THE STUDY ON RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN IN TIANJIN, CHINA AND ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA

To explore the possible explanation of the marked difference in the incidence of breast cancer between Chinese and Australian women, the authors have compared and analysed the results of two case-control studies completed recently in Tianjin, China and Adelaide, Australia. Of 10 known risk factors for breast cancer 9 were significantly higher in level in Adelaide women than in Tianjin women, i.e., women in Adelaide were much taller, heavier, more obese, earlier at menarche, later at first full-term pregnancy, more nulliparous, less parity, more in history of breast cancer in first degree relatives, more educated. From the 7 risk factors analysed by use of logistic regression model 5 factors, i.e., earlier age at menarche, later age at first full-term pregnancy, less parity, history of benign disease, and history of breast cancer in first degree relatives, were associated significantly with the increased risk for breast cancer in the Tianjin study, but not in Adelaide study. These factors being not associated with breast cancer in Adelaide women were unexpected. The explanation of the indefinite findings in Adelaide study was due to the fact that the level of the risk factor is universally high, relatively uniform and lack of categories. The difference in the risk factor distribution between cases and controle would not be seen in case-control studies, and significance of the risk factor therefore may not be found. According to data on diet survey in these two cities, the calories from fat was significantly higher in Adelaide women than in Tianjin women. The marked difference in incidence in women in the two cities resulted from the summing-up effect of a number of factors. The important role of fat intake in geographical incidence difference and in the development of breast cancer was also discussed.

High Serum CEA and CYFRA21-1 Levels after a Two-Cycle Adjuvant Chemotherapy for NSCLC:Possible Poor Prognostic Factors

Objective The aim of this study was to test whether carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragments(CYFRA21-1) can be used as a prognostic factor for non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC) after two cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC patients. Methods A total of 169 patients underwent at least two cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy.The serum levels of CEA and CYFRA21-1 were recorded after the second cycle of chemotherapy,and the patient follow-up was conducted.Overall survival(OS) and diseasefree survival(DFS) were used as the primary endpoint and the secondary endpoint,respectively. Results The high levels of CEA and CYFRA21-1 after two cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy were poor prognostic factors for OS,with risk ratios(RR) of 2.003 and 1.702,respectively.A high CEA level was a poor prognostic factor(RR 1.152) for DFS.The median survival time(MST) of the high CEA level group was 26 months,whereas that of the normal group was 61 months(P<0.0001).The median DFS time of the high CEA group and the normal group was 34 and 53 months,respectively(P<0.0001).The MST of the high CYFRA21-1 group and the normal group was 43 and 56 months,respectively(PO.0001). Conclusions The high serum levels of CEA or CYFRA21-1 after two cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy are poor prognostic factors for NSCLC patients.

Synthesis, Structure and Antibacterial Activities of 4-BBTS Schiff Base and Its Complexes

4-Bromobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone Schiff base （4-BBTS） and its Cu（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ）, Co（Ⅱ） and Ni（Ⅱ） complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV, IR, MS, ^1H NMR, and molar conductivity. Using disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity tests were conducted. The results revealed that the ligand as well as all the complexes exhibits good antibacterial activities against E. Coli. and S. Aureus. Moreover, Cu（Ⅱ） complex shows the best antibacterial activity, which provides beneficial reference for studying the relationship between the structures and performances.

Theoretical and experimental study of the intensity distribution in biological tissues

Based on the diffusion approximate theory （DA）, a theoretical model about the distribution of the intensity of a narrow collimation beam illuminating on a semi-lnfinite biological tissue is developed. In order to verify the correctness of the model, a novel method of measuring the distributions of the intensity of light in Intralipid-10% suspension at 650 nm is presented and ts of the distributions of the distance-dependent intensity of scattering light in different directions are made. The investigations show that the results from our diffusion model are in good agreement with the experimental results beyond and in the areas around the light source, and the distance-dependent intensity in the incident direction attenuates approximately in the exponential form. Furthermore, our theoretic results indicate the anisotropic characteristics of the intensity in different directions of scattering light inside the biological tissue.

Anatomical study of sciatic nerve and common peroneal nerve compression

BACKGROUND： Many diseases of the common peroneal nerve are a result of sciatic nerve injury. The present study addresses whether anatomical positioning of the sciatic nerve is responsible for these injuries. OBJECTIVE： To analyze anatomical causes of sciatic nerve and common peroneal nerve injury by studying the relationship between the sciatic nerve and piriformis. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Observe and measure repeatedly. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Tianjin Medical College between January and June 2005. MATERIALS： Fifty-two adult cadavers 33 males and 19 females, with a total of 104 hemispheres, and fixed with formaldehyde, were provided by Tianjin Medical College and Tianjin Medical University. METHODS： A posterior cut was made from the lumbosacral region to the upper leg, fully exposing the piriformis and path of the sciatic nerve. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） Anatomical characteristics of the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve. （2） According to different areas where the sciatic nerve crosses the piriformis, the study was divided into two types-normal and abnormal. Normal is considered to be when the sciatic nerve passes through the infrapiriform foramen. Remaining pathways are considered to be abnormal. （3） Observe the relationship between the suprapiriform foramen, infrapiriform foramen, as well as the superior and inferior space of piriformis. RESULTS： （1） The nerve tract inside the common peroneal nerve is smaller and thinner, with less connective tissue than the tibial nerve. When pathological changes or variations of the piriformis, or over-abduction of the hip joint, occur, injury to the common peroneal nerve often arises due to blockage and compression. （2） A total of 76 hemispheres （73.08%） were normal, 28 were abnormal （26.92%）. The piriformis can be injured, and the sciatic nerve can become compressed, when the hip joint undergoes intorsion, extorsion, or abduction. （3） The structures between the infrapiriform and suprapiriform foramen are where ＂the first threshold＂ sciatic nerve projects. The structures between the infrapiriform and suprapiriform gap were ＂the second threshold＂. This became the concept of ＂double threshold＂. The reduced area caused by pathological changes of ＂double threshold＂ may block and compress the sciatic nerve. Because the common peroneal nerve lies on the anterolateral side of the sciatic nerve, injury to the common peroneal nerve is more serious. CONCLUSION： Anatomical characteristics of the common peroneal nerve, as well as variation of the sciatic nerve, piriformis, and the reduced ＂double threshold＂, are the main causes of sciatic nerve injury, and are especially common in peroneal nerve injury.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antibody encephalitis combined with syphilis:A case report

BACKGROUND Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor(NMDAR)encephalitis is a common type of autoimmune encephalitis characterized by complex clinical signs and variable imaging manifestations.The pathogenesis of the disease is unclear.Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum that can invade the nervous and immune systems and cause systemic symptoms.There are few reports of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with syphilis,and the association between them is unknown;both diseases are related to immune system damage.We report a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with syphilis.CASE SUMMARY A 32-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of cognitive decline,diplopia,and walking instability during the previous 6 mo.He developed dysarthria,difficulty swallowing,and involuntary shaking of his head,neck,and limbs during the month prior to presentation.Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed symmetrical abnormal signals in the pons,midbrain,and bilateral basal ganglia,and inflammatory demyelination was considered.The diagnosis of syphilis was confirmed based on the syphilis diagnosis test and the syphilis rapid test.He was given anti-syphilis treatment,but the above symptoms gradually worsened.Anti-NMDAR antibody was positive in cerebrospinal fluid but was negative in serum.Due to the cerebrospinal fluid findings,anti-NMDAR encephalitis was a consideration.According to the patient’s weight,he was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g QD for 5 d,with the dose gradually decreased for 6 mo,and immunoglobulin 25 g QD for 5 d;his symptoms improved after treatment.CONCLUSION This case shows that anti-NMDAR encephalitis may be combined with syphilis,which should be recognized to avoid misdiagnosis and treatment delay.

Effects of Xianzhong Injection on the Function of Knee Joint and the Content of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Rabbits of Early Osteoarthritis

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Xianzhong Injection (仙仲注射液) into the articular cavity on the function of the joints and the content of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) in rabbits with early knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: 120 rabbits were randomly divided into five groups: blank group, model group (injecting 0.5ml of normal saline, once a week), positive control group (injecting 0.5ml of sodium hyaluronate, once a week), Xianzhong group I (injecting 0.5ml of Xianzhong Injection, once a week), Xianzhong group II (injecting 0.5ml of Xianzhong Injection, twice a week). Changes of the articular function and IGF-1 levels in the serum and joint fluid were investigated 8 weeks later. Results: The function of knee joint in the Xianzhong group I and II was improved significantly as compared with that in the model group (P<0.01), and there was no significant difference between the Xianzhong group I and the positive control group (P>0.05), but a significant difference was seen between the Xianzhong group I and the Xianzhong group II (P<0.05); in the positive control group, the Xianzhong group I and the Xianzhong group II , the levels of IGF-1 in the joint fluid and serum were significantly increased as compared with that in the model group (P﹤0.01). Conclusion: Xianzhong Injection can improve the function of knee joint in rabbits with early knee OA, and can substitute sodium hyaluronate Injection for treating this disease.

Gamma knife treatment of rat glioma Influences of irradiation dose on apoptosis and necrosis

BACKGROUND： Apoptosis and necrosis are cellular death mechanisms that are induced in glioma cells following gamma knife irradiation. Increased apoptosis is essential for maintaining and enhancing treatment efficacy. OBJECTIVE： To observe apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of rat glioma models induced by gamma knife treatment and to analyze the influences of irradiation doses on apoptosis and necrosis. DESIGN： Controlled animal experiment. SETTING： Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University and Gamma Knife Center of Hefei Brain Hospital. MATERIALS： Eighteen female specific pathogen free Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 180 210 g and 5 6 weeks old, were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center, Medical College of Suzhou University. Rat C6 glioma cells were purchased from the cell bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Annexin V-FITC Reagent Kit （Bender Med System. Company, USA） and a flow cytometer （Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur） were provided. METHODS： The experiment was conducted at the Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University and Gamma Knife Center of Hefei Brain Hospital from December 2006 to May 2007. All rats were inoculated with C6 glioma cells, i.e., 4 μL of a C6 glioma cell suspension was injected 5 mm deep in the cortex. All rats were divided randomly into a model group, 9-Gy treatment group, and 12-Gy treatment group. There were six rats in each group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Apoptosis and necrosis of normal brain tissue and glioma were observed by Flow Cytometry one week after irradiation, and pathological changes to tumor tissue were identified by HE staining. RESULTS： Eighteen rats were initially selected for the study： two rats from the model and 12-Gy treatment groups died from accidental anesthesia. The remaining 16 rats were included in the final result analysis. Cellular apoptosis and necrosis： apoptosis and necrosis were significantly increased in the treatment groups after gamma knife irradiation, compared to the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Apoptosis was greater in the 9-Gy treatment group compared to the 12-Gy treatment group （P 〈 0.01 ）. Necrosis was significantly reduced in the 9-Gy treatment group compared to the 12-Gy treatment group （P 〈 0.01）. Pathological changes： The necrosis of the center of tumor tissue appeared in the 9, 12 Gy treatment group. Cells dispersed in the necrosis region and the density of cells was higher with the longer distance from the necrosis region. There were patches of pycnotic cells with different period between the edge and center of the necrosis region, and the cellular dropsy could be seen. Moreover, the amount of necrosis was greater with increasing doses of irradiation. CONCLUSION： Apoptosis and necrosis are cellular death mechanisms induced by gamma knife treatment of gliomas. Cellular necrosis increased with greater irradiation doses.

Four New Cu(Ⅱ) Complexes with Benzotriazole-based Ligands: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Theoretical Investigations

Four new Cu（Ⅱ） complexes with two benzotriazole-based ligands, [Cu2（L^1）2（NO3）2]· 2H2O （1）, [Cu2（L^1）2]·2ClO4·2H2O （2）, [Cu2（HL^2）2（NO3）4]·2CH3COCH3 （3） and [Cu（HL^2）2（Cl）]·Cl·2CH2Cl2 （4）, where HL^1 = 1,3-bis（benzotriazol-2-yl）-2-propanol and HL^2 = 1,3-bis（benzotriazol-1-yl）-2-propanol, were synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. It is revealed that complexes 1～3 have dinuclear structures, while 4 possesses a one-dimensional （1-D） chain structure, which extends in two orthogonal orientations. In 1～4, the coordination numbers of Cu（Ⅱ） centers range from four to six, which may be attributed to the different geometries and coordination abilities of the ligands and anions. The L^1 ligand in complexes 1 and 2 adopts a tridentate di-chelating coordination mode, whereas ligand HL^2 in complexes 3 and 4 has a bidentate bridging coordination mode. The different coordination modes of these two ligands may be explained by the different charges of nitrogen donor atoms in the benzotriazole ring, which has been investigated by density functional theory （DFT） calculations.

Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of gastric cancer and relatedmolecular mechanisms

幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacterpylori,Hp）是胃癌的主要致病因素,胃癌是中国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一然而,关于Hp感染在胃癌中的作用尚未达成共识.本综述总结了Hp感染在胃癌发生中的作用及其分子机制.Hp感染后辅助性T淋巴细胞介导的特异性免疫应答漂移是致癌作用的关键,该飘移受INF-γ和IL-4比例影响.寡核苷酸结合区域蛋白1和2可激活先天性免疫应答,进而激活NF-κB信号传导途径,抵制Hp感染.暴露于Hp感染后可破坏癌基因和抑癌基因之间的动态平衡,进而促进正常上皮细胞向恶性细胞的转化.Hp表达阳性的胃癌转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）和内皮生长因子（EGF）的水平高于Hp表达阴性的胃癌.高水平的EGF受体（EGFR）结合EGF或TGF配体并激活酪氨酸激酶,从而促进肿瘤细胞増殖;同时,肿瘤细胞分泌EGF和TGF并刺激EGFR过度表达,形成恶性循环.也有新的证据表明,两种重要的血管生成因子血管内皮生长因子和中期因子与Hp感染相关.Hp感染可还介导p-STAT3信号通路活化,从而上调Mcl-1,survivin,Bcl-2,Bcl-xL,CyclinD和VEGF等靶蛋白的表达水平,调节肿瘤细胞的増殖和凋亡.

Effects of the Development of Thyroid and Sex Glands on the Synthesis of Brain Tubulin in Chick and Mouse Embryos

<正> Using the specific affinity of tubulin for colchicine and the strong absorption of tubulin to DEAEion exchangers at neutral pH and moderate ionic strength,the amounts of tubulin in the brain fromboth mice and chicks during different developing stages were measured by ~3H-colchicine assay(expressed as colchicine binding activity).The results show that the rate oftubulin synthesis reacheda peak value during the critical period of brain development.This is exactly the period during whichthe organization and function of thyroid are being perfected.Besides,during breeding period,thedifference of tubulin contents between male and female is significant(P<0.001).The synthesis oftubulin is strictly sex dependent(this phenomenon appeared only during sex maturation stage).It issuggested that sexual hormones might exert their effect on tubulin synthesis.

Effect of Thyroid Hormone Deficiency on Tubulin Synthesis in Developing Chick Brain

<正> Thyroid hormone deficiency was created artificially in chick embryos by injecting propyl-thiouracil(PTU).The tubulin was quantified by ~3H-colchicine assay(expressed as colchicine bindingactivity).Thyroid hormone deficiency resulted in 16％ to 28％ decline of the tubulin level in thedeveloping chick brain from 15 to 19 days of embryonic age as compared with the control,whereasthe total protein amount was not significantly affected.It suggests that thyroid hormone specificallyaffected the synthesis of brain tubulin.

STAGE IB, HA AND PROXIMAL IIB, CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX, TREATED BY IRRADIATION ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH SURGERY

This is a report of a nonrandomized comparison of treatment results of 139 patients with stage IB, HA and proximal IIB carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiation alone and 113 treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. The five-year tumor free acturial survival for the patients with stage IB either with irradiation alone (RT) or combined with surgery (RS) was approximately 87%. For stage Ⅱ the tumor free actuarial five-year survival 79% with patients of RS, and 76% with RT. In the 113 patients treated with RS there were 18 (16%). In the 139 patients treated by RT there were 18 (13%) recurrences of pelvic, 4 local recurrences, 11 combined with parametrial, and free parametrial recurrences. There was no significant difference in the survival and recurrence rate of the patients treated with either method. Major complications were comparable in both groups (RT approximately 25% and RS approximately 10%), but 2/3 of those complications recovered without sequelae. The most frequent minor complication in the patients treated with RT was rectosigmoiditis.

Study on Cellular Differentiation and Genes Rearrangement of Malignant Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Malignant lymphoproliferative disorders are common diseases characterized by the clonal proliferation of cells derived from the lymphocytes of different developmental stages. The analyses of routine morphology and cytochemistry fail to determine the origin and differentiation stages. The cell differentiation origin of most of malignant lymphoproliferative disorders can be defined by using monoclonal antibodies(McAbs) against the differentiation antigens of lymphocytes, but it is unable to determine the cell origin of a minority of undifferentiated malignancies and also fails to distinguish the malig-

Study on Effect of Anxious Emotion of the Female Who Enter IVF-ET Treatment Cycle on Treatment Outcome

Objective To detect effect of anxious emotion of the female who enter IVF-ET treatment cycle on treatment outcome.Methods Ninety infertilio, women who joined in IVF-ET treatment were collected and they were tested with the State-Trait Anxiety Form at the day entering treatment cycle, with State Anxiety Form at 1 h before oocyte retrieval and 12 d after ET waiting for blood β-hCG result.Results The average of trait anxiety score （38.5） was used to divide patients into two groups. There were significant differences in state anxiety at the first and second test points between high score group （39.9 ± 7.8, 41.5 ± 11.2） and low score group （33.1 ±6.9, 33.7 ±8.1）, but there was no difference at the third point. At three test points, the changes of state anxiety in high-trait anxiety score group showed no difference, but in low-trait anxiety score group there was higher level at the third point than at the first point （38.4 ± 10.6 vs 32.7 ±7.4）（P〈0.05）. Compared variables of psychology, the results demonstrated that trait anxiety, score of success group （β-hCG〉 25 IU/L 12 d after IVF-ET） was higher than that of failure group （40.9 ± 9.2 vs 36.8 ± 7.6）（P〈0.05）.Conclusion Trait anxiety, may be one of mental influential factors on treatment outcome.

SYNTHESIS AND BIOACTIVITIES OF NEW LHRH ANTAGONISTS CONTAINING NOVEL UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS AT POSITION FIVE

Synthesis and bioactivities of new antagonists of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone(LHRH) with novel unnatural amino acids at position five are reported, Most of them showedsome antiovulatory activity at 0. 5μg/rat and two of them inhibited ovulation completely at1μg/rat using saline as vehicle.

IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE REARRANGEMENT IN LYMPHOID TUMORS

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONThere are immunoglobulins (Ig) and T cell receptors (TCR) on the surfaces of lymphocytes, which are able to transfer external messages. All the Ig and TCR genes originated in immunoglobulin gene superfamily, and some functive genes have been translated

SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND MAGNETISM OF μ-OXAMIDO BINUCLEAR COPPER(Ⅱ) COMPLEXES

Two new binuclear copper（Ⅱ） complexes, [Cu（oxpn）CuL]（ClO4）2, have been synthesizedand characterized, where oxpn is N,N’ bis（3-aminopropyl）oxamido and L is 1,10-phenan-throline （phen） or 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline （NO2-phen）. The crystal structure and vari-able-temperature magnetic susceptibility （4- 300 K） of the Complex （L=phen） have beendetermined. Crystal data: orthorhombic system, space group Pnma, with a = 10.433（1）, b11.458（2）, c = 21.999（2）A, z = 4. Every copper（Ⅱ） ion is in a square pyramidal environment.The two copper（Ⅱ） ions are linked by μ-oxamido bridge and the separation of them is 5.208A. The singlet-triplet energy gap J was found equal to -452.92cm-1, indicating that astrongantiferromagnetic spin-exchange interaction operates between the copper（Ⅱ） ions.

SYNTHESIS, RESOLUTION AND PROTECTION OF 4-CYCLOAMINOMETHYL PHENYLALANINES

In the development of new peptide drugs, it is an important way to synthesize the analogs of bioactive peptide. There are different methods to obtain the analogs, including: (ⅰ) changing the backbond structure of a peptide; (ⅱ) changing the amino acid residues and (ⅲ) introducing D-amino acids into a peptide. In some cases, to get high potent analogs of a peptide, unnatural amino acids are needed.