Can Lithium Energize Sustainable Development in Bolivia？ Institutional and Policy Challenges

A new extractive boom looms over Bolivia, home to roughly a third of the world＇s lithium reserves. Since previous mining booms have not put the country on a sustainable development path, this paper briefly outlines the initial results of a research on policy options to break away with the past. The paper first assesses the relationship between resource dependence and sustainable development by looking at the evolution of genuine savings in Bolivia and neighbouring, resource-rich countries. It then discusses Bolivia＇s potential position on the world＇s lithium market and examines the institutional variables that shape perceptions, expectations and policy options at national and local levels. Notwithstanding major technological challenges, the paper concludes that further research should shed light on how inclusive processes can be nurtured in rentier states, and how far specific institutional reforms can contribute to turning the looming lithium boom into sustainable outcomes in the Bolivian case.

Timing of Proterozoic magmatism in the Sunsas belt, Bolivian Precambrian Shield, SW Amazonian Craton

We present new U–Pb zircon and monazite ages from the Sunsas belt granitic magmatism in Bolivia, SW Amazonian Craton. The geochronological results revealed four major magmatic events recorded along the Sunsas belt domains. The older igneous event formed a granitic basement coeval to the Rio Apa Terrane(1.95–1.85 Ga) in the southern domain. The second magmatic episode is represented by 1.68 Ga granites associated to the Paraguá Terrane(1.69–1.66 Ga) in the northern domain. The 1.37–1.34 Ga granites related to San Ignacio orogeny represent the third and more pervasive magmatic event, recorded throughout the Sunsas belt. Moreover, magmatic ages of ~1.42 Ga revealed that the granitogenesis associated to the Santa Helena orogeny also affected the Sunsas belt, indicating that it was not restricted to the Jauru Terrane. Lastly, the 1.10–1.04 Ga youngest magmatism was developed during the Sunsas orogeny and represents the final magmatic evolution related to Rodinia assembly. Likewise, the 1.95–1.85 and 1.68 Ga inherited zircon cores obtained in the ~1.3 Ga and 1.0 Ga granite samples suggest strong partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic sources. The 1079 ± 14 Ma and 1018 ± 6 Ma monazite crystallization ages can be correlated to the collisional tectono-thermal event of the Sunsas orogeny, associated to reactions of medium-to high-grade metamorphism. Thus, the Sunsas belt was built by heterogeneous 1.95–1.85 Ga and 1.68 Ga crustal fragments that were reworked at 1.37–1.34 Ga and 1.10–1.04 Ga related to orogenic collages. Furthermore, the 1.01 Ga monazite age suggests that granites previously dated by zircon can bear evidence of a younger thermal history. Therefore, the geochronological evolution of the Sunsas belt may have been more complex than previously thought.

在瑞士青少年中参加课外体育活动的相关因素

Background:Based on a large national survey on the health of adolescents,this paper focuses on the socio-demographic and lifestyle correlates of sport practice among Swiss adolescents.The SMASH 2002 database includes 7428 vocational apprentices and high school students between the ages of 16 and 20 who answered a self-administered anonymous questionnaire containing 565 items targeting perceived health,health attitudes and behaviour. Weekly episodes of extracurricular sport activity were measured by a four-category scale,and the sample was dichotomised between active (≥two episodes of sport/week) and inactive (<two episodes of sport/week) respondents. Thirty percent of female respondents and 40.2%of male respondents reported engaging in sport activity at least two to three times a week; another 9.7%of the female and 19.4%of the male respondents reported participating in least one sport activity each day(p< 0.01). The percentage of active respondents was higher among students than among vocational apprentices (p< 0.01),and the rates of sport activity decreased more sharply over time among the apprentices than among the students (p < 0.01). Most active adolescents reported having a better feeling of well-being than their inactive peers among male students:odds ratio(OR):3.13; 95%confidence interval (95%CI):1.28-7.70 . The percentage of active females who reported being on a diet was high,and female apprentices exhibited higher involvement in dieting than their inactive peers (OR 1.68; 95%CI 1.32-2.14).Relative to the inactive male respondents,the proportion of active male respondents smoking was lower; however,a lower proportion of the latter group did not report drunkenness,and the percentage of those who reported lifetime cannabis consumption was higher among active than inactive students (females,OR:1.57; 95%CI:1.09-2.25; males,OR:1.80; 95%CI:20-2.69).Conclusion:Organised sport activities should be better tailored to the work schedules of apprentices. Practitioners should be aware of the potential for problematic behaviour in the area of dieting and substance use among a subset of sport-oriented adolescents.

物质滥用和自杀行为:对因有自杀企图和意念而住院的青少年的研究

Aim: To study the prevalence of psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) among suicidal adolescents, psychoactive substance intoxication at the moment of the attempt, and the association between PSUD at baseline and either occurrence of suicide or repetition of suicide attempt(s). Methods: 186 adolescents aged 16 to 21 y hospitalized for suicide attempt or overwhelming suicidal ideation were included (TO); 148 of them were traced again for evaluations after 6 mo (T1) and/or 18 mo (T2). DSM-IV diagnoses were assessed each time using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results: At TO, 39.2%of the subjects were found to have a PSUD. Among them, a significantly higher proportion was intoxicated at the time of the attempt than those without PSUD(44.3%vs 25.4%). Among the 148 adolescents who could be traced at either T1 or T2, two died from suicide and 30 repeated suicide attempts once or more times. A marginally significant association was found between death by suicide/repetition of suicide attempt and alcohol abuse/dependence at baseline (OR 3.3, 95%CI 0.7～15.0; OR 2.6, 95%CI 0.7～9.3). More than one suicide attempt before admission to hospital at T0 (OR 3.2, 95%CI 1.1～10.0) and age over 19 y at T0 (OR 3.2, 95%CI 1.1～9.2) were independently associated with the likelihood of death by suicide or repetition of suicide attempt. Conclusion: Among adolescents hospitalized for suicide attempt or overwhelming suicidal ideation, the risk of death or repetition of attempt is high and is associated with previous suicide attempts-especially among older adolescent sand also marginally associated with PSUD; these adolescents should be carefully evaluated for such risks and followed up once discharged from the hospital.

在阿根廷生产性投资问题研究

在阿根廷进行直接生产性投资,投资者必须准备一份详尽的项目计划,以评估各种可能出现的情况,并测算经风险调节后的投资回报率,同时考虑运营、财务、会计、法律及税务等诸多方面的问题.