Research Progress of Prostate Stem Cell Antigen in Bladder Cancer Treatment

In order to study the application effect of prostate stem cell antigen in the treatment of bladder cancer,several literatures have been reviewed in this paper,including the predisposition factors of bladder cancer,clinical treatment methods,progress of prostate stem cell antigen,and nanomaterial probe.This paper presents a feasible method of using luminescent nanomaterials(anti-UCNPs)as biological probes.

Research progress of individualized precision treatment for pancreatic cancer

Currently,there is the extremely poor prognosis for pancreatic cancer.Despite the continuous development of various technologies,the long-term survival rate is not improved well.With the rapid development of genomics and biotechnology,the concept of tumor precision treatment has attracted much attention.Gene sequencing technology and biomarker detection have been used to deeply explore the mechanism of the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer and applied it to clinical diagnosis and treatment,making it possible for patients to carry out individualized precision treatment for pancreatic cancer.Multiple-factor analysis combined with meaningful biological indicators is more helpful to determine individualized diagnosis and treatment measures.This paper summarizes the research results in the above aspects.

Therapeutic Effect of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Rat Bladder Cancer

Objective:To analyze the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy on rats with bladder cancer and provide a feasible direction for the treatment of human bladder cancer.Methods:An animal model was constructed,and Model 1 was used as an example.Two groups of rats were injected with anti-upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)(experimental group)and 0.9%normal saline(control group),respectively.In vivo imaging was performed to determine the accuracy of the anti-UCNPs method.Results:There were 15 rats in the experimental group with obvious bladder swelling.Among them,11 rats had cauliflower-like and partially brown bladder tumors,whereas the other four rats had hard,nodular-like protrusions,with indistinct borders and adhesions to the anterior wall of the rectum.Small papillary masses were observed in two rats,local mucosal thickening without tumor formation was observed in two rats,and bladder stones were observed in six rats.The bladder specimens of 15 rats in the control group were pink and shiny,without any tumors.Fourteen rats in the experimental group and 12 rats in the control group had bladder cancer lesions,accounting for 93.33%and 80%,respectively.The detection accuracy of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group.Conclusion:Multimodal nanoprobes targeting bladder cancer stem cells in vivo were used to image the orthotopic tumor and lymph node metastasis models of animals by anti-UCNPs imaging to observe the distribution,migration,and differentiation process of bladder cancer stem cells in model mice.It is clear that rare earth upconversion luminescent nanomaterials,modified by BCMab1 and CD44 monoclonal antibodies,can be used as probes for the detection of bladder cancer,the tracking of lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer,and the comprehensive evaluation of the overall efficacy of nanoprobe-targeted therapy for bladder cancer stem cells.

Autophagy inhibition enhances apigenin-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Apigenin （4＇,5,7-trihydroxyflavone） is a member of the flavone subclass of flavonoids present in fruits and vegetables. The involvement of autophagy in the apigenin-induced apoptotic death of human breast cancer cells was investigated. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed by 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） and clonogenic assays. Flow cytometry, fluorescent staining and Western blot analysis were employed to detect apoptosis and autophagy, and the role of autophagy was assessed using autophagy inhibitors. Apigenin dose- and time-dependently repressed the proliferation and clonogenic survival of the human breast cancer T47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The death of T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells was due to apoptosis associated with increased levels of Caspase3, PARP cleavage and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios. The results from flow cytometry and fluorescent staining also verified the occurrence of apoptosis. In addition, the apigenin-treated cells exhibited autophagy, as characterized by the appearance of autophagosomes under fluorescence microscopy and the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles （AVOs） by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the results of the Western blot analysis revealed that the level of LC3-Ⅱ, the processed form of LC3-Ⅰ, was increased. Treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine （3-MA）, significantly enhanced the apoptosis induced by apigenin, which was accompanied by an increase in the level of PARP cleavage. Similar results were also confirmed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. These results indicate that apigenin has apoptosis- and autophagy-inducing effects in breast cancer cells. Autophagy plays a cyto-protective role in apigenin-induced apoptosis, and the combination of apigenin and an autophagy inhibitor may be a promising strategy for breast cancer control.

Research progress of interleukin-11 in tumor

Interleukin-11 （IL-11） is a cytokine of IL-6 family that mediates signal transduction through a common signal transduction molecule glycoprotein 130gp130. JAK/STAT, Ras/Erk and PI3K-mediated pathways are involved in the IL-11 signaling pathway. IL-11 has traditionally been thought to be an anti-inflammatory cytokine that has a complex role in the body＇s immune response. Simultaneously, the activation of STAT3 by IL-11 provides a functional link to support the survival and growth of cancer cells. There is also evidence that IL-11 may play a role in promoting liver cancer through wound healing mechanisms. In recent years, studies have found that IL-11 could stimulate the development of tumors via promoting the proliferation and inhibiting the apoptosis of cancer cells, mediating the tolerance of cancer cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and mediating the growth and survival of early microtransferred colonies. Sustained activation of JAK-STAT and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, up-regulating the expression of IL-11 receptor and hypoxia microenvironment mediated by HIF-1a and AP-1 transcription factors are involved in the progression of cancer. Therefore, targeted therapies that treat the over expression of IL-11 or IL-11 receptors and IL-11 signaling pathway such as the JAK 1/2 and STAT3 inhibitor in cancer patients has the potential to completely relieve the tumor, which may provide us a new idea for the treatment of cancer.