Shared-role of vegetation types,elevation and soil affecting plant diversity in an old-tropical mountain hotspot

Despite the exceptional species richness and endemism,the environmental drivers of plant diversity along old tropical mountains remain underexplored.The respective importance of vegetation types,elevation,slope,and soil to drive diversity across life-forms is poorly addressed.Here,we tested whether environmental variables drove local and regional plant diversity along an old tropical mountain according to the three main life-forms:graminoids,herbaceous and woody species.We sampled all Angiosperm species on 180 plots across five elevations,at the tropical old-mountain region of Serra do Cipó,South-eastern Brazil.We assessed soil,slope,and vegetation types,and calculated richness and beta-diversity,applying generalized least square models,linear mixed-models and partial Mantel tests to test for relationships.Richness of graminoids and herbaceous species increased with greater elevation and more nutrient-impoverished soils,while woody richness showed the inverse pattern.Beta-diversity was primarily driven by species turnover,correlated with elevation and soil and higher in less dominant vegetation types,with unique species.Despite the limited elevational range in these old mountains,it still played an important role in filtering woody species,while fostering graminoid and herbaceous species.Conservation and restoration actions need to foster the high regional diversity supported by the old mountain heterogeneous landscape and the diversity of life-forms,especially the dominant and highly diverse grassy component.

旋毛虫抗原基因Ts88的克隆及鉴定

目的 获取旋毛虫具有抗原性的新基因。方法 应用旋毛虫免疫血清和人工感染血清对旋毛虫成虫cDNA文库约 3× 10 5重组噬菌斑进行筛选。基因克隆、DNA测序及 5′ -RACE获cDNA全长 ;采用ESEE、DNAstar软件及核苷酸序列数据库 (GenBank)进行cDNA序列分析。结果与结论 免疫筛选成虫cDNA文库 ,获得 3个阳性克隆。其中的Ts88克隆cDNA全长为 196 6bp ,编码 4 84个氨基酸 ,含有一个PWWP功能结构域及多个抗原表位。Ts88cDNA是一个尚未见报道的旋毛虫抗原新基因。

小麦EST-SSRs分子标记的特性及其遗传作图(英文)

为了解普通小麦EST来源的微卫星的多样性,从大约1 000个包含微卫星的ESTs中设计了300对引物,研究和评估了它们的多态性水平,并且将多态性标记加入到现有的遗传图谱中。在五种不同类型的重复单元中,三个碱基的重复单元出现最多,占到77%。几乎所有的EST-SSRs标记(99.3%)的重复单元都含有G-C碱基对。37.4%的微卫星都是四次重复。对于扩增和多态性,300对引物中有60对没有扩增,21.3%的扩增引物没能产生预期的扩增片断。58%的标记至少在所用8个材料的一个中显示出多态性。W7984和Opata组合表现出最高的多态性水平。大多数普通小麦EST-SSRs标记的重复次数小于10,并且4次重复是最为普遍的。81个新的EST-SSR位点被添加到两个已有的参照遗传图谱中(62个加到ITMI,19个加到CTCS)。研究结果表明小麦EST-SSRs标记展示了一些不同于基因组微卫星的特异特征,在标记发展和其他遗传应用中,这就使得它们能够成为一种非常有价值的资源。

免疫筛选旋毛虫cDNA克隆及原核表达

目的 获取旋毛虫抗原的 c DNA克隆并进行蛋白的原核表达。 方法 应用兔抗旋毛虫成虫可溶性全虫抗原血清对旋毛虫成虫 c DNA文库进行筛选 ,并用兔人工感染旋毛虫血清对强阳性克隆进行再筛选。将编号为 Ts87阳性克隆的基因片段亚克隆入 PET- 2 8a( +)表达载体 ,IPTG诱导表达后用 SDS- PAGE电泳分析表达产物。 结果 免疫筛选获得阳性克隆 Ts87;成功构建重组表达质粒 PET- 2 8a( +) / Ts87。诱导表达该融合蛋白 ,SDS- PAGE电泳表明 ,其能表达一分子质量约为 40 ku的融合蛋白 ,与预测分子质量相符。 结论 筛选到 c DNA克隆 Ts87,与兔抗旋毛虫成虫可溶性全虫抗原血清和兔人工感染旋毛虫血清均产生特异性免疫反应 ;PET原核表达系统所获重组蛋白为蛋白功能研究奠定了基础。

不同木材种类炭化率的研究(英文)

根据木材本身的材性缺陷和木材加工厂的废料存量情况，选择了岑树、山毛榉、花旗松、橡木、白杨和云杉作为研究对象，研究了这些木材在实验室热解条件下炭产品的生产能力。在390～672℃范围内，共做28次分组热解试验，试验时间为2h，每组10个试件；390～440℃范围内，共做8次分组热解试验，试验时间为1h，每组10个试件。分别测试了试件在热解试验前后的质量损失和体积的变化，特别是试件在热解实验后的炭化率。结果表明：所有树种的试件在500℃时完全炭化，试件的相对质量损失约为25％，试件的三维收缩约为30％（T）、25％（R）、20％（L）。不同树种试件的炭化率是相同的，木材的炭化率和树种无关，木材热解炭化后的理论孔隙率经验公式为ε=100—30ρ0i，通过此公式可研究木材的初始干燥密度预测其生产炭产品的性能。

病毒诱导的基因沉默在番茄组织中的特异性分析

病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)是植物基因功能研究的新技术。以组成型表达gusA基因的转基因番茄为材料,通过VIGS技术沉默gusA基因,对VIGS在番茄中的组织特异性进行了初步分析。结果表明,VIGS技术能有效地诱导gusA基因在番茄植株的叶片、花、果实、侧枝、主茎及茎分枝点等部位和组织中沉默,证明VIGS在番茄中具有较强的系统性沉默特征。

异色瓢虫不同地理种群的ISSR种群多样性分析(英文)

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)在亚洲地区是一种重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,但是当引入到欧美后,对当地的物种产生了威胁。本文用ISSR技术对两个中国本地种群和一个引入美国的种群进行了种群多样性以及种群分化的分析。8条ISSR引物共扩增出105条带,其中多态性条带比率为96.19%。Nei's多样性指数、Shannon信息指数、多态性条带比率,在中国种群与美国种群中均非常接近,种群分化不明显(G_(st)=0.042)。AMOVA分析显示种群多样性主要来源于种群内部,种群间的基因流非常强(N_m=5.537)。基于Nei's多样性构建的聚类结果显示ISSR是一种快速有效的研究异色瓢虫种群多样性关系的技术。

Microstructural evolution and physico-chemical behavior of compacted clayey soil submitted to an alkaline plume

In the French concept of deep nuclear waste repositories,the galleries should be backfilled with excavated argillite after the site has been filled.Some additives like lime could be used to improve the mechanical characteristics of the argillite.After thousands of years,the degradation of the concrete lining of the galleries will generate an alkaline solution（pH value 12） that will diffuse through the backfill.This study presents the effect of a saturated Ca（OH）_2 solution circulation through lime-treated sample at 60 ℃ for 3,6 and 12 months,respectively.The effect of such circulation on the lime-treated Manois argillite（MA） was assessed by petrographical examination coupled to image analysis and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） equipped with energy dispersive X-ray（EDX） analyser of soil pieces.The objective of this study is to make the link among the mineralogical transformations,the textural and mechanical changes produced in the compacted clayey soil as a consequence of the alkaline solution circulation.

Assessment of Ecotoxicity of Topsoils from a Wood Treatment Site

A series of 9 soil samples were taken at a timber treatment site in SW France where Cu sulphate and chromated copper arsenate （CCA） have been used as wood preservatives （Sites P1 to P9） and one soil sample was collected at an adjacent site on the same soil type （Site P10）. Copper was a major contaminant in all topsoils, varying from 65 （Soil P5） to 2600 mg Cu kg^-1 （Soil P7）, exceeding background values for French sandy soils. As and Cr did not accumulate in soil, except at Site P8 （52 mg As kg^-1 and 87 mg Cr kg^-1） where CCA-treated posts were stacked. Soil ecotoxicity was assessed with bioassays using radish, lettuce, slug Arion rufus L., and earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra （Savigny）. There were significantly differences in lettuce germination rate, lettuce leaf yield, radish root and leaf yields, slug herbivory, and earthworm avoidance. An additional bioassay showed higher negative impacts on bean shoot and root yields, Rhizobium nodule counts on Bean roots, and guaiacol peroxidase activity in primary Bean leaves for soil from Site PT, with and without fertilisation, than for soil from Site P10, despite both soils having a similar value for computed free ion Cu2＋ activity in the soil solution （pCu^2＋）. Beans grown in soil from Site P7 that had been fertilised showed elevated foliar Cu content and phytotoxic symptoms. Soils from Sites P7 （treatment plant） and P6 （storage of treated utility poles） had the highest ecotoxicity, whereas soil from Site P10 （high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity） had the lowest. Except at Site P10, the soil factor pCu^2＋ computed with soil pH and total soil Cu could be used to predict soil ecotoxicity.

Soil Drainage as an Active Agent of Recent Soil Evolution: A Review

While research on pedogenesis mainly focuses on long-term soil formation and most often neglects recent soil evolution in response to human practices or climate changes, this article reviews the impact of artificial subsurface drainage on soil evolution. Artificial drainage is considered as an example of the impact of recent changes in water fluxes on soil evolution over time scales of decades to a century. Results from various classical studies on artificial drainage including hydrological and environmental studies are reviewed and collated with rare studies dealing explicitly with soil morphology changes, in response to artificial drainage. We deduce that soil should react to the perturbations associated with subsurface drainage over time scales that do not exceeding a few decades. Subsurface drainage decreases the intensity of erosion and must i) increase the intensity of the lixiviation and eluviation processes, ii) affect iron and manganese dynamics, and iii) induce heterogeneities in soil evolution at the ten meter scale. Such recent soil evolutions can no longer be neglected as they are mostly irreversible and will probably have unknown, but expectable, feedbacks on crucial soil functions such as the sequestration of soil organic matter or the water available capacity.

Dietary proline supplementation alters colonic luminal microbiota and bacterial metabolite composition between days 45 and 70 of pregnancy in Huanjiang mini-pigs

Background: Pregnancy is associated with important changes in gut microbiota composition. Dietary factors may affect the diversity, composition, and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota. Among amino acids, proline is known to play important roles in protein metabolism and structure, cell differentiation, conceptus growth and development, and gut microbiota re-equilibration in case of dysbiosis.Results: Dietary supplementation with 1% proline decreased(P < 0.05) the amounts of Klebsiella pneumoniae,Peptostreptococcus productus, Pseudomonas, and Veillonella spp. in distal colonic contents than that in the control group. The colonic contents of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Bifidobacterium sp., Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium leptum subgroup, Escherichia coli, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and Prevotella increased(P < 0.05) on d 70 of pregnancy as compared with those on d 45 of pregnancy. The colonic concentrations of acetate, total straight-chain fatty acid, and total short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) in the proline-supplemented group were lower(P < 0.05), and butyrate level(P = 0.06) decreased as compared with the control group. Almost all of the SCFA displayed higher(P < 0.05) concentrations in proximal colonic contents on d 70 of pregnancy than those on d 45 of pregnancy. The concentrations of 1,7-heptyl diamine(P = 0.09) and phenylethylamine(P < 0.05) in proximal colonic contents were higher, while those of spermidine(P = 0.05) and total bioamine(P = 0.06) tended to be lower in the proline-supplemented group than those in the control group. The concentrations of spermidine, spermine, and total bioamine in colonic contents were higher(P < 0.05) on d 70 of pregnancy than those measured on d 45 of pregnancy. In contrast, the concentration of phenylethylamine was lower(P < 0.05) on d 70 than on d 45 of pregnancy.(Continued on next page)(Continued from previous page)Conclusion: These findings indicate that L-proline supplementation modifies both the colonic microbiota composition and the luminal concentrations of several bacterial metabolites. Furthermore, our data show that both the microbiota composition and the concentrations of bacterial metabolites are evolving in the course of pregnancy. These results are discussed in terms of possible implication in terms of luminal environment and consequences for gut physiology and health.

Multispecies probiotic protects gut barrier function in experimental models

AIM: To investigate the effect of the probiotic combination Lactibiane Tolerance® (LT) on epithelial barrier function in vitro and in vivo.

Effects of Feeding Programs Based on One or Two Milk Replacer Daily Meals on Growth, Solid Feed Intake and Rumen Fermentation and Development of Dairy Calves

Sixteen Holstein calves were used to study the effects of two feeding programs (FP) on growth, intake, rumen development and ruminal metabolism from birth to weaning. Two feeding programs based on milk replacer (MR) were tested: a once a day (OAD) MR (200 g/L) distribution vs. a standard twice a day (TAD) MR (125 g/L) distribution. All calves received water, wheat straw and a starter concentrate ad libitum. Four calves per group were slaughtered at weaning and rumen epithelium from the ventral sac was sampled for papillae (RP) density. Results showed that the FP had no effect on body weight of calves and total feed intake. From day 42 to day 56, ruminal pH was lower (P = 0.036) and ruminal oxydo-reducing potential was higher (P = 0.001) in OAD than TAD calves. Ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations did not significantly differ between FP. From day 21 to day 63, butyrate ruminal concentration was significantly higher in OAD than TAD calves (5.17 vs 3.95 mmol/L). This probably explained the higher development of RP in calves fed once daily. Finally, the tested feeding system based on a once daily MR distribution affects the concentrate feeding pattern of calves.

On the Role of Chloroplasts in the Polymerization of Tannins in Tracheophyta: A Monograph

Proanthocyanidins are formed in the chlorophyllous organs of Tracheophyta from a redifferentiation of chloroplasts involving the thylakoidal membrane and lumen. With the purpose to help researchers of concerned disciplines to identify such chloroplasts, we described herein the morphologies of functional and redifferentiating chloroplasts in various members of Tracheophyta. The most obvious sign of redifferentiation is a tremendous swelling of the chloroplast which turns obese. De novo genesis of osmiophilic materials is also characteristic, either as single dots attached to the inner face of the swollen thylakoidal membrane which will yield the tannosomes, or as pearl necklace-shaped structures protruding into the lumen;this last formation can be viewed as a giant tannosome forming finally stromal chlorotannic accretions. Whatever their mode of formation is, tannosomes are expulsed from the chloroplast as shuttles.

Evaluating the Spatial Uncertainty of Future Land Abandonment in a Mountain Valley(Vicdessos, Pyrenees-France): Insights from Model Parameterization and Experiments

European mountains are particularly sensitive to climatic disruptions and land use changes.The latter leads to high rates of natural reforestation over the last 50 years. Faced with the challenge of predicting possible impacts on ecosystem services,LUCC models offer new opportunities for land managers to adapt or mitigate their strategies.Assessing the spatial uncertainty of future LUCC is crucial for the definition of sustainable land use strategies. However, the sources of uncertainty may differ, including the input parameters, the model itself, and the wide range of possible futures. The aim of this paper is to propose a method to assess the probability of occurrence of future LUCC that combines the inherent uncertainty of model parameterization and the ensemble uncertainty of the future based scenarios. For this purpose, we used the Land Change Modeler tool to simulate future LUCC on a study site located in the Pyrenees Mountains(France) and two scenarios illustrating two land use strategies. The model was parameterized with the same driving factors used for its calibration. The definition of ‘static vs. dynamic' and ‘quantitative vs.qualitative(discretized)' driving factors, and their combination resulted in four parameterizations. The combination of model outcomes produced maps of the spatial uncertainty of future LUCC. This work involves adapting the definition of spatial uncertainty in the literature to future-based LUCC studies. It goes beyond the uncertainty of simulation models by integrating the uncertainty of the future to provide maps to help decision makers and land managers.

Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are soil-borne microorganisms forming mutualistic associations with the vast majority of land plants, including most agricultural relevant crops. In this association the plant provides the fungus with plant photosynthates allowing it to complete its life cycle, while the fungus provides the plant with mineral nutrients, mainly phosphorus and can also help the plant to tolerate biotic and abiotic stresses. In regard to these benefits there is growing interest on the use of AM fungi to improve productivity and sustainability in agricultural systems. AM fungi and their interactions with plants have been extensively studied using proteomic techniques, but some difficulties have been faced. 1) Little is known about the AM fungal typical protein repertoire because it is currently impossible to grow AM fungi in pure axenic cultures;2) Plant tissues often contain high amounts of interfering substances that make protein extraction for the study of AM interactions a difficult procedure;3) Most nutrient exchanges between AM fungi and their host plants involve participation of membrane proteins, still poorly resolved in most separation techniques. Finally, 4) the formation of the arbuscule is an asynchronous process, making it difficult to distinguish which proteins are essential in the early or late stages of AM associations. In this review we present a historical summary of how these difficulties have been overcome by technological advances in proteomics and we discuss current and future trends in the study of the proteins involved in AM interactions.

Antimicrobial Characteristics of Untreated Wood: Towards a Hygienic Environment

Wood, as a contact surface, has been used for centuries but is usually questioned because of its porosity and organic composition. It has natural antimicrobial properties and, hygienically, can stand the comparison with other materials such as plastic, glass and steel. In this review, we focused on potential microbe-inhibiting properties of wooden surfaces being used in hygienically important places like health institutes and food industries. This article addresses the questionable properties of untreated wood like hygroscopicity, porosity, roughness and chemical composition, and their relation to the hygienic and antimicrobial nature of this material. The other factors linked to the hygienic properties of wood, such as age, species and type of wood, have also been discussed. Our analysis of literature will create better understanding for acceptance of wood as a safety renewable resource. It also provides an outline for future research considering wood material in critical healthcare or food industries.

Identification,Structure Analyses and Expression Pattern of the ERF Transcription Factor Family in Coffea arabica

Members of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors play an important role in plant development and gene expression that regulates responses to biotic and abiotic stress.This work identified 36 ERF family genes in Coffea arabica within the AP2/ERF full domain,using the EST-based genomic resource of the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.The ERF family genes were classified into nine of the ten existing groups through phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences and comparison with the sequences of the ERF family genes in Arabidopsis.In addition to the AP2 domain,other conserved domains were identified,typical of members of each group.The in silico analysis and expression profiling showed high levels of expression for libraries derived from tissues of fruits,leaves and flowers as well as for libraries subjected to water stress.These results suggest the participation of the ERF family genes of C.arabica in distinct biological functions,such as control of development,maturation,and responses to water stress.The results of this work imply in the selection of promising genes for further functional characterizations that will provide a better understanding of the complex regulatory networks related to plant development and responses to stress,opening up opportunities for coffee breeding programs.

Diverse organic carbon activates soil microbiome functioning via niche modulation

Considering the“One Health”framework,the soil microbial community is essential for plant,animal,and ultimately to human health(Banerjee and van der Heijden,2023).Similar to the microbiome in human gut(Berendsen et al.,2012),the plant-associated microbiota drives key functions in agroecosystems,such as supporting nutrient uptake,suppressing plant pathogens,or improving host stress tolerance(Hartmann and Six,2023).However,continuous mono-cropping run in intensified agroecosystems often leads to the loss of soil biodiversity,reduces resistance to plant pathogens,and ultimately causes the outbreak of soil-borne diseases(Tsiafouli et al.,2015;Raaijmakers and Mazzola,2016).This represents a major threat to global food security and sustainable development in agriculture(Strange and Scott,2005;Butler,2013).Accordingly,soil microbiome engineering is widely recognized as a promising approach to promote plant health and agricultural sustainability(Raaijmakers and Mazzola,2016;Hartman et al.,2018).

Signaling Mechanisms in Pattern-Triggered Immunity （PTI）

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are perceived by two different recognition systems that initiate the so-called pattern-triggered immunity （PTI） and effector-triggered immunity （ETI）, both of which are accompanied by a set of induced defenses that usually repel pathogen attacks. Here we discuss the complex network of signaling pathways occurring during PTI, focusing on the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases.