of overpressure and the fault reactivation since about 5.1 Ma. On the contrary, the deep Paleogene reservoirs experienced intensive oil leakage as indicated by the high GOI （grains-containing-oil-inclusions） values （up to 30%） for samples below the present-day oil-water con-tact. Part of the oil that leaked from the Paleogene reservoirs re-accumulated in the shallow Neogene reservoirs. The variation of oil origins within the BZ25-1 field, and the dynamic petroleum charging into the shallow Neogene reservoirs and leakage from the deep Paleogene reservoirs have important implications for petroleum exploration.