This article examines （i） how retailers position private label products, （ii） why private labels are sold in some product categories but not in others, and why some national brand products may have difficulty in a...This article examines （i） how retailers position private label products, （ii） why private labels are sold in some product categories but not in others, and why some national brand products may have difficulty in accessing retailers＇ shelves, （iii） why some private label products are positioned as ＂premium＂ brands, and （iv） how consumers＇ surplus and total welfare are affected by private labels. We find that private label positioning leads to less differentiation in product category, which structurally changes a retailer＇s product line in return. Consumer welfare and total welfare are lower展开更多
Many countries are promoting biofuels as a substitute for scarce oil. This paper develops a dynamic model of land allocation between food and energy and shows how the model can be calibrated using standard optimizatio...Many countries are promoting biofuels as a substitute for scarce oil. This paper develops a dynamic model of land allocation between food and energy and shows how the model can be calibrated using standard optimization techniques. Some possible implications of the trade-offs between food and energy are discussed. Specifically, we show that the effect of mandates is mainly felt through increased land conversion, which increases indirect carbon emissions Crude oil prices do not decrease significantly because of leakages.展开更多
文摘This article examines （i） how retailers position private label products, （ii） why private labels are sold in some product categories but not in others, and why some national brand products may have difficulty in accessing retailers＇ shelves, （iii） why some private label products are positioned as ＂premium＂ brands, and （iv） how consumers＇ surplus and total welfare are affected by private labels. We find that private label positioning leads to less differentiation in product category, which structurally changes a retailer＇s product line in return. Consumer welfare and total welfare are lower
文摘Many countries are promoting biofuels as a substitute for scarce oil. This paper develops a dynamic model of land allocation between food and energy and shows how the model can be calibrated using standard optimization techniques. Some possible implications of the trade-offs between food and energy are discussed. Specifically, we show that the effect of mandates is mainly felt through increased land conversion, which increases indirect carbon emissions Crude oil prices do not decrease significantly because of leakages.
