Analysis of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Effluents from Beverage Industry in Ethiopia

Beverage industries are one of the most polluting industries producing huge amount of wastewater effluents. These industries have been recognized to cause pollution by discharging effluent into receiving environment especially to the nearby rivers. The aim of this study is to determine the status of waste water effluent discharge of beverage industry in Ethiopia. Samples were collected from 8 beverage industries’ wastewater effluent discharge end pipe and examined for different physico-Chemical parameters such as: COD, BOD5, TSS, ammonia, total nitrogen, PH and phosphate. The observed values were ranged between 9 - 397.5 mg/L for TSS, 0.185 - 69.7 mg/l for phosphate, 0.265 - 71 mg/l for ammonia, 226 - 1975 mg/l for COD, 15 - 576 mg/L for BOD, 4 - 86.6 mg/l for total nitrogen and 5.21 - 12.37 for PH. The finding of the study revealed that most of the beverage industries were extremely high amount of total suspended solids (TSS), BOD and COD effluent discharge were found above the Ethiopian beverage industry effluent discharge limit value. Half of the sampled beverage industries’ effluent discharge of PH, total nitrogen, ammonia and phosphate were found within the limit value while the rest of the industries are still discharging their effluent above the national standard limit value. The continuous discharge of effluents into rivers without any additional treatment raises the level of pollution and toxicity, which have significantly adverse impact on the aquatic environment.

In-use product and steel stocks sustaining the urbanization of Xiamen, China

Introduction:In-use product and material stocks are the amount of concerned manufactured products and materials in active use,and are essential components of urban ecosystem.Methods:This study estimates the dynamic in-use stocks of steel-containing products and steel in the city of Xiamen,China,during 1980–2015 by applying a bottom-up accounting approach.We incorporate 55 categories of steel-containing products that are classified into five end-use sectors(i.e.,buildings,infrastructure,transportation equipment,machinery,and domestic appliances).Outcomes and Discussion:In-use stocks of 51%of the studied products kept increasing during 1980–2015,especially after 2000.Steel stocks have grown up to 4.9±1.4 tons per capita(t/cap)in 2015,from 0.5±0.2 t/cap in 1980.Buildings are the largest reservoirs,although its share decreased from 89%in 1980 to 68%in 2015.The dynamic spatial distribution indicates that steel stocks gradually expanded from urban core to suburban areas.Conclusion:Theresults help to explore how a city’s urbanization is sustained by the in-use stocks growth.In-use steel stocks,of which the growth is highly correlated to and probably driven by the population growth,GDP increase,and urban built-up area expansion,may serve as a supplementary indicator for urbanization.