Time Parameter Based Low-Energy Data Encryption Method for Mobile Applications

Various mobile devices and applications are now used in daily life.These devices require high-speed data processing,low energy consumption,low communication latency,and secure data transmission,especially in 5G and 6G mobile networks.High-security cryptography guarantees that essential data can be transmitted securely;however,it increases energy consumption and reduces data processing speed.Therefore,this study proposes a low-energy data encryption(LEDE)algorithm based on the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)for improving data transmission security and reducing the energy consumption of encryption in Internet-of-Things(IoT)devices.In the proposed LEDE algorithm,the system time parameter is employed to create a dynamic S-Box to replace the static S-Box of AES.Tests indicated that six-round LEDE encryption achieves the same security level as 10-round conventional AES encryption.This reduction in encryption time results in the LEDE algorithm having a 67.4%lower energy consumption and 43.9%shorter encryption time than conventional AES;thus,the proposed LEDE algorithm can improve the performance and the energy consumption of IoT edge devices.

A Wrapping Encryption Based on Double Randomness Mechanism

Currently,data security mainly relies on password(PW)or system channel key(SKCH)to encrypt data before they are sent,no matter whether in broadband networks,the 5th generation(5G)mobile communications,satellite communications,and so on.In these environments,a fixed password or channel key(e.g.,PW/SKCH)is often adopted to encrypt different data,resulting in security risks since thisPW/SKCH may be solved after hackers collect a huge amount of encrypted data.Actually,the most popularly used security mechanism Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)has its own problems,e.g.,several rounds have been solved.On the other hand,if data protected by the same PW/SKCH at different time points can derive different data encryption parameters,the system’s security level will be then greatly enhanced.Therefore,in this study,a security scheme,named Wrapping Encryption Based on Double Randomness Mechanism(WEBDR),is proposed by integrating a password key(or a system channel key)and an Initialization Vector(IV)to generate an Initial Encryption Key(IEK).Also,an Accumulated Shifting Substitution(ASS)function and a three-dimensional encryption method are adopted to produce a set of keys.Two randomness encryption mechanisms are developed.The first generates system sub-keys and calculates the length of the first pseudo-random numbers by employing IEK for providing subsequent encryption/decryption.The second produces a random encryption key and a sequence of internal feedback codes and computes the length of the second pseudo-random numbers for encrypting delivered messages.A wrapped mechanism is further utilized to pack a ciphertext file so that a wrapped ciphertext file,rather than the ciphertext,will be produced and then transmitted to its destination.The findings are as follows.Our theoretic analyses and simulations demonstrate that the security of the WEBDR in cloud communication has achieved its practical security.Also,AES requires 176 times exclusive OR(XOR)operations for both encryption and decryption,while the WEBDR consumes only 3 operations.That is why the WEBDR is 6.7∼7.09 times faster than the AES,thus more suitable for replacing the AES to protect data transmitted between a cloud system and its users.

HNF-4α determines hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow

AIM: To investigate the differentiation status and key factors to facilitate hepatic differentiation of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS: Human MSCs derived from bone marrow were induced into hepatocyte-like cells following a previously published protocol. The differentiation status of the hepatocyte-like cells was compared with various human hepatoma cell lines. Overexpression of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α was mediated by adenovirus infection of these hepatocyte-like cells. The expression of interesting genes was then examined by either re-verse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or real-time RT-PCR methods. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that the differentiation status of hepatocyte-like cells induced from human MSCs was relatively similar to poorly differentiated human hepatoma cell lines. Interestingly, the HNF-4 isoform in induced MSCs and poorly differentiated human hepatoma cell lines was identified as HNF4γ instead of HNF-4α. Overexpression of HNF-4α in induced MSCs significantly enhanced the expression level of hepatic-specific genes, liver-enriched transcription factors, and cytochrome P450 (P450) genes. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of HNF-4α improves the hepatic differentiation of human MSCs from bone marrow and is a simple way of providing better cell sources for clinical applications.

Two-Stage High-Efficiency Encryption Key Update Scheme for LoRaWAN Based IoT Environment

Secure data communication is an essential requirement for an Internet of Things(IoT)system.Especially in Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)and Internet of Medical Things(IoMT)systems,when important data are hacked,it may induce property loss or life hazard.Even though many IoTrelated communication protocols are equipped with secure policies,they still have some security weaknesses in their IoT systems.LoRaWAN is one of the low power wide-area network protocols,and it adopts Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)to provide message integrity and confidentiality.However,LoRaWAN’s encryption key update scheme can be further improved.In this paper,a Two-stage High-efficiency LoRaWAN encryption key Update Scheme(THUS for short)is proposed to update LoRaWAN’s root keys and session keys in a secure and efficient way.The THUS consists of two stages,i.e.,the Root Key Update(RKU)stage and the Session Key Update(SKU)stage,and with different update frequencies,the RKU and SKU provide higher security level than the normal LoRaWAN specification does.A modified AES encryption/decryption process is also utilized in the THUS for enhancing the security of the THUS.The security analyses demonstrate that the THUS not only protects important parameter during key update stages,but also satisfies confidentiality,integrity,and mutual authentication.Moreover,The THUS can further resist replay and eavesdropping attacks.

A Novel Exo-Glucanase Explored from a <i>Meyerozyma</i>sp. Fungal Strain

Isolating cellulase-secreting microbes followed-by screening their cellulolytic activities has been an essential approach to discover novel and potential cellulases for cellulolytic industrial applications. This study was aimed to explore competitive exoglucanases by screening avicelase activities for 92 fungal strains isolated from environmental airborne-fungal-spore samples. Results showed that an isolated fungal strain numbered 58 exhibited the best avicelase activity of 0.209 U/mL when cultured for six days at pH 5.0 - 5.3 and 25℃ - 27℃, and was lately identified as a yeast strain of Meyerozyma sp. (96% ITS fragment similar with Meyerozyma caribbica, HG970748). Based on amino acid sequences revealed from LC/MS/MS, the target exoglucanase was identical to 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolases and was named Mc-CBHI which had optimal avicelase reaction conditions of pH 5 and 70℃ and could remain fairly stable after 4hr incubation at acid conditions (pH 3 - 5) or wide temperature ranges (30℃ - 80℃). Additionally, the Mc-CBHI (~70 kDa and ~3.6% of crude enzyme) had specific FPase and avicelase activities of 0.179 U/mg and 0.126 U/mg, respectively (which were about 40% - 50% activities of a commercial cellulase Accellerase-1000). These results demonstrated that the newly-found Mc-CBHI could become one of potential exoglucanase resources for related cellulolytic industrial applications.

A Coordination-Based Algorithm for Dedicated Destination Vehicle Routing in B2B E-Commerce

This paper proposes a solution to the open vehicle routing problem with time windows(OVRPTW)considering third-party logistics(3PL).For the typical OVRPTW problem,most researchers consider time windows,capacity,routing limitations,vehicle destination,etc.Most researchers who previously investigated this problem assumed the vehicle would not return to the depot,but did not consider its final destination.However,by considering 3PL in the B2B e-commerce,the vehicle is required back to the nearest 3PL location with available space.This paper formulates the problem as a mixed integer linear programming(MILP)model with the objective of minimizing the total travel distance.A coordinate representation particle swarm optimization(CRPSO)algorithm is developed to obtain the best delivery sequencing and the capacity of each vehicle.Results of the computational study show that the proposed method provides solution within a reasonable amount of time.Finally,the result compared to PSO also indicates that the CRPSO is effective.

Between-Class Ability Grouping, Cram Schooling, and Student Academic Achievement in Taiwan

Taiwan government has been executing the educational reform programs for more than two decades. However, the so-called between-class ability grouping which is prohibited by Taiwan government is still found in many places; and Taiwan＇s cram schools are even more popular and diversified than before. The authors argue that, in addition to individual＇s socio-economic background, regional characteristics and school attributes also play important roles. Bringing these two factors back in, the causal relationships among ability grouping, cram schooling, and student academic achievement can be analyzed more accurately. Using data from Taiwan Education Panel Survey, the authors＇ empirical results show that, first of all, in more urbanized area, between-class ability grouping is less popular but cram school participation is wider spread these years. Secondly, the effects of family backgrounds on students＇ cram school participation are not as critical as they were before. Thirdly, between-class ability grouping and students＇ performance are positively associated but the internal mechanism still needs further investigation.

Greedy Algorithm Applied to Relay Selection for Cooperative Communication Systems in Amplify-and-Forward Mode

Using a relaying system to provide spatial diversity and improve the system performance is a tendency in the wireless cooperative communications. Amplify-and-forward （AF） mode with a low complexity is easy to be implemented. Under the consideration of cooperative communication systems, the scenario includes one information source, M relay stations and N destinations. This work proposes a relay selection algorithm in the Raleigh fading channel. Based on the exhaustive search method, easily to realize, the optimal selection scheme can be found with a highly complicated calculation. In order to reduce the computational complexity, an approximate optimal solution with a greedy algorithm applied for the relay station selection is proposed. With different situations of the communication systems, the performance evaluation obtained by both the proposed algorithm and the exhaustive search algorithm are given for comparison. It shows the proposed algorithm could provide a solution approach to the optimal one.

Study on the Experimental Marketing and Customer Intention of Design Hotel

In recent years, Taiwan’s design hotel is booming, local design hotel and international chain hotels have joined the Taiwan design hotels in the competition of the market, and the industry was actively building up its self-brand image. As currently there is no specific consensus and no enough space exploration of design hotel in Taiwan, the study thus considers attracting visitors to travel to design hotels as the main subject of concern. This study is based on this reason, the discussion by the consumer considering the design of the hotel imagery, it hopes to understand the customer’s feelings about designing a hotel by experiencing marketing, and tries to put forward the specific design concept of Taiwan Design Hotel in the future operation., and tempts to make Taiwan’s design hotel operate based on its designing concepts in the future. Besides the above motive, this study also has the following purposes:(1) to explore experimental marketing of design hotel;and (2) to explore the relationship between experimental marketing, customer value, and customer loyalty. Through the Schmitt (1999), the experimental marketing strategy module, which is based on the experimental marketing, is divided into five types: sensory experience, emotional experience, thinking experience, action experience and association experience. Customer value refers to the existing paper measurement factors compiled by existing papers, which are divided into functional, emotional, and symbolic value. The customer's intention is to organize the way for each scholar to measure the customer's loyalty, and to focus on the attitude, including repurchase, willingness to return and willingness to recommend. Based on the above definition, we designed our framework and assumptions and conducted research on the relationship between Experimental marketing, CV, and Customer loyalty using questionnaires and statistical analysis. The results of this study show that:(1) Experimental marketing, customer value, and customer loyalty were positively correlated;(2) Experimental marketing and customer value have some intermediate effect on customer loyalty. This study is not only the sensory experience, the thinking experience, the associated experience;the emotional experience is the special part of the experimental marketing, so it is also known that the experimental marketing is one of the important factors that affect the customer’s design of the hotel image.

Synthesis of Some Novel 2,6- Dimethoxyhydroquinone-3-mercaptoacetyl-peptide Conjugates as Potential Antitumor Agents

This paper reports an ongoing study of the use of short chain peptides as carriers of a potential antitumor agents: 2,6-dimethoxyhydroquinone-3-mercaptoacetic acid (DMQ-MA). Three new peptide-DMQ-MA conjugates: DMQ-MA-arg-arg-ome, DMQ-MA-lys(cbz)-arg-ome, DMQ-MA-lys(cbz)-arg-arg-ome were synthesized by coupling protected amino acids in solution and the next conjugation was achieved by reacting with pentafluorophenyl ester of DMQ-MA in DMF, and further study on their ability to inhibit human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line (PC-9 cells) and oral epidermoid carcinoma cell line (KB) are investigating.

Utilizing Electronic Reading Device （Kindle） in English as Foreign Language Reading Class

With the evolutionary change in information and communication technologies （ICT）, the definition of literacy has undergone substantial change to include the skills and strategies required to successfully adapt to the rapidly changing ICT contexts. This new definition presents an urgent need to acknowledge the gap between the types of reading experiences students come across at school and those they regularly practice outside the school. One way to bridge such gap is to expand the reading instruction to incorporate electronic reading device, like Kindle, to engage students in electronic reading. Many e-books feature multimodal functionalities, including audio, video, hyperlinks, and interactive tools. Research on this form of reading is still in its infancy in spite of some positive prospects for fostering literacy development and reading comprehension. Therefore, adopting a mixed method approach with 36 college freshmen in central Taiwan, the current study intended to fill in the void by investigating any difference in readers＇ reading comprehension and reading motivation, between the Kindle group and the print-based group. The results indicate that embedding aspects of technology into a traditional reading instruction boosted the participants＇ motivation to read. Nevertheless, the novelty-driven enthusiasm for electronic reading might not sustain students＇ reading motivation long enough to cultivate long-lasting reading habits. The results indicate that there was no significant difference in reading comprehension between two groups. Implications for utilizing electronic readers in EFL classes are also provided.

Who Are Hakka People?A Discussion of the Redistribution and Reco of the Hakka People in the Hakka Policies During Shui-Bian Chen’s Term as President

This study discusses the contents and methods of the implementation of Hakka policies during Shui-Bian Chen’s term as president from the viewpoint of redistribution and recognition proposed by Nancy Fraser, and finds that the Hakka people mostly feel inferior and are not willing to identify themselves as Hakkas. The issue of “‘who’ are Hakka people” thus emerged during the implementation of the Hakka policies.

Understanding Taiwan Seniors＇ Motivation to Consume Food-Away-From-Home

The elderly population is growing rapidly in Taiwan. Eating is an important part for this group. The purpose of this study is to adapt the push and pull theory in order to investigate what would motivate the elderly to consume food away from home. Based on the results of a literature review and an expert panel, a valid questionnaire was developed. The participants in this study were aged above 55 who live in Taichung district. A total of 265 samples were collected. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences （SPSS） and Analysis of Moment Structures （AMOS） were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the data fit the model moderately well. Push and pull variables had a significant influence on intention and behavior. Recommendations like marketing strategies that can attract senior citizens and restaurateurs should focus on the key factors when seniors consume food away from home.

Computer Simulation of an Ammonia-Water Absorption Cycle for Refrigeration: Using a Distillation Tower to Replace the Generator

By using a distillation tower as the regenerator, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the ammonia-water absorption refrigeration cycle is calculated in this work. Two types of distillation towers, namely an equilibrium-stage tower with a total condenser and a packed-bed tower with a partial condenser, are used in the cycle. From the simulation results, it is found that both types of distillation towers can successfully increase the COP of the cycle due to increased ammonia concentration in the vapor phase of the ammonia-water refrigerant. It was also found that the tower equipped with a partial condenser provides higher COP than that of the tower equipped with a total condenser. The value of COP can be further increased when the generator is replaced by the packed-bed tower in this water-ammonia absorption cycle. The effects of the mass flow rate ratio of NH3/H2O, stage number, reflux ratio and energy duty of the tower on the COP of the cycle are also studied in the present paper.

Application and Development of Zigbee Technology for Smart Grid Environment

In the next few years, the home energy management system trend of the smart home will become increasingly evident. From the application and development of recent years, the Bluetooth and Zigbee are the most valued by the industry. Of these two kinds of technology, Zigbee supports low cost and more number of nodes, and with its low power consumption, it is bound to become a major communication feature for the smart home technology. Because Zigbee SEP2.0 specification support multiple network technology features, a product can become compatible with a variety of communication methods to connect with the home network and achieve home automation of functional requirements, facilitating maximum performance of wireless applications.

Hypoglycemic and Antioxidative Effects of <i>Glossogyne tenuifolia</i>on Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rats

Glossogyne tenuifolia (GT) is the traditional herbal tea in Penghu Island, Taiwan. Recent research has shown that the active components in GT are potential inhibitors of α-glucosidase. The present study investigated that whether or not GT could improve the status of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Male Wistar rats aged eight weeks were induced to be hyperglycemic by subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) and combination of high-fat diet (HFD). The animals were given GT extracts at the low dose or high dose, or the anti-diabetic drug (acarbose), in drinking water for 4 weeks. The results showed that hot water extracts from GT resulted in significantly decreases in fasting blood glucose at the 1st and 2nd weeks, fasting insulin levels at the 2nd week, 1 hour postprandial blood glucose after the starch tolerance test on Day 23 and blood glucose levels after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at the 60th minute on Day 25. In addition, diabetic rats treated with GT extracts from hot water for 4 weeks displayed significantly decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the serum, liver and kidney, serum total cholesterol, fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Overall, these results demonstrate that the hot water extracts of GT might improve the progression of diabetes and decrease oxidative stress in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats.

Searching Experience Sharing Based on Ant Colony Model

Search engine is an important tool to all the Internet users. It helps users finding useful contents in the cyberspace. However, searching experiences among different users are difficult to be shared and accumulated. In this paper, a concept called search-trail is proposed. Based on ant colony model, search-trails are created from the searching steps to the target contents. The search-trails built from various users are very similar to the trails generated in an ant colony. The simulations of the proposed solution demonstrate that even in the case of few searching experienced users, the generated search-trails still possess 96.29% similarity to the expected ones in 60 days. It shows that the concept of search-trails can really help users accumulating, sharing and reusing their search experiences.

Modeling and Controlling of an Active Power Filter Using Photovoltaic System with Reduced Energy Storage Capacitor

A novel three-phase active power filter （APF） circuit with photovoltaic （PV） system to improve the quality of service and to reduce the capacity of energy storage capacitor is presented. The energy balance concept and sampling technique were used to simplify the calculation algorithm for the required utility source current and to control the voltage of the energy storage capacitor. The feasibility was verified by using the Pspice simulations and experiments. When the APF mode was used during non-operational period, not only the utilization rate, power factor and power quality could be improved, but also the capacity of energy storage capacitor could sparing. As the results, the advantages of the APF circuit are simplicity of control circuits, low cost, and good transient response.

Design an Artificial Neural Network by MLP Method;Analysis of the Relationship between Demographic Variables, Resilience, COVID-19 and Burnout

In addition to the effect that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the physical and mental health of individuals,it has also led to a change in the mental and emotional state of many employees.Especially among businesses and private companies,which faced many restrictions due to the special conditions of the pandemic.Therefore,the present study aimed to design an artificial neural network with MLP technique to analyze the relationship between demographic variables,resilience,COVID-19 and burnout in start-ups in Iran.The research method was quantitative.Managers and employees of start-ups formed the statistical population of the study,based on the statistical sample size of the unlimited community,384 of them were tested.For data gathering,standard questionnaires include of MBI-GS and BRCS and researcher-made questionnaire of stress caused by COVID-19 were used.The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by a panel of experts and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.The number of neurons in the input layer was equal to 10,the number of neurons in the 1st hidden layer was equal to 7,the number of neurons in the output layer was equal to 1,and the number of epochs was equal to 500.70%of the data were used for training and 30%for testing.In the designed artificial neural network,all experiment data except one were correctly predicted and the obtained MAE error was less than 0.012%.Finally,he precision and correction of the presented model was confirmed by the obtained results.

Students＇ Withdrawal of Teacher＇s Deposited Knowledge in Teacher-Dominated Classroom Talk

Prior studies on classroom discourse research often concluded that a teacher＇s control of classroom interaction greatly affected his/her students＇ response to classroom talk. Students as academic novices are often expected to accept the teacher＇s deposited knowledge for academic achievement in traditional school contexts. Given little attention being paid to their withdrawal of teacher＇s deposited knowledge for use as meaning-negotiation, this study observes one academically-irrelevant curriculum context----one free and non-compulsory adult Chinese class offered by one local Taiwan Residents government to its foreign residents--to know whether the students＇ motivation for responding to classroom talk is still affected much by the teacher＇s dominance of classroom talk. It employs Courtney Cazden＇s I-R-E （teacher-initiation, student-response, and teacher-evaluation） classroom talk model and Paulo Freire＇s banking education metaphor as theoretical frameworks to discuss the classroom power relations reflected on the students＇ withdrawal of the teacher＇s deposited knowledge. The findings show that when the students＇ academic achievement is not the instructional objective, the teacher＇s thematic control, affects the students＇ motivation for responding more than his/her control of classroom interaction. It concludes that a classroom talk highlighting the students＇ interest activates their participation and allows the instructor to gain access to the students＇ knowledge, values, attitudes, and perceptions.