ON101 Cream Increases the Wound Healing Rate in Diabetic Patients with Uremia—Cases Report

Diabetic patients who underwent long-term dialysis may increase the prevalence of foot ulceration. In addition, diabetic foot ulcer (DFUs) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) do not heal well, and the amputation rate is 6.5 - 10 times higher compared to the non-nephropathic diabetic population. Thus, a suitable therapeutic agent was needed. ON101 is a topical cream that promotes diabetic wound healing through a unique macrophage-regulating ability. In this case series, we included 5 diabetes patients (mean age 54.6 ± 8.7 years, 4 mal) with ESRD (mean eGFR 7.4 ± 3.35 mL/min/1.73m2) and had experienced dialysis for at least 4.5 years. These patients also have UT (University of Texas) grade 2A DFUs that have existed for at least 1.5 months (mean ulcer duration 8.3 ± 8.97 months). These subjects were applied ON101 twice daily for up to 20 weeks, and wound size was recorded during treatment. Among these subjects, three ulcers (patient No. 1, 2, and 3) completely healed within 10 weeks upon ON101 application, and one ulcer was 99% reduced at 20th weeks (patient No. 4). Only one ulcer didn’t show an obvious response that may due to poor compliance in wound care and glucose control. In summary, the overall healing rate was 60%, suggesting ON101 performed equivalence healing efficacy in dialysis patients compared with those who did not have dialysis.

OSAP‐Loss:Efficient optimization of average precision via involving samples after positive ones towards remote sensing image retrieval

In existing remote sensing image retrieval(RSIR)datasets,the number of images among different classes varies dramatically,which leads to a severe class imbalance problem.Some studies propose to train the model with the ranking‐based metric(e.g.,average precision[AP]),because AP is robust to class imbalance.However,current AP‐based methods overlook an important issue:only optimising samples ranking before each positive sample,which is limited by the definition of AP and is prone to local optimum.To achieve global optimisation of AP,a novel method,namely Optimising Samples after positive ones&AP loss(OSAP‐Loss)is proposed in this study.Specifically,a novel superior ranking function is designed to make the AP loss differentiable while providing a tighter upper bound.Then,a novel loss called Optimising Samples after Positive ones(OSP)loss is proposed to involve all positive and negative samples ranking after each positive one and to provide a more flexible optimisation strategy for each sample.Finally,a graphics processing unit memory‐free mechanism is developed to thoroughly address the non‐decomposability of AP optimisation.Extensive experimental results on RSIR as well as conventional image retrieval datasets show the superiority and competitive performance of OSAP‐Loss compared to the state‐of‐the‐art.

Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm:A case report

BACKGROUND Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm is a condition rarely encountered by clinicians;this,its etiology and presentation as well as appropriate treatments are not well studied.Although it is treated by removal of the diseased gallbladder and cystic artery,such surgery can be difficult and risky if acute inflammation with bleeding occurs,and not every patient can tolerate the surgery.CASE SUMMARY An 81-year-old man complained of epigastric pain and tarry stool passage that lasted for 3 d.He had a medical history of poor cardiopulmonary function.The computed tomographic scan of abdomen showed cystic artery pseudoaneurysm and dilatation of gallbladder.Because of high adverse outcomes related to general anesthesia,the patient was successfully managed with endovascular embolization for this cystic artery pseudoaneurysm and percutaneous drainage for the distended gallbladder.CONCLUSION A patient with cystic artery pseudoaneurysm may quickly deteriorate with the occurrence of concurrent arterial bleeding and sepsis.This report presents the case of a patient who did not undergo surgery due to multiple cardiopulmonary comorbidities and whose condition was managed successfully with embolization and biliary drainage.Endovascular embolization and biliary drainage may provide an alternative option to manage this complicated condition.

Effect of Temperature on Photovoltaic Solar Cell Cadmium Telluride Thin Film

Solar cell technology comes with unique temperature coefficients. These temperature coefficients are important and temperature of the solar cell has direct influence on the power output of a photovoltaic cells. CdTe is a very robust and chemically stable material and for this reason its related solar cell. Thin film photovoltaic technology is now the only thin film technology in the first top 10 producers in the world. The strong improvement in efficiency in the last 7 years was obtained by a new redesign of the CdTe solar cell device reaching a single solar cell. In this paper, we describe the fabrication process following the history of the solar cell as it was developed in the early years up to the latest development and changes. The configuration of fabricated cell is n-CdTe/NaOH (0.15 M) + S (0.15 M) + Na2S (0.15 M)/C(graphite). The junction ideality factor was found to be 2.63, 2.13, and 1.89. The flat band potential is found to be -0.400, -0.450, -0.501 V. The barrier height value was found to be 0.523, 0.487, and 0.436 eV. The study of power output characteristic shows open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor and efficiency were found to be 120 mV, 24.2 μA, 32.68%, 26.18%, and 19.73% and 0.63%, 0.37%, and 0.23%, respectively. The lighted ideality factor was calculated and found to be 3.26, 1.87, and 1.17. Spectra attain maximum value of current at λ = 580 nm and decrease with increase in wavelength. The photovoltaic cell characterization of the thin films is carried out by studying current-voltage characteristics in dark, capacitance-voltage in dark, barrier height measurements, power output characteristics.

Increased numbers of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells in gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma

AIM: To determine the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in gastric mucosa of patients with gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of gastric antrum biopsy specimens from healthy controls (n = 22) and patients with gastritis (n = 30), peptic ulcer (n = 83), or gastric cancer (n = 32). Expression of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 was determined by immunohistochemistry in three consecutive sections per sample.RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, there was an increased number of CD25+ and Foxp3+ cells in patients with gastritis (P = 0.004 and P = 0.008), peptic ulcer (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001), and gastric cancer (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). The ratio of CD25+/CD4+ or Foxp3+/CD4+ cells was also significantly higher in all disease groups (P < 0.001, respectively). The number of CD4+, CD25+, and Foxp3+ cells, and the ratio of CD25+/CD4+ and Foxp3+/CD4+ cells, were associated with the histological grade of the specimens, including acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, lymphoid follicle number, and Helicobacter pylori infection. The number of CD4+, CD25+ and Foxp3+ cells, and the ratio of CD25+/CD4+ and Foxp3+/CD4+ cells, were negatively associated with intestinal metaplasia among gastritis (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.002 and P = 0.002) and peptic ulcer groups (P = 0.013, P = 0.004, P < 0.001, P = 0.040 and P = 0.003).

Antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii : From bench to bedside

Acinetobacter baumannii(A. baumannii) is undoubtedly one of the most successful pathogens in the modern healthcare system. With invasive procedures, antibiotic use and immunocompromised hosts increasing in recent years, A. baumannii has become endemic in hospitals due to its versatile genetic machinery, which allows it to quickly evolve resistance factors, and to its remarkable ability to tolerate harsh environments. Infections and outbreaks caused by multidrugresistant A. baumannii(MDRAB) are prevalent and have been reported worldwide over the past twenty or more years. To address this problem effectively, knowledge of species identification, typing methods, clinical manifestations, risk factors, and virulence factors is essential. The global epidemiology of MDRAB is monitored by persistent surveillance programs. Because few effective antibiotics are available, clinicians often face serious challenges when treating patients with MDRAB. Therefore, a deep understanding of the resistance mechanisms used by MDRAB can shed light on two possible strategies to combat the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance: stringent infection control and antibiotic treatments, of which colistin-based combination therapy is the mainstream strategy. However, due to the current unsatisfying therapeutic outcomes, there is a great need to develop and evaluate the efficacy of new antibiotics and to understand the role of other potential alternatives, such as antimicrobial peptides, in the treatment of MDRAB infections.

Expression,purification and characterization of enterovirus-71 virus-like particles

瞄准：Enterovirus 71 (EV71 ) 作为为在亚太区域与严重神经病学的疾病联系的手，脚和嘴疾病的最近的爆发负责的病因学的代理人被含有。方法：集会过程被假设发生经由一由病毒的朊酶 3CD 的 P1 先锋的安排解朊的处理。测试这个假设，我们构造了 3 recombinant baculoviruses：表示 P1 的 Bac-P1；表示 3CD 的 Bac-3CD；并且 Bac-P1-3CD 共同表示 P1 和 3CD。结果：由 Bac-P1-3CD 的两单个感染和由 Bac-P1 和 Bac-3CD 的合作感染导致了 P1 的正确劈开产出单个蛋白质 VP0， VP1 和 VP3，当以前的途径产出更高的 VLP 生产时。在房间，进类似于真 EV71 粒子总数的像病毒的粒子(VLP ) 的簇自我装配的结构的蛋白质。在 ultracentrifugation 纯化以后，驱散的 VLP 与在尺寸，外观，作文和表面 epitopes 的真病毒难区分，作为由标记的 SDS 页，西方的污点，传播电子显微镜学和免疫黄金决定了。结论：我们的数据第一次，在 EV71 结构的蛋白质采用一个处理和类似于脊髓灰质炎病毒汇编的汇编小径的昆虫房间建议那。粒子形态学和作文的保藏建议 VLP 可以是一个珍贵疫苗的候选人阻止 EV71 流行病。

Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein:From molecular pathogenesis to clinical applications

Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)neutrophil-activating protein(HP-NAP)was originally identified as a virulence factor of H.pylori for its ability to activate neutrophils to generate respiratory burst by releasing reactive oxygen species.Later on,HP-NAP was also found to be involved in the protection of H.pylori from DNA damage,supporting the survival of H.pylori under oxidative stress.This protein is highly conserved and expressed by virtually all clinical isolates of H.pylori.The majority of patients infected with H.pylori produced antibodies specific for HP-NAP,suggesting its important role in immunity.In addition to acting as a pathogenic factor by activating the innate immunity through a wide range of human leukocytes,including neutrophils,monocytes,and mast cells,HP-NAP also mediates adaptive immunity through the induction of T helper cell typeⅠresponses.The pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of HP-NAP not only make it play an important role in disease pathogenesis but also make it a potential candidate for clinical use.Even though there is no convincing evidence to link HP-NAP to a disease outcome,recent findings supporting the pathogenic role of HP-NAP will be reviewed.In addition,the potential clinical applications of HP-NAP in vaccine development,clinical diagnosis,and drug development will be discussed.

Orbit optimization for ASTROD-GW and its time delay interferometry with two arms using CGC ephemeris

Astrodynamical space test of relativity using optical devices optimized for gravitation wave detection （ASTROD- GW） is an optimization of ASTROD to focus on the goal of detection of gravitation waves. The detection sensitivity is shifted 52 times toward larger wavelength compared with that of laser interferometer space antenna （LISA）. The mission orbits of the three spacecrafts forming a nearly equilateral triangular array are chosen to be near the Sun–Earth Lagrange points L3, L4, and L5. The three spacecrafts range interferometrically with one another with an arm length of about 260 million kilometers. In order to attain the required sensitivity for ASTROD-GW, laser frequency noise must be suppressed to below the secondary noises such as the optical path noise, acceleration noise, etc. For suppressing laser frequency noise, we need to use time delay interferometry （TDI） to match the two different optical paths （times of travel）. Since planets and other solar-system bodies perturb the orbits of ASTROD-GW spacecraft and affect the TDI, we simulate the time delay numerically using CGC 2.7 （here, CGC stands for center for gravitation and cosmology） ephemeris framework. To conform to the ASTROD-GW planning, we work out a set of 20-year optimized mission orbits of ASTROD-GW spacecraft starting at June 21, 2028, and calculate the differences in optical path in the first and second generation TDIs separately for one-detector case. In our optimized mission orbits of 20 years, changes of arm lengths are less than 0.0003 AU; the relative Doppler velocities are all less than 3m/s. All the second generation TDI for one-detector case satisfies the ASTROD-GW requirement.

Orbit optimization and time delay interferometry for inclined ASTROD-GW formation with half-year precession-period

ASTROD-GW （ASTROD [astrodynamical space test of relativity using optical devices] optimized for gravitational wave detection） is a gravitational-wave mission with the aim of detecting gravitational waves from massive black holes, extreme mass ratio inspirais （EMRIs） and galactic compact binaries together with testing relativistic gravity and probing dark energy and cosmology. Mission orbits of the 3 spacecrafts forming a nearly equilateral triangular array are chosen to be near the Sun-Earth Lagrange points L3, L4, and L5. The 3 space, crafts range interferometrically with one another with arm length about 260 million kilometers. For 260 times longer arm length, the detection sensitivity of ASTROD- GW is 260 fold better than that of eLISA/NGO in the lower frequency region by assuming the same acceleration noise. Therefore, ASTROD-GW will be a better cosmological probe. In previous papers, we have worked out the time delay interferometry （TDI） for the ecliptic formation. To resolve the reflection ambiguity about the ecliptic plane in source position determination, we have changed the basic formation into slightly inclined formation with half-year precessionperiod. In this paper, we optimize a set of 10-year inclined ASTROD-GW mission orbits numerically using ephemeris framework starting at June 21, 2035, including cases of inclination angle with 0° （no inclination）, 0.5°, 1.0°, 1.5°, 2.0°, 2.5°, and 3.0°. We simulate the time delays of the first and second generation TDI configurations for the different inclinations, and compare/analyse the numerical results to attain the requisite sensitivity of ASTROD-GW by suppressing laser frequency noise below the secondary noises. To explicate our calculation process for different inclination cases, we take the 1.0° as an example to show the orbit optimization and TDI simulation.

Inhibition of hepatitis B virus production by Boehmeria nivea root extract in HepG2 2.2.15 cells

AIM: To explore the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) effects of Boehmeria nivea (B. nivea) root extract (BNE) by using the HepG2 2.2.15 cell model system. METHODS: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg), and HBV DNA were measured by using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. Viral DNA replication and RNA expression were determined by using Southern and Northern blot, respectively. RESULTS: In HepG2 2.2.15 cells, HBeAg (60%, P < 0.01) and particle-associated HBV DNA (> 99%, P < 0.01) secretion into supernatant were significantly inhibited by BNE at a dose of 100 mg/L, whereas the HBsAg was not inhibited. With different doses of BNE, the reduced HBeAg was correlated with the inhibition of HBV DNA. The anti-HBV effect of BNE was not caused by its cytotoxicity to cells or inhibition of viral DNA replication and RNA expression. CONCLUSION: BNE could effectively reduce the HBV production and its anti-HBV machinery might differ from the nucleoside analogues.

Zebrafish as a disease model for studying human hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer is one of the world's most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), a primary hepatic cancer, accounts for 90%-95% of liver cancer cases. The pathogenesis of HCC consists of a stepwise process of liver damage that extends over decades, due to hepatitis, fatty liver, fibrosis, and cirrhosis before developing fully into HCC. Multiple risk factors are highly correlated with HCC, including infection with the hepatitis B or C viruses, alcohol abuse, aflatoxin exposure, and metabolic diseases. Over the last decade, genetic alterations, which include the regulation of multiple oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes and the activation of tumorigenesis-related pathways, have also been identified as important factors in HCC. Recently, zebrafish have become an important living vertebrate model organism, especially for translational medical research. In studies focusing on the biology of cancer, carcinogen induced tumors in zebrafish were found to have many similarities to human tumors. Several zebrafish models have therefore been developed to provide insight into the pathogenesis of liver cancer and the related drug discovery and toxicology, and to enable the evaluation of novel smallmolecule inhibitors. This review will focus on illustrativeexamples involving the application of zebrafish models to the study of human liver disease and HCC, through transgenesis, genome editing technology, xenografts,drug discovery, and drug-induced toxic liver injury.

Sub-micron-structure machining on silicon by femtosecond laser

Sub-micron-structure machining on silicon substrate was studied by direct writing system of femtosecond laser with the central wavelength of 800 nm, pulse duration of 120 fs and repetition rate of 1 kHz. Three kinds of experiments were conducted: 1) the effect of photoresist on silicon; 2) machinability of different orientations of silicon; and 3) the size of micro-structure and the cross-section shape. Photoresist SU8 was coated onto silicon substrates in thicknesses of 100 μm. SU8 remained on the silicon substrate while the silicon under the machined SU8 was removed after laser machining. Orientations of (100), (110), and (111) silicon substrates were machined with the laser power of 60 μW and the scanning speed of 3 mm/min. Spike morphologies were observed on all three orientations of silicon substrates without obvious directional difference of these spikes on different silicon substrates. In addition, the ablation threshold energies were also similar. In the consideration of ablation energy, one numerical model of the machining parameters has been proposed to simulate the cross-section of the micro-structure. The predicted shape by simulation can fit the profile of the cross-section shape well.

Efficient expression of histidine-tagged large hepatitis delta antigen in baculovirus-transduced baby hamster kidney cells

瞄准：为功能的大肝炎三角洲抗原(L-HDAg ) 的有效表示学习 baculovirus/mammalian 房间系统。方法：表示标注 histidine 的 L-HDAg (L-HDAgH ) 的 recombinant baculovirus 被构造到 transduce 由一个简化转导变异协议的婴儿仓鼠肾(BHK ) 房间。结果：有比 90% 高的效率的 recombinant baculovirus transduced BHK 房间是由流动血细胞计数决定了。表示水平比由原生质标志 transfection 获得了并且是进一步的那由 10 mmol/L 钠丁酸盐的增加提高 3 褶层到约 19 pg/cell 显著地高。重要地，表示 L-HDAgH 对细胞核并且正确地局部性由免疫荧光标记和共焦的显微镜学决定了的 isoprenylated。而且， L-HDAgH 与肝炎 B 表面抗原交往了形成像病毒的粒子。结论：有组氨酸标签以及在在 baculovirus-transduced BHK 房间的 L-HDAgH 的表示上的熔化不损害生物函数。总起来说， baculovirus/mammalian 房间系统为要求广泛的 translational 以后修正的 L-HDAgH 或另外的蛋白质的高级表示提供一种吸引人的选择。

基于分片化MPCA模型的多阶段批次过程阶段分析与阶段辨识方法(英文)

Multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA) is the most widely utilized multivariate statistical process control method for batch processes. Previous research on MPCA has commonly agreed that it is not a suitable method for multiphase batch process analysis. In this paper, abundant phase information is revealed by way of partitioning MPCA model, and a new phase identification method based on global dynamic information is proposed. The application to injection molding shows that it is a feasible and effective method for multiphase batch process knowledge understanding, phase division and process monitoring.

Association of macular pigment optical density with early stage of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM：To detect the association between macular pigment optical density（MPOD）,which reflects the antioxidant ability of retina,and diabetic retinopathy（DR）and to investigate the correlated factors of MPOD.METHODS： Totally 435 subjects of urban Chinese were recruited to the study and divided into 3 groups： non-diabetes mellitus controls（NDM）,diabetic patients without retinopathy（DWR）,and patients with early stage of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy（DR）.Demographic and lifestyle characteristics were ascertained by questionnaire.A food-frequency questionnaire,general physical and ophthalmic examinations were completed for all participants.MPOD was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry.Foveal thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography.The difference of MPOD among 3 groups was analyzed by analysis of covariance.The correlation analyses of MPOD with the candidate influence factors were assessed using the generalized estimating equations（GEE） model.RESULTS： Of the 435 participants,34 could not perform the MPOD measurements.Final analysis included 401 subjects,including 48 were in DR group,134 in DWR group,and 219 in NDM group.MPOD was not significantly different among DR（0.49 ±0.21）,DWR（0.45 ±0.21）,and NDM（0.49±0.17） groups（P=0.24） after adjustment for fasting plasma glycemia,central foveal thickness,green vegetables,Chinese wolfberry,carotene and vitamin E.For all the 401 participants included,MPOD was positively associated with central foveal thickness（E=0.0007,P=0.001）,Chinese wolfberry（E=0.0345,P=0.01）,and green vegetables（E=0.0596,P〈0.001） intake.CONCLUSION： The data suggest that MPOD level is not statistically significantly influenced by the onset of diabetes or early stage of DR in the studied population.MPOD level is positively associated with thicker central foveal thickness and higher intake of foods containing carotenoids.

Perioperative topical ascorbic acid for the prevention of phacoemulsification-related corneal endothelial damage:Two case reports and review of literature

BACKGROUND The current case report describes successful phacoemulsification with the aid of perioperative topical ascorbic acid(AA) in two patients with corneal endothelial disorders to prevent postoperative corneal endothelial decompensation.CASE SUMMARY Two eyes of two patients underwent phacoemulsification with pre-existing corneal endothelial disorders including Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy(Patient 1) and endotheliitis(Patient 2). Topical AA was applied to both patients at least one month before and after with a frequency of four times per day. After the surgery, both eyes improved best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) and there was limited human corneal endothelial cell loss without signs of corneal endothelial decompensation, such as deteriorated BCVA or persistent corneal edema during the follow-up of at least two years.CONCLUSION Perioperative administration of topical AA may be an alternative therapy to the triple procedure in patients expecting to undergo cataract surgery.

Clinical trials for treating recurrent head and neck cancer with boron neutron capture therapy using the Tsing-Hua Open Pool Reactor

Head and neck(HN)cancer is an endemic disease in Taiwan,China.Locally recurrent HN cancer after full-dose irradia-tion poses a therapeutic challenge,and boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)may be a solution that could provide durable local control with tolerable toxicity.The Tsing-Hua Open Pool Reactor(THOR)at National Tsing-Hua University in Hsin-Chu,provides a high-quality epithermal neutron source for basic and clinical BNCT research.Our first clinical trial,entitled“A phase I/II trial of boron neutron capture therapy for recurrent head and neck cancer at THOR”,was carried out between 2010 and 2013.A total of 17 patients with 23 recurrent HN tumors who had received high-dose photon irradiation were enrolled in the study.The fructose complex of l-boronophenylalanine was used as a boron carrier,and a two-fraction BNCT treatment regimen at 28-day intervals was used for each patient.Toxicity was acceptable,and although the response rate was high(12/17),re-recurrence within or near the radiation site was common.To obtain better local control,another clinical trial entitled“A phase I/II trial of boron neutron capture therapy combined with image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IG-IMRT)for locally recurrent HN cancer”was initiated in 2014.The first administration of BNCT was performed according to our previous protocol,and IG-IMRT was initiated 28 days after BNCT.As of May 2017,seven patients have been treated with this combination.The treatment-related toxicity was similar to that previously observed with two BNCT applications.Three patients had a complete response,but locoregional recurrence was the major cause of failure despite initially good responses.Future clinical trials combining BNCT with other local or systemic treatments will be carried out for recurrent HN cancer patients at THOR.

Cytotoxic effect of interleukin-8 in retinal ganglion cells and its possible mechanisms

AIM： To investigate the effect of interleukin-8（IL-8） on neural retinal ganglion cells（RGCs） and whether it can be alleviated by G31P. METHODS： RGC-5 cells were exposed to IL-8 with or without its specific receptor antagonist G31P for 24h, and the cell viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit 8（CCK-8）. Apoptosis was measured by examining nuclear morphology and quantifying with flow cytometry. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction（RT-qP CR） and Western blot were used to investigate the expression of apoptosis-related genes. RESULTS： CCK-8 assay showed that IL-8 significantly inhibits the viability of RGC-5 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Cell apoptosis assays exhibited higher apoptotic rate in IL-8 treatment group compared to control group. We further found that IL-8 could promote Bax and caspase-3 expressions, but decrease the level of Bcl-2 in the aspect of m RNA and protein. However, pre-treatment with G31P partly attenuated these effects in RGC-5 cells（P〈0.05）.CONCLUSION： These results indicate that anti-proliferation effects of IL-8 through induction of cell apoptosis regulated by Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 expressions, can be ameliorated by G31P.

Distinct expression patterns in hepatitis B virus-and hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To identify biomarkers indicating virus-specific hepatocarcinogenic process,differential mRNA expres-sion in 32 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-/hepa-titis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were investigated by means of cDNA microar-rays comprising of 886 genes. METHODS: Thirty two HCC patients were divided into two groups based on viral markers: hepatitis B virus positive and HCV positive. The expression profiles of 32 pairs of specimens (tumorous and surrounding non-tumorous liver tissues),consisting of 886 genes were analyzed. RESULTS: Seven up-regulated genes in HBV-associat-ed HCC comprised genes involved in protein synthesis (RPS5 ),cytoskeletal organization (KRT8 ),apoptosis related genes (CFLAR),transport (ATP5F1),cell mem-brane receptor related genes (IGFBP2),signal trans-duction or transcription related genes (MAP3K5),and metastasis-related genes (MMP9). The up-regulated genes in HCV-infected group included 4 genes: VIM (cell structure),ACTB (cell structure),GAPD (glycolysis) and CD58 (cell adhesion). The expression patterns of the 11 genes,identified by cDNA microarray,were con-firmed by quantitative RT-PCR in 32 specimens. CONCLUSION: The patterns of all identified genes were classified based on the viral factor involved in HBV-and HCV-associated HCC. Our results strongly suggest that the pattern of gene expression in HCC is closely associated with the etiologic factor. The pres-ent study indicates that HBV and HCV cause hepato-carcinogenesis by different mechanisms,and provide novel tools for the diagnosis and treatment of HBV-and HCV-associated HCC.