晋西北丘陵风沙区人工植物群落优势种群生态位研究

采用TWINSPAN将晋西北丘陵风沙区人工植物群落87个样方分为11个群丛类型,作为11个综合资源位.采用Levins、Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数和Petraitis生态位重叠指数,测定了该人工植物群落中16个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明:(1)16个优势种群中小叶杨(Populus simonii)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、沙生冰草(Agropyron desertorum)、鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)的Shannon-Wiener生态位最宽,说明它们在晋西北丘陵风沙区人工植物群落中分布较广,数量较多,对有效资源的利用较充分,对环境有广泛的适应性.(2)不同优势种群在不同人工植物群落内的生态位宽度差异很大,种群生态位宽度越大,对环境的适应能力越强,对资源的利用能力也越强;同一优势种群在不同人工植物群丛内的生态位宽度差异也很大,如沙棘在群落Ⅵ中B1为0.131、B2为2.048,在群落Ⅺ中B1为1、B2为0.3)不同群落类型内生态位重叠越大,种群间的生态相似性越大,利用资源的相似性程度越高.如群丛Ⅲ中(小叶杨-沙棘+柠条锦鸡儿-沙生冰草群丛),各主要种群之间的生态位重叠程度较高,表明该群丛中的主要种群对生态因子有相似的要求.(4)生态位重叠与竞争之间关系在很大程度上受种对间的生物学特性的左右,群落优势种群生态位特征可用于指导混交林营造,如油松-沙棘人工混交林群丛、小叶杨-沙棘人工混交林群丛中,主要种群之间的生态位虽有一定程度的重叠,但总体较低,群落内种间竞争并不十分激烈.说明油松或小叶杨与沙棘适合于在该区立地条件下混交.

Protective effects of lupeol and mango extract against androgen induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice

Aim： To investigate antioxidant potential of lupeol/mango pulp extract （MPE） in testosterone induced oxidative stress in prostate of male Swiss albino mice. Methods： Oral treatment of lupeol （1 mg/animal） and MPE （1 mL [20% w/v]/ animal） was given separately to animals along with subcutaneous injection of testosterone （5 mg/kg body weight） consecutively for 15 days. At the end of the study period, the prostate was dissected out for the determination of reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes status （catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase）. Results： In testosterone treated animals, increased ROS resulted in depletion of antioxidant enzymes and increase in lipid peroxidation in mouse prostate. However, lupeol/MPE treatment resulted in a decrease in ROS levels with restoration in the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion： The results of the present study demonstrate that lupeol/MPE are effective in combating oxidative stress-induced cellular injury of mouse prostate. Mango and its constituents, therefore, deserve study as a potential chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer. （Asian J Androl 2008 Mar; 10： 313-318）

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Medicinal Plants Collected from Environmentally Different Sites

Objective To estimate the heavy metal content in soil and selected medicinal plants procured from environmentally different sites of the same city. Methods Soil and plant samples of Abutilon indicum, Calotropis procera, Euphorbia hirta, Peristrophe bycaliculata, and Tinospora cordifolia were collected from 3 environmentally different sites of the city： heavy traffic area （HTA）, industrial area （IA）, and residential area （RA）. Pb by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and compared Cd, Cr, and Ni were estimated in soil and plant samples Results The level of heavy metal was higher in soil than in plant parts studied. Accumulation of heavy metals varied from plant to plant. Pb was the highest in Calotropis procera root from HTA site and the lowest in Peristrophe bycaliculata whole plant from IA site. It was also lower in residential area than in heavy traffic area. Conclusion The level of heavy metal content differed in the same medicinal plant collected from environmentally different sites of the same city. Thus, it reiterates our belief that every medicinal plant sample should be tested for contaminant load before processing it further for medication.

Screening of Antioxidant Potential of Selected Barks of Indian Medicinal Plants by Multiple in vitro Assays

Objective To evaluate the antioxidant potential in herbal extract barks of five therapeutically important medicinal plants native to India, i.e. Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham., Buchanania lanzan Spreng., Aegle marmelos Corr., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC., and Cedrela toona Roxb. Methods Standardized aqueous alcoholic extracts from the selected barks having different target radicals, such as superoxide radical, nitric oxide, ABTS radical, and peroxidative decomposition of phospholipids, were prepared and screened by multiple in vitro assays. These extracts were also tested for total phenolic and tannin content and correlated with antioxidant capacity. Results Total phenolic and tannin contents were found to be the highest in C. nurvala （195 GAE mg/g and 218.3 mg/g CE）. SOD mimetic activity was found to be the highest in Crataeva nurvula, although all barks showed activity more than IO3 units/mg extract. Lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential was found to be the highest in Crataeva nurvala （83.4% inhibition of MDA formation/10 μg extract）, and also showed a comparatively high NO quenching capacity （45.5% per 10 μg extract）. The highest NO quenching potential was found in Aegle marmelos （47.3% per 10 μg extract）. Cedrela toona showed the lowest LPO inhibitory potential and NO quenching capacity （50.5% and 30.5%, respectively）. Buchanania lanzan, a medicinal plant extensively used for inflammatory disorders and Dalbergia sissoo also showed 72.5% and 69.1% LPO inhibitory potential/10 μg extract. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ranged from 0.24 to 0.39 mmol/L TEAC/mg extract, indicating that all the barks tested had ABTS^＋ radical quenching capacity. Conclusion Bark of Crataeva nurvula has the highest antioxidant capacity and a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and their plendic content was found.

Modulatory effects of diallyl sulfide against testosteroneinduced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice

Aim： To investigate the protective effect of diallyl sulfide （DAS）, a constituent of garlic, against testosterone-induced oxidative stress in male Swiss albino mice. Methods： The animals were given low （250 mg/animal） and high dose （500 mg/animal） of DAS in corn oil for 7 days along with testosterone （5 mg/kg body weight, i.p.）. At the end of the study period, the prostate and the liver were dissected to determine various antioxidant enzyme levels （catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-s-transferase） and lipid peroxidation. Results： In testosterone treated mice, depleted antioxidant enzyme level was accompanied with enhancement in lipid peroxidation in prostate and liver. DAS significantly restored the testosterone-induced antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the both organs. These changes appear to be mediated by the antioxidant-enhancing effects of DAS. Conclusion： The results of the present study suggest that DAS is effective in exerting antioxidant effects by inhibiting testosterone-induced oxidative stress and might be helpful in preventing prostate cancer.

Scavenging Action of Zinc and Green Tea Polyphenol on Cisplatin and Nickel Induced Nitric Oxide Generation and Lipid Peroxidation in Rats

Objective Toxic metal ions have been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Metallothionines (MT) and plant flavonoids have been reported in the intervention against oxidative damage. We investigated the effect of zinc induced MT and green tea polyphenol (GTP) in reducing the oxidative responses induced by nickel and platinum. Methods Zinc (10 mg/kg b. wt, sc) was administered to rats twice at a gap of 24hrs and GTP (10 mg/100 mL in drinking water) was fed ad libitum for 8 days. Nickel chloride (150 umol/kgb.wt, ip) and cisplatin (50 mmol/kg b.wt, sc) was administered to rats 24 h after Zn or GTP pre-treatment. Animals of all the groups were sacrificed 16 hrs after treatment and biochemical markers for toxicity were monitored. Results Zinc or GTP pre-treatment caused significant protection against nickel or cisplatin enhanced mortality in rats, and reduction in lipid peroxidation and NO. Conclusion It is proposed that inhibition of ROS and NO by GTP and zinc may prove useful as a selective pharmacological agent in the amelioration of metal toxicity.

Enlightenment from the COVID-19 Pandemic:The Roles of Environmental Factors in Future Public Health Emergency Response

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is challenging the current public health emergency response systems(PHERSs)of many countries.Although environmental factors,such as those influencing the survival of viruses and their transmission between species including humans,play important roles in PHERSs,little attention has been given to these factors.This study describes and elucidates the roles of environmental factors in future PHERSs.To improve countries’capability to respond to public health emergencies associated with viral infections such as the COVID-19 pandemic,a number of environmental factors should be considered before,during,and after the responses to such emergencies.More specifically,to prevent pandemic outbreaks,we should strengthen environmental and wildlife protection,conduct detailed viral surveillance in animals and hotspots,and improve early-warning systems.During the pandemic,we must study the impacts of environmental factors on viral behaviors,develop control measures to minimize secondary environmental risks,and conduct timely assessments of viral risks and secondary environmental effects with a view to reducing the impacts of the pandemic on human health and on ecosystems.After the pandemic,we should further strengthen surveillance for viruses and the prevention of viral spread,maintain control measures for minimizing secondary environmental risks,develop our capability to scientifically predict pandemics and resurgences,and prepare for the next unexpected resurgence.Meanwhile,we should restore the normal life and production of the public based on the“One Health”concept,that views global human and environmental health as inextricably linked.Our recommendations are essential for improving nations’capability to respond to global public health emergencies.

Effect of Dermal Exposure to Paraphenylenediamine and Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate in Guinea Pigs

To study the effects of paraphenylenediamine （PPD） and linear alkylbenzene sulphonate （LAS） alone and in combination on the skin. Methods Forty-eight guinea pigs were divided equally into 4 groups and exposed to PPD （4 mg/kg）, LAS （12 mg/kg） and PPD （4 mg/kg） plus LAS （12 mg/kg） for 30 days. The biochemical parameters such as acid phosphatase, gtutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, lipid peroxidafion and histamine contents in exposed skin were estimated. The histopathological examination of the exposed skin was also carried out. Results The skin enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and histamine increased while glutathione decreased in skin. The simultaneously exposed group showed additive toxic effects. The histopathological examination showed severe hyperkeratosis, thickening of collagen fibres and vacuolisation of epidermal cells in PPD plus LAS exposed skin. Conclusion The findings of the present study suggest that simultaneous exposure to PPD and LAS has additive toxic effects.

Time Related Influence of α-Mercapto-β-(2-Furyl) Acrylic Acid (MFA) in Cadmium Toxicity

The effect of a-mercapto-β-(2-furyl) acrylic acid (MFA, 200 mg/kg, oral) administered 30 min or 24 h post cadmium (1 mg/kg, i.p.) exposure on cadmium toxicity, was investigated in rats. The Cd induced hepatic metallothionein was reduced by MFA treatment parallel to the depletion of hepatic Cd. However, in renal tissue,MFA caused only redistribution of metal from the paniculate to the soluble fraction. Hepatic and renal Zn and renal Cu were significantly increased on Cd exposure. MFA therapy, however, lowered the hepatic Zn and increased the renal Cu levels. The action of MFA appears to be via metal chelation rather than by MT induction.

Influence of Methionine Supplementation in Chelation of Lead in Rats1

The influence of methionine supplementation on the efficacy of common antidotes to lead poisoning, calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaNa_2EDTA) and D-penicillamine (DPA), was investigated in rats. The animals were given lead acetate (0.1% in drinking water) for 12 weeks and thereafter treated with CaNa_2EDTA, DPA (0.3mmol/kg, intraperitoneally), DL-methionine (1.34 mmol/kg, intragastrically), or the combination of a chelating agent and methionine for 3 days. While chelating agents enhanced the urinary excretion of Pb, methionine increased the fecal excretion of Pb significantly. Treatment with the combination of a chelating agent and methionine did not potentiate the effect of each antidote. However, methionine supplementation increased the efficacy of both chelating agents in reducing the hepatic and renal Pb burden but not the blood Pb level. The Pb-induced inhibition of blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and the increase in urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid were reversed to a certain extent by CaNa_2EDTA, DPA, and methionine but the combination did not improve their individual performances. The beneficial effects of methionine may be attributed to its ability to increase the bioavailability of glutathione (GSH), useful in chelating Pb and counteracting the toxic effects, as evidenced by restoration of the Pb-induced decrease in hepatic GSH level by treatment with methionine. Methionine may be useful as a supportive therapy in chelation of Pb. (c)1989 Academic Press. Inc.

Comparative Studies of Different Organs of Nyctanthes arbortristis in Modulation of Cytokines in Murine Model of Arthritis

Objective To study the modulation effect of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines following long term use of water soluble ethanol extracts from different organs of Nyctanthes arbortristis （NAT） in mouse model of arthritis. Methods Arthritis was induced in mice by two injections of Freund＇s complete adjuvant on days 0 and 12 in the sub-planter surface of the right hind paw. Results Injection of adjuvant resulted in a maximum primary edema of the footpad with erythema, and edema and distortion of joints of the right hind paw after 24-48 hours. Second injection of FCA led to the formation of secondary swellings persisting more than four weeks that spread onto the other hind limb but to a lesser extent. Histological analysis of the ankle on day 47 showed marked evidence of cartilage destruction in association with pannus formation and moderate bone resorption. Proinfiammatory cytokine levels in the inflamed joint homogenate were elevated on days 2, 14, and 47. Oral administration of leaf and fruit extracts in arthritic mice reduced joint homogenate levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 on days 2, 14, and 47 in comparison to untreated arthritic mice. Intedeukin-10 level was elevated in the inflamed joint on days 2, 14, and 47 in comparisons to untreated arthritic mice. Confusion Evidence of lesser inflammation of the footpad and joint and associated histological observation support the therapeutic benefit of leaf and fruit extracts from Nyctanthes arbortristis. This study helps in understanding the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of Nyctanthes arbortristis in the light of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance.

Silica Induced Early Fibrogenic Reaction in Lung of Mice Ameliorated by Nyctanthes arbortristis Extract

Objective To investigate the pharmacological effect of Nyctanthes arbortristis (NAT) leaf extract in the prevention of lung injury induced by silica particles. Method Lung injury was induced in Swiss mice through inhalation exposure to silica particles (<5m) using a Flow Past Nose Only Inhalation Chamber at the rate of -10 mg/m3 respirable mass for 5 h. Lung bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected between 48 and 72 h was subjected to protein profiling by electrophoresis and cytokine evaluation by solid phase sandwich ELISA. Lung histopathology was performed to evaluate lung injury. Results Inhalation of silica increased the level of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and of the 66 and 63 kDa peptides in the BAL fluid in comparison to sham-treated control. Pre-treatment of silica exposed mice with NAT leaf extract significantly prevented the accumulation of TNF-a in the BAL fluid, but the 66 and 63 kDa peptides remained unchanged. The extract was also effective in the prevention of silica-induced early fibrogenic reactions like congestion, edema and infiltration of nucleated cells in the interstitial alveolar spaces, and thickening of alveolar septa in mouse lung. Conclusion NAT leaf extract helps in bypassing silica induced initial lung injury in mice.

Seasonal Dynamics of Nutrient Loading and Chlorophyll A in a Northern Prairies Reservoir, Saskatchewan, Canada

Harmful algae blooms have become an increasing concern in context with the safety of water resources around the globe;however, little is known about the dynamics and specific causes of such blooms in the prairie ecozone in North America. The aim of this study was to research the nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) content and nutrient limitation (defined as N and P limitation) of growth of cyanobacteria in a northern prairies reservoir (Lake Diefenbaker [LD], SK, Canada). A combination of concentration balance analysis for N and P, controlled bioassays with the natural consortium of phytoplankton or defined monocultures of cyanobacteria, and satellite imagery was applied to address this aim. The current trophic status of Lake Diefenbaker is one of moderate eutrophication. Primary production in the lake is P-limited, and N did not represent a limiting factor for algal production. There was no significant increase in TP con- centrations between the upper and lower portions of the reservoir, indicating that most of the phosphorus in LD comes from upstream sites in Alberta. Anabaena circinalis, a species that has the potential to seriously degrade lake ecosys- tems, was identified as the predominant cyanobacteria in LD. Together with the fact that TP influxes into the reservoir primarily originate from upstream sources, these results suggest the need for remedial measures in the upstream reach of the South Saskatchewan River. Satellite imaging represented a promising approach in support of monitoring for po- tential algal blooms in LD;however, due to limited sensitivity and issues associated with atmosphere interference this methodology should only be used in combination with in situ water quality monitoring. In summary, while this study indicated that Lake Diefenbaker is potentially at risk with cyanobacteria blooms (some of which such as Anabena sp. that can produce toxins) during late summer and fall, development of clear causal relationships and risk assessment strategies is currently limited due to lack of monitoring data and programs.

Preventive Effect of Vitamin E in Cadmium Intoxication

The influence of vitamin E on cadmium intoxication was investigated in rats. The exposure to cadmium (1 mg/kg, Cd as CdCl2·2H2O, intraperitoneally for 7 days) decreased the activity of hepatic and renal glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases (GOT, GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) accompanied by increase in the levels of serum GOT and GPT and urinary protein. Simultaneous administration of vitamin E (5 mg/kg, intramuscularly for 7 days) reduced these Cd induced biochemical alterations. The accumulation of Cd in blood, liver and kidney also decreased significantly upon co-exposure to vitamin E. The antioxidant property of vitamin E seems to be responsible for the observed protection of Cd intoxication.

Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Vitamin E in Chronic Plumbism

The ability of vitamin E to prevent or treat experimental lead intoxication was investigated in rats.Lead ingestion(10 mg/kg,lead as lead acetate,orally fbr 6 weeks)significantly inhibited the activity of blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase(ALAD),reduced the brain dopamine (DA)contents,enhanced the blood zinc protoporphyrin,and enhanced the urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid(ALA).Lead exposure also elevated brain norepinephrine,homovanillic acid,and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid(5-HIAA)levels and concentration of lead in blood and tissue.Simultaneous supplementation of vitamin E along with lead significantly reduced the inhibition of blood ALAD activity,brain DA and 5-HIAA levels,and elevation of urinary ALA excretion.Blood and liver lead concentrations were also significantly reduced by simultaneous supplementation with vitamin E.Postlead exposure treatment with vitamin E was ineffective in reducing the lead-induced effects,except that the inhibition of blood ALAD activity was slightly reduced.The present results suggest that vitamin E given simultaneously with lead is effective in reducing the severity of lead intoxication.1989 Academic Press.Inc.

ACE2 downregulation promotes thrombosis and cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients

The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)caused by SARS-CoV-2 severely challenges the economic stability of countries around the globe.Immune responses induced by active infection and vaccination have resulted in severe complications like thrombosis and cardiac injury in a measurable number of COVID-19 cases.Hence,knowledge of dissemination of these events is of clinical importance.

A Comparative Study on Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Resident Gut Bacteria (ii) Effect of Arsenite

Objective In order to use facultative gut bacteria as an alternate to animals for the initial gastrointestinal toxicity screening of heavy metals, a comparative study on rat intestinal epithelial cells and resident gut bacteria was undertaken. Methods in vitro growth rate of four gut bacteria, dehydrogenase （DHA） and esterase （EA） activity test, intestinal epithelial and bacterial cell membrane enzymes and in situ effect of arsenite were analysed. Results Growth profile of mixed resident population of gut bacteria and pure isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. revealed an arsenite （2-20 ppm） concentration-dependent inhibition. The viability pattern of epithelial cells also showed similar changes. DHA and EA tests revealed significant inhibition （40%-72%） with arsenite exposure of 5 and 10 ppm in isolated gut bacteria and epithelial cells. Decrease in membrane alkaline phosphatase and Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATPase activities was in the range of 33%-55% in four bacteria at the arsenite exposure of 10 ppm, whereas it was 60%-65% in intestinal epithelial villus cells, in situ incubation of arsenite using intestinal loops also showed more or less similar changes in membrane enzymes of resident gut bacterial population and epithelial cells. Conclusion The results indicate that facultative gut bacteria can be used as suitable in vitro model for the preliminary screening of arsenical gastrointestinal cytotoxic effects.

Hepatotoxic Alterations Induced by Subchronic Exposure of Rats to Formulated Fenvalerate (20% EC) by Nose Only Inhalation

Objective Fenvalerate (20% EC) is a synthetic pyrethroid, which is commonly used in India by farmers for the protection of many food and vegetable crops against a wide variety of insects. However, its inhalation toxicity data is very limited in the literature due to the fact that the exposure levels associated with these effects were usually not reported. Hence, inhalation exposure was carried out to investigate the hepatotoxic effects. Method Adult male rats were exposed to fen for 4 h/day, 5 days a week for 90 days by using Flow Past Nose Only Inhalation Chamber. Sham treated control rats were exposed to compressed air in the inhalation chamber for the same period. Results The results indicated hepatomegaly, increased activities of serum clinical enzymes (indicative of liver damage/dysfunction) along with pronounced histopathological damage of liver. Conclusion The hepatotoxic potential of formulated Fen (20% EC) in rats exposed by nose only inhalation is being reported for the first time and warrant adequate safety measures for human beings exposed to this insecticide, particularly by inhalation route.

Renal Toxicity of Nickel,Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Their Combination after Dermal Application in Guinea Pigs

The guinea pigs were dermally exposed to nickel (Ni), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and in their combination for 7 and 14 days. The exposure to Ni and SLS produced changes in enzymes and lipid peroxidation in kidney. The exposure to Ni or SLS depicted slight changes while combined exposure to Ni plus SLS exhibited more degenerative changes in kidney. The result of the study suggests that industrial workers and/or populations exposed simultaneously to Ni and SLS produces more damage to kidney.

Enhancement of Urinary Elimination of 3-Bromobenzanthrone Metabolites by Oral Supplementation of Ascorbic Acid in Guinea Pigs

Objective 3-Bromobenzanthrone (3-BBA), an anthraquinone intermediate dye, is extensively used in textile industry. Since, our prior studies have shown that 3-BBA caused significant depletion of ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, the effect of exogenous supplementation of AsA on the urinary elimination of 3-BBA metabolites was investigated. Method Guinea pigs were treated with single oral dose of 3-BBA (50 mg/kg b. wt.) in groundnut oil while another group was treated with single oral dose of 3-BBA (50 mg/kg b. wt.) along with 3 day prior and post oral supplementation of AsA. Control groups were either treated with groundnut oil or AsA alone. Urine from individual animals was collected, extracted and analysed on HPTLC. Results The highest elimination of 3-BBA (75 mg) was found to be in 0-24 h urine fraction which decreased to 18 mg and 5 mg in the two subsequent 24 hourly fractions of urine. Exogenous supplementation of AsA increased the total urinary elimination of 3-BBA by almost 77%. A total of 10 fluorescent metabolites excluding the parent compound were eliminated in the urine of guinea pigs treated with 3-BBA. Densitometric scanning of chromatogram showed different peaks at Rf 0.18, 0.22, 0.27, 0.34, 0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.66, 0.72, 0.80, and 0.95 which were eliminated and marked as urinary metabolite 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. AsA not only significantly enhanced the elimination of 3-BBA metabolites but also modified the pattern of metabolites drastically in 0-6 h, 6-24 h and 24-48 h urine fractions. Conclusion These results indicate that AsA may be useful in protecting the toxicity of 3-BBA by fascilitating the urinary metabolite(s) excretion of 3-BBA.