Machine learning applications on lunar meteorite minerals:From classification to mechanical properties prediction

Amid the scarcity of lunar meteorites and the imperative to preserve their scientific value,nondestructive testing methods are essential.This translates into the application of microscale rock mechanics experiments and scanning electron microscopy for surface composition analysis.This study explores the application of Machine Learning algorithms in predicting the mineralogical and mechanical properties of DHOFAR 1084,JAH 838,and NWA 11444 lunar meteorites based solely on their atomic percentage compositions.Leveraging a prior-data fitted network model,we achieved near-perfect classification scores for meteorites,mineral groups,and individual minerals.The regressor models,notably the KNeighbor model,provided an outstanding estimate of the mechanical properties—previously measured by nanoindentation tests—such as hardness,reduced Young’s modulus,and elastic recovery.Further considerations on the nature and physical properties of the minerals forming these meteorites,including porosity,crystal orientation,or shock degree,are essential for refining predictions.Our findings underscore the potential of Machine Learning in enhancing mineral identification and mechanical property estimation in lunar exploration,which pave the way for new advancements and quick assessments in extraterrestrial mineral mining,processing,and research.

Liver transplantation in alcoholic liver disease current status and controversies

Alcoholic cirrhosis remains the second most common indication for liver transplantation.A comprehensive medical and psychosocial evaluation is needed when making a decision to place such patients on the transplant list.Most transplant centers worldwide need a minimum of 6 mo of alcohol abstinence for listing these patients.Patients with alcohol dependence are at high risk for relapse to alcohol use after transplantation(recidivism).These patients need to be identified and require alcohol rehabilitation treatment before transplantation.Recidivism to the level of harmful drinking is reported in about 15%-20%cases.Although,recurrent cirrhosis and graft loss from recidivism is rare,occurring in less than 5%of all alcoholic cirrhosis-related transplants,harmful drinking in the post-transplant pe-riod does impact the long-term outcome.The development of metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular events and de novo malignancy are important contributors to non liver-related mortality amongst transplants for alcoholic liver disease.Surveillance protocols for earlier detection of de novo malignancy are needed to improve the long-term outcome.The need for a minimum of 6 mo of abstinence before listing makes transplant a nonviable option for patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis who do not respond to corticosteroids.Emerging data from retrospective and prospective studies has challenged the 6 mo rule,and beneficial effects of liver transplantation have been reported in select patients with a first episode of severe alcoholic hepatitis who are unresponsive to steroids.

A symmetric MnO_2/MnO_2 flexible solid state supercapacitor operating at 1.6V with aqueous gel electrolyte

The demand of microelectronic devices postulated high energetic flexible energy storage devices. Flexible solid state supercapacitor is flawless possible candidate to fulfill the requirement of microelectronic devices. This investigation provides practical evidence of the use of flexible solid state supercapacitors based on MnOelectrodes with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)-Li ClOgel electrolyte. Initially, different acid mediated growths of MnOhave been carried. Later, the electrochemical performances of MnOelectrodes have been carried out. Impressively, the fabricated symmetric flexible solid state supercapacitor(FSS-SC) device demonstrates the highest operating potential window of 1.6 V with extended cycling stability. Moreover, the cell exhibits high energy density of 23 Wh/kg at power density of 1.9 k W/kg. It is interesting to note that the device shows excellent flexibility upon bending at angle of 180° for number of times. These results clearly evidenced those symmetric FSS-SC devices based on MnOelectrodes are promising energy storage devices for microelectronic applications.

Outcomes in spasticity after repetitive transcranial magnetic and transcranial direct current stimulations

Non-invasive brain stimulations mainly consist of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation exhib- its satisfactory outcomes in improving multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury and cerebral palsy-induced spasticity. By contrast, transcranial direct current stimulation has only been studied in post-stroke spasticity. To better validate the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulations in im- proving the spasticity post-stroke, more prospective cohort studies involving large sample sizes are needed.

Monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapies

Targeted therapy has been widely demonstrated as an effective strategy to treat cancers,the leading cause of death in the world.This minireview summarizes the technical platforms and methodologies utilized to develop and engineer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates.First,the USA FDA approved monoclonal antibody(mAb)-based targeted therapies are reviewed.Then the representative innovative chimeric,humanized and fully human anti-cancer antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates are described.Finally,the past and predictive market trend of therapeutic antibodies is discussed.

Network-centric medicine for peripheral nerve injury:treating the whole to boost endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and regeneration

Peripheral nerve injuries caused by accidents may lead to paralysis,sensory disturbances,anaesthesia,and lack of autonomic functions.Functional recovery after disconnection of the motoneuronal soma from target tissue with proximal rupture of axons is determined by several factors:motoneuronal soma viability,proper axonal sprouting across inhibitory zones and elongation toward specific muscle,effective synapse contact rebuilding,and prevention of muscle atrophy.Therapies,such as adjuvant drugs with pleiotropic effects,that promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury are needed.Toward this aim,we designed a drug discovery workflow based on a network-centric molecular vision using unbiased proteomic data and neural artificial computational tools.Our focus is on boosting intrinsic capabilities of neurons for neuroprotection;this is in contrast to the common approach based on suppression of a pathobiological pathway known to be associated with disease condition.Using our workflow,we discovered neuroheal,a combination of two repurposed drugs that promotes motoneuronal soma neuroprotection,is anti-inflammatory,enhances axonal regeneration after axotomy,and reduces muscle atrophy.This drug discovery workflow has thus yielded a therapy that is close to its clinical application.

MACF1的生理学与病理学功能研究进展

微管微丝交联因子1(microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1,MACF1)是一种重要的细胞骨架蛋白,属于spectraplakin家族。MACF1在人和小鼠的脑、心脏、肺、骨骼肌、神经、肝脏、胃、肾和皮肤等多个组织中广泛表达,对细胞功能、胚胎发育和多种组织的生理活动具有重要调节作用。本文在介绍MACF1编码基因、结构和蛋白异构体的基础上,结合MACF1生理学与病理学的研究进展,详细总结了MACF1对细胞骨架动态变化与细胞迁移、细胞增殖与分化等细胞功能的调节作用及机制;综述了MACF1在参与胚胎发育、维持皮肤完整性、促进神经系统发育、调节心脏功能、保持肠通透性和骨组织发育等方面的重要研究进展。同时,分析了MACF1与人类遗传性疾病(Ⅰ型血影斑蛋白家族疾病等)、神经性疾病(帕金森病、精神分裂症、阿尔茨海默病等)、骨骼性疾病(骨质疏松等)和肿瘤疾病(肺癌、胶质瘤、乳腺癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、胃癌等)的相关性及其潜在致病机理。最后,提出未来MACF1研究的重点方向,以期为深入揭示MACF1的生物功能提供新依据,为阐明相关疾病发生的分子机制提供新线索,为相关疾病的防治研究提供新思路和新靶点。

Non-invasive brain stimulation to promote motor and functional recovery following spinal cord injury

We conducted a systematic review of studies using non-invasive brain stimulation（NIBS： repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（r TMS） and transcranial direct current stimulation（t DCS）） as a research and clinical tool aimed at improving motor and functional recovery or spasticity in patients following spinal cord injury（SCI） under the assumption that if the residual corticospinal circuits could be stimulated appropriately, the changes might be accompanied by functional recovery or an improvement in spasticity. This review summarizes the literature on the changes induced by NIBS in the motor and functional recovery and spasticity control of the upper and lower extremities following SCI.

Genetic dissection of climacteric fruit ripening in a melon population segregating for ripening behavior

Melon is as an alternative model to understand fruit ripening due to the coexistence of climacteric and non-climacteric varieties within the same species,allowing the study of the processes that regulate this complex trait with genetic approaches.We phenotyped a population of recombinant inbred lines(RILs),obtained by crossing a climacteric(Védrantais,cantalupensis type)and a non-climcteric variety(Piel de Sapo T111,inodorus type),for traits related to climacteric maturation and ethylene production.Individuals in the RIL population exhibited various combinations of phenotypes that differed in the amount of ethylene produced,the early onset of ethylene production,and other phenotypes associated with ripening.We characterized a major QTL on chromosome 8,ETHQV8.1,which is sufficient to activate climacteric ripening,and other minor QTLs that may modulate the climacteric response.The ETHQV8.1 allele was validated by using two reciprocal introgression line populations generated by crossing Védrantais and Piel de Sapo and analyzing the ETHQV8.1 region in each of the genetic backgrounds.A Genome-wide association study(GWAS)using 211 accessions of the ssp.melo further identified two regions on chromosome 8 associated with the production of aromas,one of these regions overlapping with the 154.1 kb interval containing ETHQV8.1.The ETHQV8.1 region contains several candidate genes that may be related to fruit ripening.This work sheds light into the regulation mechanisms of a complex trait such as fruit ripening.

Attention sports fans! The far-reaching contributions of bud sport mutants to horticulture and plant biology

A bud sport is a lateral shoot,inflorescence or single flower/fruit with a visibly different phenotype from the rest of the plant.The new phenotype is often caused by a stable somatic mutation in a single cell that is passed on to its clonal descendants and eventually populates part or all of a meristem.In many cases,a bud sport can be vegetatively propagated,thereby preserving the novel phenotype without sexual reproduction.Bud sports provide new characteristics while retaining the desirable qualities of the parent plant,which is why many bud sports have been developed into popular cultivars.We present an overview of the history of bud sports,the causes and methods of detecting somaclonal variation,and the types of mutant phenotypes that have arisen spontaneously.We focus on examples where the molecular or cytological changes causing the phenotype have been identified.Analysis of these sports has provided valuable insight into developmental processes,gene function and regulation,and in some cases has revealed new information about layer-specific roles of some genes.Examination of the molecular changes causing a phenotype and in some cases reversion back to the original state has contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that drive genomic evolution.

Additive engineering for stable halide perovskite solar cells

Halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have already demonstrated power conversion efficiencies above 25%,which makes them one of the most attractive photovoltaic technologies.However,one of the main bottlenecks towards their commercialization is their long-term stability,which should exceed the 20-year mark.Additive engineering is an effective pathway for the enhancement of device lifetime.Additives applied as organic or inorganic compounds,improve crystal grain growth enhancing power conversion efficiency.The interaction of their functional groups with the halide perovskite(HP)absorber,as well as with the transport layers,results in defect passivation and ion immobilization improving device performance and stability.In this review,we briefly summarize the different types of additives recently applied in PSC to enhance not only efficiency but also long-term stability.We discuss the different mechanism behind additive engineering and the role of the functional groups of these additives for defect passivation.Special emphasis is given to their effect on the stability of PSCs under environmental conditions such as humidity,atmosphere,light irradiation(UV,visible)or heat,taking into account the recently reported ISOS protocols.We also discuss the relation between deep-defect passivation,non-radiative recombination and device efficiency,as well as the possible relation between shallow-defect passivation,ion immobilization and device operational stability.Finally,insights into the challenge and criteria for additive selection are provided for the further stability enhancement of PSCs.

Characterization of hepatitis B virus X gene quasispecies complexity in mono-infection and hepatitis delta virus superinfection

Hepatitis delta virus(HDV) seems to strongly suppress hepatitis B virus(HBV)replication, although little is known about the mechanism of this interaction. Both these viruses show a dynamic distribution of mutants, resulting in viral quasispecies. Next-generation sequencing is a viable approach for analyzing the composition of these mutant spectra. As the regulatory hepatitis B X protein(HBx) is essential for HBV replication, determination of HBV X gene(HBX)quasispecies complexity in HBV/HDV infection compared to HBV monoinfection may provide information on the interactions between these two viruses.AIM To compare HBV quasispecies complexity in the HBX 5' region between chronic hepatitis delta(CHD) and chronic HBV mono-infected patients.METHODS Twenty-four untreated patients were included: 7/24(29.2%) with HBeAgnegative chronic HBV infection(CI, previously termed inactive carriers), 8/24(33.3%) with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B(CHB) and 9/24(37.5%) with CHD. A serum sample from each patient was first tested for HBV DNA levels.The HBX 5' region [nucleotides(nt) 1255-1611] was then PCR-amplified for subsequent next-generation sequencing(MiSeq, Illumina, United States). HBV quasispecies complexity in the region analyzed was evaluated using incidencebased indices(number of haplotypes and number of mutations), abundancebased indices(Hill numbers of order 1 and 2), and functional indices(mutation frequency and nucleotide diversity). We also evaluated the pattern of nucleotide changes to investigate which of them could be the cause of the quasispecies complexity.RESULTS CHB patients showed higher median HBV-DNA levels [5.4 logIU/mL,interquartile range(IQR) 3.5-7.9] than CHD(3.4 logIU/mL, IQR 3-7.6)(P = n.s.)or CI(3.2 logIU/mL, IQR 2.3-3.5)(P < 0.01) patients. The incidence and abundance indices indicated that HBV quasispecies complexity was significantly greater in CI than CHB. A similar trend was observed in CHD patients, although only Hill numbers of order 2 showed statistically significant differences(CHB2.81, IQR 1.11-4.57 vs CHD 8.87, 6.56-11.18, P = 0.038). There were no significant differences in the functional indices, but CI and CHD patients also showed a trend towards greater complexity than CHB. No differences were found for any HBV quasispecies complexity indices between CHD and CI patients. G-to-A and C-to-T nucleotide changes, characteristic of APOBEC3 G, were higher in CHD and CI than in CHB in genotype A haplotypes, but not in genotype D. The proportion of nt G-to-A vs A-to-G changes and C-to-T vs T-to-C changes in genotype A and D haplotypes in CHD patients showed no significant differences. In CHB and CI the results of these comparisons were dependent on HBV genotype.CONCLUSION The lower-replication CHD and CI groups show a trend to higher quasispecies complexity than the higher-replication CHB group. The mechanisms associated with this greater complexity require elucidation.

Emerging properties of non-crystalline phases of graphene and boron nitride based materials

We review recent developments on the synthesis and properties of two-dimensional materials which, although being mainly of an sp^(2) bonding character, exhibit highly disordered, non-uniform and structurally random morphologies. The emergence of such class of amorphous materials, including amorphous graphene and boron nitride, have shown superior properties compared to their crystalline counterparts when used as interfacial films. In this paper we discuss their structural,vibrational and electronic properties and present a perspective of their use for electronic applications.

Naïve hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients are at risk of carotid atherosclerosis:A prospective study

BACKGROUND There is an increased risk of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus,but there is scarce data on hepatitis B virus infection.The hypothesis of this study is that hepatitis B virus infection increases the risk of carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis in naïve hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)negative subjects.AIM To assess the rate of carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis in naïve HBeAg negative subjects in comparison with a cohort of healthy controls.METHODS Prospective case-control collaborative study conducted in two tertiary hospitals.Four hundred and two subjects prospectively recruited at the outpatient clinic were included from May 2016 to April 2017:201 naïve HBeAg-negative hepatitis B virus-infected[49 chronic hepatitis B(CHB)and 152 inactive carriers(ICs)]and 201 healthy controls.Anthropomorphic and metabolic measures,liver stiffness and carotid Doppler ultrasound were performed.Subclinical atherosclerosis was established on an intima-media thickness increase of≥1.2 mm and/or the presence of carotid plaques.Normally distributed quantitative variables were compared with the Student t test and those with a non-normal distribution with the Mann-Whitney U test.Categorical variables were compared between groups using theχ2 or Fisher exact test.RESULTS Carotid plaques were found more often in CHB(32.7%)than ICs(17.1%)or controls(18.4%)(P=0.048).Subclinical atherosclerosis was also increased in CHB(40.8%)vsICs(19.1%)or controls(19.4%)(P=0.003).No differences in the risk of atherosclerosis were observed between controls and ICs.The factors independently associated with the presence of carotid plaques were age[odds ratio(OR)1.43,P<0.001]and CHB(OR 1.18,P=0.004)and for subclinical atherosclerosis,age(OR 1.45,P<0.001),CHB(OR 1.23,P<0.001)and diabetes(OR 1.13,P=0.028).In the subset of young subjects(<50 years),carotid plaques(12.5%vs 1.1%,P=0.027)and subclinical atherosclerosis(12.5%vs 2.2%,P=0.058)were more frequent among CHB than ICs.CONCLUSION Untreated HBeAg-negative CHB is an independent risk factor for carotid plaques and subclinical atherosclerosis,while ICs present a similar risk to controls.

Communication of the Results of the Treatment with Probiotics in Two Cats with Chronic Gingivostomatitis

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (GECF) is a disease of unknown etiology and considered as one of the most frequent paradontal diseases in cats of medium and/or advanced age. This problem is aggravated in the case of cats suffering from some immunosuppressive pathology such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or feline panleukopenia virus (VPF), in which the probability of suffering from GECF is increased. There is a wide variety of treatments against GECF but none of them ensures a complete cure of the disease, with signs of recurrence being observed at the month of treatment. For these reasons, in this investigation we have evaluated a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum with probiotic capacity for the preventive and/or therapeutic purpose of this oral pathology in cats. This investigation was performed in accordance with the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the Veterinary Faculty of the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

内建电场辅助光催化甲烷干重整的研究进展

甲烷(CH_(4))和二氧化碳(CO_(2))是导致全球变暖的两种主要温室气体.甲烷干重整技术能够同时消耗两种温室气体并制备氢气(H2)和一氧化碳(CO),是减少温室效应的理想策略之一.CH_(4)和CO_(2)在热力学上具有很高的稳定性,所以活化CH_(4)和CO_(2)需要克服较高的能垒,导致传统的甲烷干重整技术总是需要高热能来触发该反应发生.光催化技术的发展为在温和条件下启动甲烷干重整反应提供了更多的可能.然而,由于光激发载流子之间的快速重组,光催化效率仍然较低,难以满足工业需求.研究人员发现,通过构建内置电场增强电荷载流子的分离和转移动力学是解决上述问题的可靠策略.本文首先介绍了甲烷干重整的反应机理和用于甲烷干重整的工业热催化材料.随后,总结了光催化甲烷干重整的优点和潜在的光催化材料,重点介绍了两类催化剂:(1)由铁电效应产生的永久自发极化进而构筑的内建电场的光催化剂.由于自发极化引起的电场,基于铁电材料的光催化剂在促进电荷转移方面显示出较大潜力.(2)由异质结结构在界面处引发内建电场的光催化剂.基于两种具有合适能带结构的半导体构建Ⅱ型异质结也是一种有效方法,由于交错间隙结构,在界面处形成内置电场,导致不同半导体分别进行氧化和还原过程.此外,Z型载流子转移机制可以保留具有更强还原能力的电子和更强氧化能力的空穴,将较低氧化还原能力的光生载流子重组,从而通过界面电场促进光催化甲烷干重整过程.(3)局域表面等离激元共振(LSPR)效应引发内建热电场的光催化剂.金属纳米颗粒在可见-近红外(Vis-NIR)光的照射下会产生共振现象,将会导致金属中的电子结构不连续,从而构建局部电场.因此,LSPR效应在提高光(热)催化甲烷干重整效率方面具有巨大潜力.随着光催化甲烷干重整技术的发展,人们对理解反应机理或阐明光催化剂中特定组分在反应中的作用提出了更多要求,导致原位表征技术和理论计算受到了极大的关注.最后,介绍了先进的原位表征和理论计算在该领域应用的主要进展,并预测了原位表征在光催化甲烷干重整领域的潜在功能,为从事该领域且处于起步阶段的年轻研究者提供了一定参考.虽然在光催化甲烷干重整领域已经取得了许多突破和进展,但仍存在一些挑战需要克服.根据已有的研究结果,本文总结了内建电场辅助光催化甲烷干重整领域的主要面临挑战,并提出了应对这些挑战的可行性策略,为未来对该领域进行更深入的研究提供借鉴.

The haplotype-resolved T2T reference genome highlights structural variation underlying agronomic traits of melon

Melon(Cucumis melo L.)is an important vegetable crop that has an extensive history of cultivation.However,the genome of wild and semi-wild melon types that can be used for the analysis of agronomic traits is not yet available.Here we report a chromosome-level T2T genome assembly for 821(C.melo ssp.agrestis var.acidulus),a semi-wild melon with two haplotypes of∼373 Mb and∼364 Mb,respectively.Comparative genome analysis discovered a significant number of structural variants(SVs)between melo(C.melo ssp.melo)and agrestis(C.melo ssp.agrestis)genomes,including a copy number variation located in the ToLCNDV resistance locus on chromosome 11.Genome-wide association studies detected a significant signal associated with climacteric ripening and identified one candidate gene CM_ac12g14720.1(CmABA2),encoding a cytoplasmic short chain dehydrogenase/reductase,which controls the biosynthesis of abscisic acid.This study provides valuable genetic resources for future research on melon breeding.

Anemia in patients with high-risk acute coronary syndromes admitted to Intensive Cardiac Care Units

Background Little information exists about the role of anemia in patients with acute coronary syndromes(ACS)admitted to Intensive Cardiac Care Units(ICCU).The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of anemia and its impact on management and outcomes in this clinical setting.Methods All consecutive patients admitted to eight different ICCUs with diagnosis of non-ST segment elevation ACS(NSTEACS)were prospectively included.Anemia was defined as hemoglobin<130 g/L in men and<120 g/L in women.The association between anemia and mortality or readmission at six months was assessed by the Cox regression method.Results A total of 629 patients were included.Mean age was 66.6 years.A total of 197 patients(31.3%)had anemia.Coronary angiography was performed in most patients(96.2%).Patients with anemia were significantly older,with a higher prevalence of comorbidities,poorer left ventricle ejection fraction and higher GRACE score values.Patients with anemia underwent less often coronary angiography,but underwent more often intraaortic counterpulsation,non-invasive mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapies.Both ICCU and hospital stay were significantly longer in patients with anemia.Both the incidence of mortality(HR=3.36,95%CI:1.43–7.85,P=0.001)and the incidence of mortality/readmission were significantly higher in patients with anemia(HR=2.80,95%CI:2.03–3.86,P=0.001).After adjusting for confounders,the association between anemia and mortality/readmission remained significant(P=0.031).Conclusions Almost one of three NSTEACS patients admitted to ICCU had anemia.Most patients underwent coronary angiography.Anemia was independently associated to poorer outcomes at 6 months.

High-density mapping suggests cytoplasmic male sterility with two restorer genes in almond×peach progenies

Peach(Prunus persica)and almond(Prunus dulcis)are two sexually compatible species that produce fertile offspring.Almond,a highly polymorphic species,is a potential source of new genes for peach that has a strongly eroded gene pool.Here we describe the genetics of a male sterile phenotype that segregated in two almond(‘Texas’)×peach(‘Earlygold’)progenies:an F2(T×E)and a backcross one(T1E)to the‘Earlygold’parent.High-density maps were developed using a 9k peach SNP chip and 135 simple-sequence repeats.Three highly syntenic and collinear maps were obtained:one for the F2(T×E)and two for the backcross,T1E(for the hybrid)and E(for‘Earlygold’).A major reduction of recombination was observed in the interspecific maps(T×E and T1E)compared to the intraspecific parent(E).The E map also had extensive monomorphic genomic regions suggesting the presence of large DNA fragments identical by descent.Our data for the male sterility character were consistent with the existence of cytoplasmic male sterility,where individuals having the almond cytoplasm required the almond allele in at least one of two independent restorer genes,Rf1 and Rf2,to be fertile.The restorer genes were located in a 3.4 Mbp fragment of linkage group 2(Rf1)and 1.4 Mbp of linkage group 6(Rf2).Both fragments contained several genes coding for pentatricopeptide proteins,demonstrated to be responsible for restoring fertility in other species.The implications of these results for using almond as a source of novel variability in peach are discussed.

Enduring association between irritable bowel syndrome and war trauma during the Nicaragua civil war period:A population-based study

BACKGROUND Psychosocial and physical trauma are known risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),including in war veterans,whereas war exposure in civilians is unclear.Nicaragua experienced two wars,1970-1990:The Sandinistas Revolution(1970s)and The Contra War(1980s).Our aim was to investigate the role of exposure to war trauma in the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established health surveillance system(11000 households).AIM To investigate in a civilian population the relationship between exposure to war trauma and events and the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established public health and demographic surveillance system in western Nicaragua.METHODS We conducted a nested population-based,cross-sectional study focused on functional gastrointestinal disorders based on Rome II criteria.1617 adults were randomly selected.The Spanish Rome II Modular Questionnaire and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were validated in Nicaragua.War exposure was assessed with 10 measures of direct and indirect war trauma and post-war effects.Multiple exposures were defined by≥3 measures.RESULTS The prevalence of IBS was 15.2%[Female(F)17.1%,Male(M)12.0%],war exposure 19.3%(F 9.3%,M 36.7%),and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)5.6%(F 6.4%,M 4.3%).Significant associations with IBS in the civilian population were observed(adjusted by gender,age,socioeconomic status,education):physical and psychological abuse[adjusted odds ratio(aOR):2.25;95%confidence interval:1.1-4.5],witnessed execution(aOR:2.4;1.1-5.2),family member death(aOR:2.2;1.2-4.2),and multiple exposures(aOR:2.7;1.4-5.1).PTSD was independently associated with IBS(aOR:2.6;1.2-5.7).CONCLUSION An enduring association was observed in the Nicaragua civilian population between specific civil war-related events and subsequent IBS.Civilian populations in regions with extended armed conflict may warrant provider education and targeted interventions for patients.