Lessons from Partial Hospital Evacuations after the 2016 Central Tottori Earthquake

Objective: This study investigated the reasons, timing, procedures, and priorities of evacuations implemented by hospitals after the 2017 Central Tottori Earthquake to determine whether the evacuations were conducted appropriately. Methods: We collected patient and hospital data from the Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) coordination headquarters at the Prefectural Office. Requests for the transfer of 13 patients were analyzed. Results: The 13 patients were evacuated at night over seven hours, during which aftershocks occurred and falling debris was a high risk. We determined that none of the affected regions had emergency needs. Therefore, patient transport could have been conducted the following morning by bus and helicopter. Furthermore, patient transport could be efficiently carried out without physicians accompanying the patients. Nonetheless, consideration should be made regarding the handling of patient issues while in transit. Where a high number of patients are transported, hospitals would need to request the assistance of DMAT and Self-Defense Forces units earlier. Conclusions: Although all patients were successfully evacuated without incident with a few DMAT, It took for 7 hours to transfer 13 patients So hospitals should consider transporting patients during the day if there is no risk of building collapse. Hospitals should also prepare a plan for evacuation priority before the next disaster.

Aluminum Toxicity:A Case Study on Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth’s crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments.Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level,at the organ level,and at the cellular level.Tobacco as a cash crop(Nicotiana tabacum L.)is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research.Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature,reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited.In this article,we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity,but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species(even animals).This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques,as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them.In addition,molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity,such as overexpression of various protective proteins.Besides,this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses,cell death,and other mechanisms,data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.

虚拟水的理论方法及在甘肃省的应用

水资源短缺问题是中国西北地区面临的突出问题,解决西北地区水资源短缺问题必须要有新的思路。虚拟水是水问题与水资源安全研究中的新概念,是指生产商品和服务所需要的水资源数量。虚拟水战略是指缺水国家或地区通过贸易的方式从富水国家或地区购买水密集型产品(尤其是粮食) 来获得本地水和粮食的安全,将水短缺问题的解决途径扩展到社会经济系统,人口—粮食—贸易之间的连接关系是虚拟水战略分析的主线。作者引入了虚拟水的概念,并简要介绍了当前国际研究的进展情况和计算方法。结合甘肃省的实际情况,初步计算得到2000年甘肃省生产产品中和城乡居民消费的产品中的虚拟水含量分别为222.02×108m3和183.75×108m3,分别是实体水资源利用量的1.8和1.5倍。分析了虚拟水战略的政策影响和虚拟水战略的优缺点,指出了在虚拟水理论与应用方面需要焏待开展的研究内容。

Prognostic value of postoperative complication for early recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Postoperative complications may adversely affect oncological outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of postoperative complications on early-phase recurrence after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods: We included 145 HCC patients who underwent initial and curative resection between January2004 and December 2013. Postoperative complications of grade III or higher based on Clavien–Dindo classification were defined as clinically relevant postoperative complications. Recurrence within two years after hepatectomy was defined as early-phase recurrence.Results: Thirty-eight patients(26%) developed postoperative complications. The only predictive factor for postoperative complication was longer operative duration(P = 0.037). The disease-specific survival rate of patients with complication was lower than that of patients without complications(P = 0.015). Earlyphase recurrence was observed in 20/38(53%) patients who suffered postoperative complications and36/107(34%) patients with no complications, which was statistically significant(P = 0.039). Multivariate analysis identified four factors contributing to early-phase recurrence: high serum AFP level(P = 0.042),multiple tumors(P < 0.001), poor differentiation(P = 0.036) and presence of postoperative complication(P = 0.039).Conclusions: Postoperative complication is an independent prognostic factor for early-phase recurrence after curative resection of HCC. Close observation of patients with postoperative complications may be a necessary treatment strategy for HCC.

Index-based assessment of agricultural drought in a semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia, China

Agricultural drought is a type of natural disaster that seriously impacts food security.Because the relationships among short-term rainfall,soil moisture,and crop growth are complex,accurate identification of a drought situation is difficult.In this study,using a conceptual model based on the relationship between water deficit and crop yield reduction,we evaluated the drought process in a typical rainfed agricultural region,Hailar county in Inner Mongolia autonomous region,China.To quantify drought,we used the precipitation-based Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),the soil moisture-based Crop Moisture Index(CMI),as well as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between dekad-scale drought indices during the growing season(May–September)and final yield,according to data collection from 2000 to 2010.The results show that crop yield has positive relationships with CMI from mid-June to mid-July and with the NDVI anomaly throughout July,but no correlation with SPI.Further analysis of the relationship between the two drought indices shows that the NDVI anomaly responds to CMI with a lag of 1 dekad,particularly in July.To examine the feasibility of employing these indices for monitoring the drought process at a dekad time scale,a detailed drought assessment was carried out for selected drought years.The results confirm that the soil moisture-based vegetation indices in the late vegetative to early reproductive growth stages can be used to detect agricultural drought in the study area.Therefore,the framework of the conceptual model developed for drought monitoring can be employed to support drought mitigation in the rainfed agricultural region of Northern China.

Targeted therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer: Molecular mechanisms of action

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death in women with gynecological cancer. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis.Currently, surgical tumor debulking, followed by platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for advanced ovarian cancer. However, these patients are at great risk of recurrence and emerging drug resistance. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are required to improve outcomes for women with advanced ovarian cancer. A variety of molecular targeted agents, the majority of which are monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule protein-kinase inhibitors, have been explored in the management of ovarian cancer. The targets of these agents include angiogenesis, the human epidermal growth factor receptor family, ubiquitinproteasome pathway, epigenetic modulators, poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which are aberrant in tumor tissue. The antiangiogenic agent, bevacizumab, has been reported as the most effective targeted agent and should be included in the standard chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced ovarian cancer. PARP inhibitors, which are mainly used in breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene-mutated patients, and mTOR inhibitors are also attractive treatment strategies, either alone or combination with chemotherapy, for ovarian cancer. Understanding the tumor molecular biology and identification of predictive biomarkers are essential steps for selection of the best treatment strategies. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of the most promising targeted agents that are under early phase clinical evaluation for ovarian cancer.

Post-operative albumin-bilirubin grade predicts long-term outcomes among Child–Pugh grade A patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection

Background: Although Child–Pugh grade A patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) are candidates for curative resection, some may have a poor prognosis. The albumin-bilirubin(ALBI) grade, a measure of liver function based on albumin and bilirubin, has the potential to detect Child–Pugh grade A HCC patients with poor prognosis. Because components of the ALBI grade can be measured easily even after surgery, we explored the predictive values of ALBI in patient prognosis after HCC resection. Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, we included 136 HCC patients who underwent curative resection between January 2004 and December 2013 at our hospital. ALBI grade was calculated from laboratory data recorded the day before surgery and at post-operative day 5. Results: Pre-and post-operative ALBI grade predicted patients' long-term outcomes( P = 0.020 and P < 0.001, respectively, for overall survival, and P = 0.012 and P = 0.015, respectively, for recurrence-free survival). Post-operative ALBI grade was associated with patients' surgical factors of repeated hepatic resection( P = 0.012), intra-operative bleeding( P = 0.006), and surgery duration( P = 0.033). Furthermore, post-operative ALBI grade, rather than pre-operative ALBI grade, was an independent predictive factor of long-term outcome of Child–Pugh grade A patients with HCC. Conclusions: Post-operative ALBI grade is useful to predict the prognosis in patients after HCC resection.

Effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors on sperm parameters and fertilizing capacity

这评论研究的目的是阐明效果那磷酸二酯酶 5 (PDE5 ) 禁止者在精子上施加活动性， capacitation 过程并且在他们使肥沃的能力上卵母细胞。第二个送信人系统象 cAMP/adenylate cyclase (交流) 那样系统和 cGMP/guanylate cyclase (GC ) 系统看起来调整精子功能。intracytosolic 营地的增加的层次导致精子活动性和生存能力的改进。由氮的氧化物的低剂量的 GC 的刺激(没有) 导致精子活动性的改进或维护，而更高的集中在精子参数上有不利效果。几在活体内和在试管内研究被执行了以便检验 PDE5 禁止者是否断然或否定地影响精子参数和精子使肥沃能力。这些研究的结果是争论的。一些这些研究不在从与 PDE5 禁止者被对待的人收集的精子的活动性，生存能力，和形态学上表明 PDE5 禁止者的重要效果。在另一方面，几研究在精子活动性上表明 PDE5 禁止者的积极效果在活体内和在试管内。sildenafil 柠檬酸盐的在试管内研究随在除 PDE5 以外的 PDE 对碘氧基苯甲醚上建议 sildenafil 柠檬酸盐的一个禁止的行动的细胞内部的营地的增加在精子活动性上表明 stimulatory 效果。在另一方面， tadalafil 的行动看起来在 PDE11 上与这混合物的禁止的效果被联系。在在一个每日的基础与 vardenafil 对待的人的在活体内研究每精液，量的精子活动性，和质的精子活动性表明了精子的一个显著地更大的全部的数字；vardenafil 管理提高前列腺的能分泌的功能并且随后增加精子的质、量的活动性，这被建议了。PDE5 禁止者在精子参数上施加的效果可以导致帮助繁殖技术(艺术) 的结果的改进程序。在未来 PDE5，禁止者可能为男不孕的缓和用作附属物 therapeutical 代理人。

Estimating van Genuchten Model Parameters of Undisturbed Soils Using an Integral Method

The van Genuchten model is the most widely used soil water retention curve (SWRC) model. Two undisturbed soils (clay and loam) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the integral method to estimate van Genuchten model parameters and to determine SWRCs of undisturbed soils. SWRCs calculated by the integral method were compared with those measured by a high speed centrifuge technique. The accuracy of the calculated results was evaluated graphically, as well as by root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and Willmott’s index of agreement (l). The results obtained from the integral method were quite similar to those by the centrifuge technique. The RMSEs (4.61 × 10-5 for Eum-Orthic Anthrosol and 2.74 × 10-4 for Los-Orthic Entisol) and NRMSEs (1.56 × 10-4 for Eum-Orthic Anthrosol and 1.45 × 10-3 for Los-Orthic Entisol) were relatively small. The l values were 0.973 and 0.943 for Eum-Orthic Anthrosol and Los-Orthic Entisol, respectively, indicating a good agreement between the integral method values and the centrifuge values. Therefore, the integral method could be used to estimate SWRCs of undisturbed clay and loam soils.

Genetic and epigenetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection method

怀孕由帮助繁殖技术完成了，特别地由胞质内精子注射(ICSI ) 过程，产生对与 ICSI 对待的男人口固有的基因风险和对这个创新过程固有的另外的风险。记录，以及理论，风险在现在的评论学习被讨论。这些风险主要表示位于男性下面的基因畸形的后果代替生育力(或不孕) 并且可能在不孕的治疗为新奇途径和应用的发展成为激发器。另外，冒的风险，当先天的异例和另外的理论或随机的风险被讨论，一个复合基因背景出现在出生。最近的数据建议那种帮助繁殖技术可能也影响雄配子，雌配子，或力量的渐成说特征影响早胚胎开始。它可能也为印畸形的 genomic 与增加的风险被联系。

Responses of Halophyte Salicornia bigelovii to Different Forms of Nitrogen Source

Salt-affected soils are agricultural and environmental problems on a global scale. Plants suffer from saline stresses in these soils and show nitrogen (N) deficiency symptoms. However, halophytes grow soundly under saline conditions. In order to clarify the N nutrition of the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii, it was grown at several N levels (1, 2, 3, and 4 mmol L-1), supplied in the form of NO3- or ammonium (NH4+ ), under high NaCl conditions (200 mmol L-1). NH4+- fed plants showed better growth than NO3- -fed plants at 1-3 mmol L-1 N, and plants in both treatments showed the same growth at 4 mmol L-1 N. Nitrogen contents in NO3- -fed plants increased with the N concentrations in solution; competitive inhibition of NO3- absorption by Cl- was observed under lower N conditions. In addition, shoot dry weight was significantly correlated only with shoot N content. Therefore, growth of NO3- -fed plants was regulated by N absorption. Inc ontrast, N contents of shoots in NH+4 -fed plants did not change with N concentration. Shoot Na content decreased with increasing N concentration, while K content increased. Dry weight was highly correlated only with K content in NH+4 -fed plants. These observations indicated that growth of NH4+ -fed plants was mainly regulated by K absorption.

Inhibitory effect of voglibose and gymnemic acid on maltose absorption in vivo

AIM To determine whether diabetic care can be improved by combination of voglibose and gymnemic acid ( GA ), we compared the combinative and individual effects of voglibose and GA on maltose absorption in small intestine.METHODS The small intestine 30 cm long from 2 cm caudal ward Treitz's ligament of Wistar rat was used as an in situ loop, which was randomly perfused in recircular mode with maltose (10 mmol/L) with or without different dosages of voglibose and/or GA for an hour. To compare the time course, perfusion of 10 mmol/L maltose was repeated four times.Each time continued for 1 hour and separated by 30 minutes rinse. In the first time, lower dosages of GA (0.5g/ L) and/ or voglibose (2μmol/L) were contained except control.RESULTS Absorptive rate of maltose was the lowest in combinative group (P< 0.05, ANOVA),for example, the inhibition rate was about 37%during the first hour when 0.5g/L GA and 2μmol/L voglibose with 10mmol/L maltose were perfused in the loop. The onset time was shortened to 30 minutes and the effective duration was prolonged to 4 hours with the combination; therefore the total amount of maltose absorption during the effective duration was inhibited more significantly than that in the individual administration (P＜0.05, U test of Mann-Whitney). The effect of GA on absorptive barriers of the intestine played an important role in the combinative effects.CONCLUSION There are augmented effects of voglibose and GA. The management of diabetes mellitus can be improved by employing the combination.

Programmed cell death-1 inhibitor-related sclerosing cholangitis:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Programmed cell death-1(PD-1)inhibitor has been indicated for many types of malignancies.However,these inhibitors also cause immune-related adverse events.Hepatobiliary disorder is a phenotype of immune-related adverse event affecting 0%–4.5%of patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors.Recent studies have reported PD-1 inhibitor-related sclerosing cholangitis(SC);however,the associated clinical and pathological features are unclear.AIM To evaluate the clinical and pathological features of PD-1 inhibitor-related SC through a systematic review of the literature.METHODS The review,conducted using electronic databases in PubMed,was restricted to the period from January 2014 to September 2019 and focused on case reports/series on PD-1 inhibitor-related SC published in English.We scanned the references of the selected literature to identify any further relevant studies.Six cases previously studied by us,including three that have not yet been published,were included in this review.RESULTS Thirty-one PD-1 inhibitor-related SC cases were evaluated.Median age of patients was 67 years(range,43–89),with a male to female ratio of 21:10.The main disease requiring PD-1 inhibitor treatment was non-small cell lung cancer.Agents that caused PD-1 inhibitor-related SC were nivolumab(19 cases),pembrolizumab(10 cases),avelumab(1 case),and durvalumab(1 case).The median number of cycles until PD-1 inhibitor-related SC onset was 5.5(range,1–27).Abdominal pain or discomfort(35.5%,11/31)was the most frequent symptom.Blood serum tests identified liver dysfunction with a notable increase in biliary tract enzymes relative to hepatic enzymes,and a normal level of serum immunoglobulin G4.Biliary dilation without obstruction(76.9%,20/26),diffuse hypertrophy of the extrahepatic biliary tract(90.5%,19/21),and multiple strictures of the intrahepatic biliary tract(30.4%,7/23)were noted.In 11/23(47.8%)cases,pathological examination indicated that CD8+T cells were the dominant inflammatory cells in the bile duct or peribiliary tract.Although corticosteroids were mainly used for PD inhibitor-related SC treatment,the response rate was 11.5%(3/26).CONCLUSION Some clinical and pathological features of PD-1 inhibitor-related SC were revealed.To establish diagnostic criteria for PD-1 inhibitor-related SC,more cases need to be evaluated.

通过测量电力输入预测磨料/工件界面的条件变化(英文)

A monitoring system is proposed in order to detect the condition changes at abrasive/workpiece interface in abrasive cutoff operation.The system can detect the condition changes from the electric power change consumed by the driving motor of lapping tool.The electric power is strongly related with the abrasive effectiveness.When the abrasive effectiveness has been kept a normal state,the electric power also has been kept a constant value.The bodily removal of abrasive leads to reduce the electric power monotonously.The piling up of cutting chips leads to a peculiar electric power change;the electric power increased gradually at the beginning and then began to fluctuate periodically.The severe adhesion of cutting chips to the cutting edges leads to the loss of nominal function in the cutting edges and the electric power input was thus descended suddenly at an early stage of lapping.

Responses of some landscape trees to the drought and high temperature events during 2006 and 2007 in Yamaguchi, Japan

极端天气事件为 Yamaguchi 从 1967 ～ 2007 的一年基于气象学的数据被分析，日本。从风景树的回答主要被图象象素的分析也调查并且光谱反射。结果证明在在 2007 的干燥、热、多风的夏天以后， Yamaguchi 城市里的许多风景树趋于由减少他们的叶表面区域并且收到更少的放射精力回答极端天气事件。早熟的叶褪色或落叶在某风景树种类上出现了，叶坏死发生在许多 Kousa 山茱萸(角 kousa ) 的尖端和边缘上在相反的地点的树。由图象象素分析方法描述了，取样的山茱萸树的坏死的区域百分比(LNAP ) 平均的叶 41.6% 并且树也显示出的取样的 Sasanqua 山茶(Camelia sasanqua ) 在 2007 的花季节的更少花比那在 2006。由部分变色王冠的微分分析，它为香甜的口香糖(Liquidambar styraciflua ) 介绍了王冠颜色的一个逻辑微分方程树。它建议坚持的更高的温度和更低的降水能对在差的地点的敏感风景树有害，甚至在象 Yamaguchi 一样的相对潮湿的区域。

Ipragliflozin: A novel sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor developed in Japan

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2) inhibition induces glucosuria and decreases blood glucose levels in diabetic patients and lowers hypoglycemic risk. SGLT1 is expressed in the kidney and intestine; SGLT1 inhibition causes abdominal symptoms such as diarrhea and reduces incretin secretion. Therefore, SGLT2 selectivity is important. Ipragliflozin is highly selective for SGLT2. In type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), urinaryglucose excretion increased to 90 g/24 h after 28 d of treatment with ipragliflozin 300 mg/d. Twelve weeks of ipragliflozin 50 mg/d vs placebo reduced glycated hemoglobin and body weight by 0.65% and 0.66 kg, respectively, in Western T2 DM patients, and by 1.3% and 1.89 kg, respectively, in Japanese patients. Ipragliflozin(highly selective SGLT2 inhibitor) improves glycemic control and reduces body weight and lowers hypoglycemic risk and abdominal symptoms. Ipragliflozin can be a novel anti-diabetic and antiobesity agent.

Application of Simple Adaptive Control to Water Hydraulic Servo Cylinder System

Although conventional model reference adaptive control (MRAC) achieves good tracking performance for cylinder control, the controller structure is much more complicated and has less robustness to disturbance in real applications. This paper discusses the use of simple adaptive control (SAC) for positioning a water hydraulic servo cylinder system. Compared with MRAC, SAC has a simpler and lower order structure, i.e., higher feasibility. The control performance of SAC is examined and evaluated on a water hydraulic servo cylinder system. With the recent increased concerns over global environmental problems, the water hydraulic technique using pure tap water as a pressure medium has become a new drive source comparable to electric, oil hydraulic, and pneumatic drive systems. This technique is also preferred because of its high power density, high safety against fire hazards in production plants, and easy availability. However, the main problems for precise control in a water hydraulic system are steady state errors and overshoot due to its large friction torque and considerable leakage flow. MRAC has been already applied to compensate for these effects, and better control performances have been obtained. However, there have been no reports on the application of SAC for water hydraulics. To make clear the merits of SAC, the tracking control performance and robustness are discussed based on experimental results. SAC is confirmed to give better tracking performance compared with PI control, and a control precision comparable to MRAC (within 10 μm of the reference position) and higher robustness to parameter change, despite the simple controller. The research results ensure a wider application of simple adaptive control in real mechanical systems.

Design of ionic liquids as liquid desiccant for an air conditioning system

Suitable control of the humidity can contribute to electric energy savings. However, the present dehumidification system has many weak points. The liquid desiccant air-conditioning system has recently gained growing interest from the stand point of reducing energy consumption during dehumidification. In order to find the appropriate ionic liquids(ILs) as a desiccant for the liquid desiccant air-conditioner system, we conducted a systematic evaluation of the humidification capability of 16 types of ILs. Among the tested ILs, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium dimethyl phosphate([P4441][DMPO_4]) exhibited the best dehumidification capacity and had a less corrosive effect on four types of metals as possible piping materials. It should be noted that this [P_(4441)][DMPO_4] has a very stable nature and produced no odor while conducting the experiment and storing for over 1 year at room temperature under ambient conditions. Furthermore, it was revealed that a 77%(w/w) aqueous solution of [P4441][DMPO_4] worked as an efficient desiccant liquid for the liquid desiccant air-conditioner system.

Anatomical adaptations of three species of Chinese xerophytes （Zygophyllaceae）

第二等的木部特征和水平变化在三 xerophytic 种被描述， Zygophyllum xanthoxylon， Nitraria tangutorum，到西方的中国的蒺藜科土著人的 Tetraena 蒙古人集成通信适配器。所有种类让明显的生长除了，包围边界在 T 有时不连续。蒙古人集成通信适配器和 Z xanthoxylum 戒指到 semi-ring-porosity；简单穿孔板；轮流出现内部容器 pitting；非有中隔的纤维；帕拉气管的汇合的轴的实质；螺旋状的变厚和异种细胞的光线。然而，容器安排和容器的量的特征是不同的。容器元素趋于在 T 更短、更狭窄、更经常。蒙古人集成通信适配器能比在几乎不是不同的另外的二种导致更大的传导性的安全。沿着光线的方向的容器元素长度和纤维长度的变化显示出不规则的趋势。在两纤维长度和容器元素长度在树之中和在内树有重要差别。而且，在到荒芜的环境的解剖特征和适应性之间的关系也被讨论。

Some Physiological Responses of Chinese Iris to Salt Stress

Chinese iris (Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch) Koidz.), a robust iridaceous plant, is widespread in arid and semiarid regions with high salinity. However, the mechanism of its salt tolerance is not well understood. In this study, plant growth, water status, content and distribution of inorganic ions, cell membrane permeability, and proline content of I. lactea under salt stress were investigated using nutrient solutions with six NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 350 mmol L-1. The results indicated that the biomass, height, fresh weight, K+ content, and K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios decreased with increasing NaCl stress, whereas plant water deficit and contents of Na+ and Cl-increased with increasing NaCl stress. In all salt treatments, water deficit of shoots was found to be higher than that of roots and had a positive correlation with salt concentration. When the NaCl concentration was less than 280 mmol L-1, the ion absorption selectivity ratio and the transportation selectivity ratio sharply increased with increasing NaCl stress. Under medium salt stress, I. lactea exhibited a strong K+ selective absorption and the transportation of K+ from roots to shoots increased, whereas Na+ was not transported and was mostly retained in roots. The plants were able to maintain osmotic adjustment through the accumulation of Na+, Cl-, and proline. On the basis of its biomass production under salt stress, I. lactea could be considered as a facultative halophyte.