Long-term endurance training or physical activity has been confirmed not only to improve physical performance, but to bring about an obvious beneficial effect on human health; however, the mechanism of this effect is ...Long-term endurance training or physical activity has been confirmed not only to improve physical performance, but to bring about an obvious beneficial effect on human health; however, the mechanism of this effect is not clear. The most studied health adaptations in skeletal muscle response to endurance exercise are increased muscle glycogen level and insulin sensitivity, fiber type transformation toward oxidative myofibers, and increased mitochondrial content/function. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles in eukaryotic cells critical in physical performance and disease occurrence. The mitochondrial life cycle spans biogenesis, maintenance, and clearance. Exercise training may promote each of these processes and confer positive impacts on skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic functions. This review focused on the regulation of these processes by endurance exercise and discussed its potential benefits in health and disease. We presented evidence suggesting that exercise training potentiates not only the biogenesis of mitochondria but also the removal of old and unhealthy mitochondria through mitochondrial quality control.展开更多
Ozone(O_(3))pollution can decrease sport performance and induce respiratory toxicity,but relatively few studies have investigated its effects on skeletal muscles.We randomly assigned rats to the following groups based...Ozone(O_(3))pollution can decrease sport performance and induce respiratory toxicity,but relatively few studies have investigated its effects on skeletal muscles.We randomly assigned rats to the following groups based on a 2×4 two-factor factorial design:Air+0,Air+10,Air+15,and Air+20,O_(3)+0,O_(3)+10,O_(3)+15,and O_(3)+20.The rats in the+0 groups rested,whereas those in the+10,+15,and+20 groups ran on a treadmill(in clean air for Air groups and in air polluted with 0.14 parts per million[ppm]O_(3)for O_(3)groups)at speeds of+10,+15,and+20 m/min,respectively,for 1 h.Thereafter,key enzyme activities involving the tricarboxylic acid cycle,oxidative phosphorylation,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)content,histopathological changes,oxidative stress,inflammation factors,and apoptosis were assessed in the rat quadriceps femoris samples.Ozone reduced key enzyme activities and ATP contents in the quadriceps femoris regardless of whether the rats exercised.Pathological changes,inflammatory factors,oxidative stress,and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis were only evident under conditions of exercise combined with ozone and increasingly worsened as exercise intensity increased.These findings suggested that acute exercise under ozone exposure could induce damage to the quadriceps femoris,which would negatively affect sport performance.Ozone-induced disrupted energy metabolism might be an early event that becomes more critical as exercise intensity increases.Therefore,care should be taken when exercising in polluted air,even when ozone pollution is mild.展开更多
基金supported by research grants from the Natural Sciences Foundation of China(31110103919,81370454,31200894,31000523,30771048,30470837,31071040,and 30270638)Tianjin Municipal Sci-tech-innovation Base Project(10KJPT024)+1 种基金General Administration of Sport of China Basic Project(10B058)National Sci-tech Support Project(2012BAK21B03)
文摘Long-term endurance training or physical activity has been confirmed not only to improve physical performance, but to bring about an obvious beneficial effect on human health; however, the mechanism of this effect is not clear. The most studied health adaptations in skeletal muscle response to endurance exercise are increased muscle glycogen level and insulin sensitivity, fiber type transformation toward oxidative myofibers, and increased mitochondrial content/function. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles in eukaryotic cells critical in physical performance and disease occurrence. The mitochondrial life cycle spans biogenesis, maintenance, and clearance. Exercise training may promote each of these processes and confer positive impacts on skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic functions. This review focused on the regulation of these processes by endurance exercise and discussed its potential benefits in health and disease. We presented evidence suggesting that exercise training potentiates not only the biogenesis of mitochondria but also the removal of old and unhealthy mitochondria through mitochondrial quality control.
基金supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31110103919, 31200894,31000523,30771048,30470837,31071040,and 30270638)Tianjin Municipal Sci-tech-innovation Base Project (No.10SYSYJC28400)+1 种基金Tianjin Science and Technology Planning Project(No.12JCQNJC07900)General Administration of Sport of China Basic Project(No.10B058)
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2017YFC0211600,2017YFC0211603][grant number AWS16J004,BWS17J025].
文摘Ozone(O_(3))pollution can decrease sport performance and induce respiratory toxicity,but relatively few studies have investigated its effects on skeletal muscles.We randomly assigned rats to the following groups based on a 2×4 two-factor factorial design:Air+0,Air+10,Air+15,and Air+20,O_(3)+0,O_(3)+10,O_(3)+15,and O_(3)+20.The rats in the+0 groups rested,whereas those in the+10,+15,and+20 groups ran on a treadmill(in clean air for Air groups and in air polluted with 0.14 parts per million[ppm]O_(3)for O_(3)groups)at speeds of+10,+15,and+20 m/min,respectively,for 1 h.Thereafter,key enzyme activities involving the tricarboxylic acid cycle,oxidative phosphorylation,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)content,histopathological changes,oxidative stress,inflammation factors,and apoptosis were assessed in the rat quadriceps femoris samples.Ozone reduced key enzyme activities and ATP contents in the quadriceps femoris regardless of whether the rats exercised.Pathological changes,inflammatory factors,oxidative stress,and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis were only evident under conditions of exercise combined with ozone and increasingly worsened as exercise intensity increased.These findings suggested that acute exercise under ozone exposure could induce damage to the quadriceps femoris,which would negatively affect sport performance.Ozone-induced disrupted energy metabolism might be an early event that becomes more critical as exercise intensity increases.Therefore,care should be taken when exercising in polluted air,even when ozone pollution is mild.
