美国UCLA大学英语教学模式的发展与启示

本文在分析UCLA（美国加州大学洛杉矶分校）英语教育特点的基础上，探讨了21世纪以来UCLA大学英语教育的变革动因，概括了基于ESL学习标准的UCLA大学英语教学目标和策略，分析了UCLA在交际能力培养和使用现代教育技术的基础上如何创造性地运用轻松自由教学模式以更好地实施跨学科教学，在此基础上提出了其教学模式与策略对我国大学外语教学的启示。

Meeting Report for the UCLA Center for East-West Medicine 2006 Annual Conference:Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine——Research and Clinical Applications

This is the meeting report for the 2006 UCLA Center for East-West Medicine （CEWM） annual conference held at the UCLA Jules Stein auditorium on Saturday, October 28th. The event began with registration and a continental breakfast that allowed participants the opportunity to meet one another and discuss their experiences with integrative medicine. After the guests had checked-in and settled into the auditorium, Dr. Ka-Kit Hui, the Wallis Annenberg Professor in Integrative East West Medicine and the Founder and Director of the UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, introduced Dr. Alan Fogelman, Executive Chairman of the Department of Medicine, who gave opening remarks. Dr. Fogelman welcomed the audience, particularly the Center＇s distinguished guest - Professor Keji Chen, the Center＇s visiting professor of integrative medicine from China, emphasizing the importance of integrative medicine and praising the Center＇s leadership role in this field. Then Dr. Hui briefly introduced the audience to the field of integrative medicine, and discussed his own experience with integrative medicine and the history of the CEWM.

从基础智能到通用智能:基于大模型的GenAI和AGI之现状与展望

本文对生成式AI(Generative artificial intelligence,GenAI)的国内外发展现状进行了概述,重点分析了中美之间在算力、数据、算法、生态等方面存在的差距.为改变我国在生成式AI领域的落后现状,提出高能效算力建设、联邦数据、专业领域模型、基于TAO的联邦生态等应对策略,对大模型时代AI安全治理进行了论述,对通用人工智能(Artificial general intelligence,AGI)的未来发展进行了展望.

试述促进中西医学沟通和结合的现代研究进展——以UCLA东西医学中心的结合医学模式为例

西方医学重新认识到人的"整体性"和"系统性",并提出"以患者为中心"的医疗模式;现代生物医学与中医学的研究理念逐渐开始融合,不断涌现的研究方法和成果为中西医结合提供了沟通桥梁。在"东西方医学结合,以患者为中心"模式下,加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)东西医学中心(CEWM)将生物医学最新研究成果与现代中医研究充分融合,并以此指导教学、临床与科研工作。本文以心血管疾病、慢性疼痛为例,简要介绍CEWM的中西医结合医疗模式,以及支撑该模式的部分现代研究进展(应变稳态、韧性、筋膜系统),希望为中西医结合临床、科研、教育工作者提供思路。

Examining the“revisability”benefit of hip resurfacing arthroplasty

BACKGROUND Hip resurfacing arthroplasty(HRA)is an alternative to total hip arthroplasty(THA)that is typically reserved for young active patients because it preserves bone.However,the benefits of HRA only hold true if conversion THA after failed HRA provides acceptable outcomes.AIM To compare patient reported outcomes for conversion THA after HRA failure to primary THA.METHODS A retrospective review of 36 patients(37 hips)that underwent conversion THA for failed HRA between October 2006 and May 2019 by a single surgeon was performed.Patient reported outcomes[modified Harris Hip Score(mHHS),University of California Los Angeles(UCLA)activity score]were obtained via an email-based responder-anonymous survey.Outcomes were compared to normative data of a primary THA cohort with similar demographics.Subgroup analysis was performed comparing outcomes of conversion THA for adverse local tissue reaction(ALTR)vs all other causes for failure.RESULTS The study group had a lower mHHS than the control group(81.7±13.8 vs 90.2±11.6,P<0.01);however,both groups had similar UCLA activity levels(7.5±2.3 vs 7.2±1.6,P=0.51).Patients that underwent conversion for non-ATLR causes had similar mHHS(85.2±11.5 vs 90.2±11.6,P=0.11)and higher UCLA activity levels(8.5±1.8 vs 7.2±1.6,P<0.01)compared to the control group.Patients that underwent conversion for ATLR had worse mHHS(77.1±14.5 vs 90.2±11.6,P<0.01)and UCLA activity levels(6.1±2.3 vs 7.2±1.6,P=0.05)when compared to the control group.CONCLUSION Patient outcomes equivalent to primary THA can be achieved following HRA conversion to THA.However,inferior outcomes were demonstrated for ALTR-related HRA failure.Patient selection and perhaps further studies examining alternative HRA bearing surfaces should be considered.

Fetal Head Compression: Its Possible Role in Neurologic Injury

It is widely assumed that fetal ischemic brain injury during labor derives almost exclusively from severe, systemic hypoxemia with marked neonatal depression and acidemia. Severe asphyxia, however, is one of several causes of perinatal neurological injury and may not be the most common;most neonates diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy do not have evidence of severe asphyxia. Sepsis, direct brain trauma, and drug or toxin exposure account for some cases, while mechanical forces of labor and delivery that increase fetal intracranial pressure sufficiently to impair brain perfusion may also contribute. Because of bony compliance and mobile suture lines, the fetal skull changes shape and redistributes cerebrospinal fluid during labor according to constraints imposed by contractions, and bony and soft tissue elements of the birth canal as the head descends. These accommodations, including the increase in intracranial pressure, are adaptive and necessary for efficient descent of the head while safeguarding cerebral blood flow. Autonomic reflexes mediated through central receptors normally provide ample protection of the brain from the considerable pressure exerted on the skull. On occasion, those forces, which are transmitted intracranially, may overcome the various adaptive anatomical, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological mechanisms that maintain cerebral perfusion and oxygen availability, resulting in ischemic brain injury. Accepting the notion of a potentially adverse impact of fetal head compression suggests that avoidance of excessive uterine activity and of relentless pushing without steady progress in descent may offer protection for the fetal brain during parturition. Excessive head compression should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ischemic encephalopathy.

The outcomes and safety of patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combining a single-use cholangioscope and a single-use duodenoscope:A multicenter retrospective international study

Background: Duodenoscope-related multidrug-resistant organism(MDRO) infections raise concerns. Disposable duodenoscopes have been recently introduced in the market and approved by regulatory agencies with the aim to reduce the risk of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) associated infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of procedures performed with single-use duodenoscopes in patients with clinical indications to single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy. Methods: This is a multicenter international, retrospective study combining all patients who underwent complex biliopancreatic interventions using the combination of a single-use duodenoscope and a single-use cholangioscope. The primary outcome was technical success defined as ERCP completion for the intended clinical indication. Secondary outcomes were procedural duration, rate of cross-over to reusable duodenoscope, operator-reported satisfaction score(1 to 10) on performance rating of the single-use duodenoscope, and adverse event(AE) rate. Results: A total of 66 patients(26, 39.4% female) were included in the study. ERCP was categorized according to ASGE ERCP grading system as 47(71.2%) grade 3 and 19(28.8%) grade 4. The technical success rate was 98.5%(65/66). Procedural duration was 64(interquartile range 15-189) min, cross-over rate to reusable duodenoscope was 1/66(1.5%). The satisfaction score of the single-use duodenoscope classified by the operators was 8.6 ± 1.3 points. Four patients(6.1%) experienced AEs not directly related to the single-use duodenoscope, namely 2 post-ERCP pancreatitis(PEP), 1 cholangitis and 1 bleeding.Conclusions: Single-use duodenoscope is effective, reliable and safe even in technically challenging procedures with a non-inferiority to reusable duodenoscope, making these devices a viable alternative to standard reusable equipment.

消解中国经验与西方理论的悖反--黄宗智学术自述

《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》《长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展》二书确定了我的学术研究方法,即以翔实可靠的经验证据为基础,采纳多种理论传统的洞见。由这样的学术研究,我得出一个关键性认识,即中国的经验实际相对西方理论来说多是“悖论”的,于是我试图探寻、建构更符合中国实际的新概念,因之产生了如中国农业与农村史研究中的“没有发展的增长”“内卷化”“实用道德主义”,中国正义体系研究中的“实用道德主义”“实践社会科学”等新的关键词。沿着这样的认识思路,我提倡创建新型的“实践社会科学”的研究进路,即我们要从经验/实际/实践出发,而不是西方单一面向的古典自由主义经济学和意识形态的建构出发,来认识,不仅是中国,更是西方本身,由此来建立新型的、符合实际的实践社会科学研究和理论。

Neuroprotective effects of meloxicam on transient brain ischemia in rats:the two faces of anti-inflammatory treatments

The inflammato ry response plays an important role in neuroprotection and regeneration after ischemic insult.The use of non-ste roidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been a matter of debate as to whether they have beneficial or detrimental effects.In this context,the effects of the anti-inflammatory agent meloxicam have been scarcely documented after stro ke,but its ability to inhibit both cyclooxygenase isoforms(1 and 2) could be a promising strategy to modulate postischemic inflammation.This study analyzed the effect of meloxicam in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model in rats,measuring its neuroprotective effect after 48 hours and 7 days of reperfusion and the effects of the treatment on the glial scar and regenerative events such as the generation of new progenitors in the subventricular zone and axonal sprouting at the edge of the damaged area.We show that meloxicam’s neuroprotective effects remained after 7 days of reperfusion even if its administration was restricted to the two first days after ischemia.Moreover,meloxicam treatment modulated glial scar reactivity,which matched with an increase in axonal sprouting.However,this treatment decreased the formation of neuronal progenitor cells.This study discusses the dual role of anti-inflammatory treatments after stro ke and encourages the careful analysis of both the neuroprotective and the regenerative effects in preclinical studies.

Fracture of inferior vena cava stent after endovascular treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome:A case series and literature review

Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS)is a rare condition characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction.Balloon angioplasty,with or without stenting,is the recommended first-line treatment modality in Asian countries.As a supplement to balloon angioplasty,expandable metallic Z-stent deployment can effectively improve long-term inferior vena cava(IVC)patency.Although stent placement is a standard and frequently performed treatment,very few IVC stent-related complications,such as stent fractures,have been reported.Here we present a case series and a comprehensive review of IVC stent fractures in patients with BCS.The most common characteristic of IVC stent fractures is a protrusion of the proximal segment of the IVC stent into the right atrium and its systolic and diastolic movements along with heart rhythms.Accurate stent deployment,large-diameter balloon dilation,patient breath-holding training,preferential selection of a triple stent,and the use of an internal jugular vein approach to stent deployment may ensure precise stent localization and avoid postoperative complications.

Comparison of protective effects of electroacupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli(ST 36)on perinatal nicotine exposure-induced lung phenotype in rat offspring

Objective:To compare the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)and moxibustion at Zusanli(ST 36)on the lung phenotype of rat offspring exposed to nicotine during the perinatal period.Methods:Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:the control group(saline only),the model group(nicotine only),the EA group(nicotine+EA at ST 36 acupoints bilaterally),and the moxibustion group(nicotine+moxibustion at ST 36 acupoints bilaterally).n=6 rats per group.On postnatal day 21,the body weight,lung weight,and pulmonary function were determined and lung morphometry was performed.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma andβ-catenin levels in the lung tissue of offspring were also determined.Results:Perinatal nicotine exposure(PNE)results in decreased body and lung weights of offspring rats,abnormal lung tissue morphology,and significantly altered pulmonary function,showing an increase in total airway resistance and a decrease in tidal volume,minute ventilation,total airway compliance,and peak expiratory flow.Bilateral EA at ST 36 acupoints could block all of these perinatal nicotine-induced effects.Although moxibustion also had protective effects in nicotine-induced offspring lungs,some of these effects did not reach statistical significance,e.g.,protection against the upregulation ofβ-catenin,the downregulation of PPARγsignaling,and the increase in peak expiratory flow.Conclusion:Maternal EA at ST 36 blocked the PNE-induced changes in key developmental signaling pathways,prevented the PNE-induced changes in lung morphology,and protected pulmonary function.Moxibustion at ST 36 showed similar but weaker protective effects against the PNE-induced changes in the exposed offspring.It is important to note that the mechanism underlying the protective effects of moxibustion at ST 36 may be different from those of EA at ST 36,and further research is needed to understand these differences.

Associations between Avocado Intake and Lower Rates of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in US Adults with Hispanic/Latino Ancestry

Background/Purpose: Hispanic/Latinos in the US are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Data suggest that avocado intake is associated with better glycemic control, but whether this translates to protection from T2D has not been studied. The goal of the current analyses was to examine whether consuming avocados at baseline is associated with lower incident T2D over a six-year period, compared to not consuming avocados at baseline. Subjects/Methods: Using data from a large population of US adults with Hispanic ancestry, without known or unknown T2D at baseline (N = 6159), participants were classified as avocado consumers (N = 983) or non-consumers (N = 5176) based on the mean of two 24-hour dietary recalls. Cox proportional hazard models estimated the association of avocado consumption with incident T2D (N = 656 cases) over a six-year follow-up period, in the population as a whole, and separately in those with normoglycemia vs. prediabetes at baseline. A set of three sequential models were run: the first controlling only for sociodemographic factors (“minimally adjusted” models), the second for these and health behaviors (“fully adjusted” models), and a third for both sets of covariates and also body mass index (BMI;“fully adjusted + BMI” models). Results: In the population as a whole, avocado intake at baseline was associated with reduced incident T2D in both the minimally adjusted (hazard ratio [HR] (±95% confidence intervals [CIs]): 0.70 (0.52 - 0.94), P = 0.04) and the fully adjusted models (HR: 0.72 (0.54 - 0.97), P = 0.03). This association was observed in both those with prediabetes and with normoglycemia at baseline, but only reached significance in those with prediabetes (minimally adjusted model: HR: 0.68 (0.48 - 0.97), P = 0.03;fully adjusted model: HR: 0.69 (0.48 - 0.98), P = 0.04), not in those with normoglycemia (minimally adjusted model: HR: 0.86 (0.45 - 1.65), P = 0.65;fully adjusted model: HR: 0.80 (0.41 - 1.55), P = 0.50). In models which additionally controlled for BMI (“fully adjusted + BMI model”), the associations were slightly attenuated (overall population: HR: 0.79 (0.59 - 1.06), P = 0.60;normoglycemia: HR: 0.83 (0.42 - 1.64), P = 0.60;prediabetes: HR = 0.75 (0.54 - 1.05), P = 0.09). Conclusions: In our longitudinal analyses, adults with Hispanic/Latino ancestry who consumed avocado were less likely to develop T2D than those who did not consume avocado at baseline, especially if they had prediabetes at baseline.

衰老的脊髓小胶质细胞呈现表型异质并倾向性靶向运动神经元及其突触

研究发现小胶质细胞随着年龄的增长和疾病的不同而获得独特的区域依赖性有害特征,从而导致神经元功能障碍和大脑退化。然而,目前尚不清楚脊髓中的小胶质细胞是否表现出类似的表型异质性。本研究对3、16、23和30个月大的小鼠的脊髓小胶质细胞进行区域分析。我们使用光学和电子显微镜发现脊髓小胶质细胞在衰老过程中获得越来越活跃的表型,且该现象与区域无关。然而,衰老会导致腹侧而非背角的小胶质细胞失去其空间组织。衰老的腹角小胶质细胞也会聚集在运动神经元胞体周围,它们与运动神经元突触的接触增加;而运动神经元突触已被证明会随着年龄的增长而消失。这些发现表明,在衰老过程中小胶质细胞可能会影响运动神经元接收和传递运动命令的能力。为了更深入地研究衰老脊髓小胶质细胞,我们对FACS分离的3、18、22和29个月大小鼠的小胶质细胞进行RNA测序。我们发现,脊髓小胶质细胞在衰老过程中获得与大脑中小胶质细胞相似的转录特性,其中包括在小胶质细胞-神经元相互作用和炎症中发挥作用的基因表达的改变。到29个月大时,脊髓小胶质细胞表现出额外且独特的转录变化,已知并预计会导致衰老并改变溶酶体和核糖体调节。总之,这项工作为靶向小胶质细胞以改善脊髓中与衰老相关的变化,特别是运动回路的变化奠定了基础。

Are EPB41 and alpha-synuclein diagnostic biomarkers of sport-related concussion?Findings from the NCAA and Department of Defense CARE Consortium

Background:Current protein biomarkers are only moderately predictive at identifying individuals with mild traumatic brain injury or concussion.Therefore,more accurate diagnostic markers are needed for sport-related concussion.Methods:This was a multicenter,prospective,case-control study of athletes who provided blood samples and were diagnosed with a concussion or were a matched non-concussed control within the National Collegiate Athletic Association-Department of Defense Concussion Assessment,Research,and Education Consortium conducted between 2015 and 2019.The blood was collected within 48 h of injury to identify protein abnormalities at the acute and subacute timepoints.Athletes with concussion were divided into 6 h post-injury(0-6 h post-injury)and after 6 h postinjury(7-48 h post-injury)groups.We applied a highly multiplexed proteomic technique that used a DNA aptamers assay to target 1305proteins in plasma samples from athletes with and without sport-related concussion.Results:A total of 140 athletes with concussion(79.3%males;aged 18.71±1.10 years,mean±SD)and 21 non-concussed athletes(76.2%males;19.14±1.10 years)were included in this study.We identified 338 plasma proteins that significantly differed in abundance(319 upregulated and 19 downregulated)in concussed athletes compared to non-concussed athletes.The top 20 most differentially abundant proteins discriminated concussed athletes from non-concussed athletes with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.954(95%confidence interval:0.922-0.986).Specifically,after 6 h of injury,the individual AUC of plasma erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1(EPB41)and alpha-synuclein(SNCA)were 0.956 and 0.875,respectively.The combination of EPB41 and SNCA provided the best AUC(1.000),which suggests this combination of candidate plasma biomarkers is the best for diagnosing concussion in athletes after 6 h of injury.Conclusion:Our data suggest that proteomic profiling may provide novel diagnostic protein markers and that a combination of EPB41 and SNCA is the most predictive biomarker of concussion after 6 h of injury.

分步迭代的多光谱遥感水体信息高精度自动提取

以LANDSAT卫星遥感数据为信息源,在归一化差异水指数(NDWI)计算的基础上,采用"全域—局部"的分步迭代空间尺度转换机制,将全域分割、全域分类、局部分割与分类等计算过程有机地结合起来,分阶段地融合了水体信息提取所需的不同层次知识,并建立迭代算法实现了水体最佳边缘的逐步逼近,获得了高精度的水体信息提取。通过对青藏高原试验区湖泊信息提取的实验表明,该方法除了能够实现对复杂多样的水体信息进行高精度自动提取外,还可有效避免与阴影等信息的混淆。

苏北-胶南构造混杂岩带冷却历史的多重扩散域^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar热年代学研究

对采自苏北-胶南构造混杂岩带中的15个矿物样品进行了国内首次系统的多重扩散域^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar年龄谱研究,其中七个样品的冷却历史表明,这一地区存在着两个明显的快速冷却事件:172～196Ma(10～40℃/Ma)和105～123Ma(4～10℃/Ma)。采自南缘的样品给出的这一地区最早抬升事件的时间大约为260Ma。这些结果表明苏北-胶南碰撞带的剥蚀历史可能与秦岭-大别山造山带相一致。应用多重扩散域新理论可以从单一长石样品揭示较完整的热历史。

DEM辅助下的河道细小线性水体自适应迭代提取

提出一种河道细小线性水体自动识别方法。首先,利用全球30 m ASTER DEM数据,生成流域的水系分布矢量图;然后,以DEM水系分布图作为先验知识,通过空间分析形成信息提取目标区,为后续信息提取提供目标靶区;再次,通过水体光谱指数计算和NDWI全局阈值分割,得到靶区水体分布的初步信息;最后,在水体指数全域分割的基础上,通过局部水体指数物理特征分析、自适应阈值选择和迭代计算,实现局部河道水体精确提取。试验采用ETM+数据对伊犁河上游的支流河道进行信息提取,结果表明,该方法能够快速准确地完成大流域范围内的河道水系制图,并能够最大限度地降低细小河道水体识别中背景光谱信息混杂的干扰,提高遥感信息提取的针对性和计算的效率。

安颤灵对帕金森病模型旋转行为及UPS功能影响的研究

目的探讨中药安颤灵对帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)功能的影响。方法采用lactacystin立体定向注射入大鼠左侧黑质致密部和黑质纹状体通路,建立PD大鼠模型。经行为测试造模成功的PD模型大鼠27只,随机分为模型组与中药组,每组10只,同时另取10只脑内注射生理盐水未出现旋转行为的大鼠作为正常对照组。正常对照组和模型组用生理盐水灌胃,中药组同时间等体积安颤灵灌胃,共5w。给药后第1、3、5周分别行阿朴吗啡(APO)诱导,观察记录其旋转行为及其他异常行为。给药结束后每组随机取6只大鼠行免疫组织化学检测,观察各组α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein)、泛素(ubiquitin)蛋白表达。结果中药组对APO诱导的旋转行为有明显抑制作用,与模型组相比较,其旋转圈数明显减少(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,中药组α-synu-clein与硫磺素S、ubiquitin与硫磺素S荧光双标染色阳性均较弱。结论安颤灵可改善PD大鼠旋转行为及UPS的功能。

青藏高原湖泊古今变化的遥感分析--以达则错为例

青藏高原湖泊受人类活动干扰较少,主要受气候变化导致的冰川融化和蒸发的影响,是气候变化直观敏感的反映区。因此,研究青藏高原湖泊变化对区域以至全球气候、环境变化的研究具有深远意义。本文在遥感影像的基础上发展了综合指数计算与空间分异的现存湖迭代提取方法,对影像数据上的湖泊进行动态监测;并结合DEM数据发展了半自动化的古岸线提取方法,进而分析古湖泊的变化,二者相结合直观全面地反映出了青藏高原湖泊的古今变化情况。并以达则错湖为例进行提取。