History of chronic gastritis:How our perceptions have changed

Currently,the diagnostic strategy for chronic gastritis(CG)is aimed not just at fixing the presence of gastric mucosal inflammation,but also at gastric cancer(GC)risk stratification in a particular patient.Modern classification approach with the definition of the stage of gastritis determines the need,activities and frequency of dynamic monitoring of a patient.However,this attitude to the patient suffering from CG was far from always.The present publication is a literature review describing the key milestones in the history of CG research,from the description of the first observations of inflammation of the gastric mucosa,assessment of gastritis as a predominantly functional disease,to the advent of endoscopy of the upper digestive tract and diagnostic gastric biopsy,assessment of the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in progression of inflammatory changes to atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,dysplasia and GC.

Calculations of Heat Transfer in Torch Furnaces by Gas Volume Radiation Laws

The results stemming from the calculation of heat transfer in torch furnaces by the laws, relating to radiation from solid surfaces and gas volumes are analyzed. The article presents the laws for radiation from gas volumes and the procedure for calculating heat transfer in torch furnaces, fire boxes, and combustion chambers, elaborated on their basis. The example of heat transfer calculation in a torch furnace is given, and it is significantly non-uniform in nature. Non-uniformity of heat flux distribution on heating surfaces is given. According to the results of calculations, a new furnace is designed to decrease the non-uniformity of ingot heating, fuel rate, and increase the furnace capacity. The calculation results of the distribution of heat fluxes on the heating surfaces are given in changing torch geometric dimensions. These results are confirmed by experimental studies.

Laws of Heat Radiation from Surfaces and Gas Volumes

It is proven that the law of radiation from solid bodies, Stefan-Boltzmann law shall not be used to calculate heat radiation from gas volumes which are formed in fuel flaring. The determining influence on heat fluxes density of the torch to the heating surfaces has not only a temperature, but power, dimensions, geometrical position of radiative gas volumes. The laws of radiation from gas volumes disclosed in 2001 and the method for calculating heating fluxes from gas volumes, developed on its basis, which takes into account the radiation from full set of particles in gas volume are stated. The torch model in the form of radiative gas volume is used to calculate heat transfer in torch heating furnaces, steam boiler boxes, turbogas unit combustors. The disclosure has enabled us to create new furnaces, fire boxes, combustion chambers, enhance unit performance, and decrease fuel rate, pollutant emissions.

Electromagnetism and the Arc Efficiency of Electric Arc Steel Melting Furnaces

Results of analytically studied effect of electromagnetic blowing and the slag height on the arc efficiency are stated. An arc is blown from under an electrode toward the furnace walls under an electromagnetic force, arc radiation on the wall and roof increase and effective output, absorbed by the metal decreases. EAF (electric arc steel melting furnace) with independently powered arcs, eliminating its electromagnetic blowing is proposed. When arcs are powered independently, its efficiency increases significantly, and specific energy consumption decreases.

Fundamental Laws of Physics and Calculation of Heat Transfer in Combustion Chambers of Gas-Turbine Plants

The laws of heat radiation from black body, the laws of Stefan-Boltzmann, Planck, and Wien are fundamental laws of physics. All in all, a little more than 30 fundamental laws of physics, studied by pupils and students worldwide were disclosed. Scientific disclosure of fundamental laws influences mainly power technology, fuel and energy resources saving. In the late XIX century the laws of heat radiation from gas volumes and the laws of Makarov were disclosed. Since the radiation laws from blackbody are fundamental laws of physics, then the laws of heat radiation from gas volumes are fundamental laws of physics. Effect of using laws of heat radiation from gas volumes on fuel saving, reduction of development pressure on the environment in many countries of the world is shown. Calculation results from heat transfer in combustion chamber of gas-turbine plant are described. The torch in a combustion chamber is modeled by cylindrical gas volumes. Fluxes data from the torch and convective fluxes of cooling air are confirmed by measuring data from chamber-wall temperature.

Theory and Practice of Heat Transfer in Electric Arc and Flare Furnaces and Power Plants

The author describes the fundamental laws of physics, the laws of thermal radiation of ionized and non-ionized gas volumes. Based on open laws, a modern theory of heat transfer and methods for calculating heat transfer in electric arc and flare metallurgical furnaces, furnaces of steam boilers, and combustion chambers of gas turbine plants of power plants have been developed. The use of scientific discovery makes it possible to create innovative electric arc steel-smelting furnaces, flare heating furnaces, and combustion chambers in which the consumption of electricity and fuel is reduced, productivity and service life are increased, and the amount of harmful emissions into the environment is reduced.

Sheet Bending Deformation in Production of Thin-Walled Pipes

Nowadays, thin-walled super-diameter pipes are produced by the method of plastic bending of sheets. After a sheet is bent into a pipe and its ends are welded, a pipe billet is subjected to expansion deformation. The technology of forming end areas of a sheet is developed and formulaes forming forces equations are deduced. Experimental investigations of deformation are undertaken.

Axisymmetric Strain Stability in Sheet Metal Deformation

Production of axisymmetric pieces by technology of sheet metal drawing is widespread nowadays. So the calculation analysis of capacity and forces necessary for deformation is of special interest. The length of cylindrical pieces with axisymmetric deformation is limited by loss of stability and buckling due to the development of side strains. A new technological process is based on making considerable number of folds—18 -?26 with the amplitude of 0.8 -?0.9 mm— before the deformation or immediately after the partial one. That reduces the stiffness of billets and prevents from development of large size buckles. A new technological process is developed for producing a long run of high-quality products.

Dielectric properties of composite based on ferroelectric copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)and ferroelectric ceramics of barium lead zirconate titanate

A study of dielectric properties of composite films on the base of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)copolymer P(VDFTrFE)and ferroelectric ceramics of barium lead zirconate titanate(BPZT)solid solution is presented in this work.The composite films containing up to 50 vol.%of BPZT grains with size
1
m were prepared by the solvent cast method.Frequency dependences of real and imaginary components of the complex permittivity were determined.The concentration dependence of the dielectric constant was discussed.

Metapodials of ancient bison(Bison priscus)of northeast Russia:“stress markers,”sex and withers height

A total of 175 metapodials(MP)of Pleistocene and early Holocene bison(Bison priscus Boj.)from the vast area of northeast Russia were studied.MP were attributed to males and females both visually and statistically.Data on the withers height of bison from northeast Russia are provided.Stress markers were recorded,including so-called“buttresses.”With rare exceptions,stress markers were not of a pathological nature.The origin and de­velopment of the buttresses are age-related;their prevalence in bison females can be considered as the response to an increased load during pregnancy.Changes in the periosteum,found in males,are related to their great­er activity.Buttresses are also well developed on metatarsals of the red deer and the elk;they are less developed in reindeer and not found in giant deer.A relationship among stress markers,locomotion and the environment is established.Possible peculiarities of the Rauchua River bison locomotion are discussed.

Functional Materials for Catalytic and Magnetic Applications

1 Introduction Metal, metal oxide and metal compound nanoparticles (NPs) received considerable attention due to their unique properties: catalytic, magnetic, optical, electronic, etc. We believe that for different applications, there are preferable morphologies of NP-stabilizing medium composites. For example, small (1-3 nm) nanoparticles formed in micro/mesoporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene demonstrate excellent catalytic properties in various hydrogenation and oxidation reactions due to high surface...

Electrical characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) nanocrystals embedded in porous alumina matrix

In this work,the study of dielectric properties of composite structures on the base of poly(vinylidene fluoride-triflouroethylene)copolymer P(VDF-TrFE)and porous aluminum oxide layers produced by the melt-impregnation is presented.Frequency dependences of dielectric characteristics of the composite samples were determined.The dielectric dispersion and ferroelectric switching processes in the composite structures were discussed.

Photovoltaic and photoelectric response of Sn_(2)P_(2)S_(6) ferroelectric films

In the present work,the comparative study of the electric response of Sn_(2)P_(2)S_(6) films to the visible light action was carried out without and under external electric field.The light flux modulated by a chopper induces the integral response comprising time-dependent photoelectric and photovoltaic components.It was shown that spontaneous polarization influences the electric response characteristics.