Whereas current building related life cycle energy and carbon assessment in China has typically focused on either the national building stock or the single building level,this paper attempts to evaluate life cycle ene...Whereas current building related life cycle energy and carbon assessment in China has typically focused on either the national building stock or the single building level,this paper attempts to evaluate life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions at the level of Chinese residential small district(RSD).This paper discusses a case study of RSD in order to illustrate the way of measuring material,energy and water flows at this spatial level with transparent assessment boundary.Results indicate that evaluating the RSD as a whole,rather than building by building,can provide extra decision-making information for various stakeholders such as housing buyers and RSD designers.展开更多
Background:Inequalities in maternal health care are pervasive in the developing world,a fact that has led to questions about the extent of these disparities across socioeconomic groups.Despite a growing literature on ...Background:Inequalities in maternal health care are pervasive in the developing world,a fact that has led to questions about the extent of these disparities across socioeconomic groups.Despite a growing literature on maternal health across Sub-Saharan African countries,relatively little is known about the evolution of these inequalities over time for specific countries.This study sought to quantify and explain the observed differences in prenatal care use and professional delivery assistance in Zimbabwe.Methods:The empirical analysis uses four rounds of the nationwide Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey administered in 1994,1999,2005/06 and 2010/11.Two binary indicators were used as measures of maternal health care utilization;(1)the receipt of four or more antenatal care visits and(2)receiving professional delivery assistance for the most recent pregnancy.We measure inequalities in maternal health care use using the Erreygers corrected concentration index.A decomposition analysis was conducted to determine the underlying drivers of the measured disparities.Results:The computed concentration indices for professional delivery assistance and prenatal care reveal a mostly pro-rich distribution of inequalities between 1994 and 2011.Particularly,the concentration index[95%confidence interval]for the receipt of prenatal care was 0.111[0.056,0.171]in 2005/06 and 0.094[0.057,0.138]in 2010/11.For professional delivery assistance,the concentration index stood at 0.286[0.244,0.329]in 2005/06 and 0.324[0.283,0.366]in 2010/11.The pro-rich inequality was also increasing in both rural and urban areas over time.The decomposition exercise revealed that wealth,education,religion and information access were the underlying drivers of the observed inequalities in maternal health care.Conclusions:In Zimbabwe,socioeconomic disparities in maternal health care use are mostly pro-rich and have widened over time regardless of the location of residence.Overall,we established that inequalities in wealth and education are amongst the top drivers of the observed disparities in maternal health care.These findings suggest that addressing inequalities in maternal health care utilization requires coordinated public policies targeting the more poor and vulnerable segments of the population in Zimbabwe.展开更多
Novel amino （-NH2） functionalized mesoporous polyvinyl pyrrolidone （PVP）/SiO2 composite nanofiber membranes were fabricated by a one-step electrospinning method using poly （vinyl alcohol） and tetraethyl orthosil...Novel amino （-NH2） functionalized mesoporous polyvinyl pyrrolidone （PVP）/SiO2 composite nanofiber membranes were fabricated by a one-step electrospinning method using poly （vinyl alcohol） and tetraethyl orthosilicate （TEOS） mixed with cationic surfactant, cety｜trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） as the structure directing agent. Ureidopropyltriethoxysilane was used for functionalization of the internal pore surfaces. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） images, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, element analyzer and Nz adsorption-desorption isotherms, The nanofiber diameters, average pore diameters and surface areas were 100-700 nm, 2.86 nm and 873,62 m2/g, respectively. These mesoporous membranes functionalized with -NH2 groups exhibited very high adsorptions properties based on the adsorption of Cr3＋ from an aqueous solution. Equilibrium adsorption was achieved after approximately 20 rain and more than 97% of chronium ions in the solution were removed. The membrane could be regenerated through acidification.展开更多
文摘Whereas current building related life cycle energy and carbon assessment in China has typically focused on either the national building stock or the single building level,this paper attempts to evaluate life cycle energy consumption and carbon emissions at the level of Chinese residential small district(RSD).This paper discusses a case study of RSD in order to illustrate the way of measuring material,energy and water flows at this spatial level with transparent assessment boundary.Results indicate that evaluating the RSD as a whole,rather than building by building,can provide extra decision-making information for various stakeholders such as housing buyers and RSD designers.
文摘Background:Inequalities in maternal health care are pervasive in the developing world,a fact that has led to questions about the extent of these disparities across socioeconomic groups.Despite a growing literature on maternal health across Sub-Saharan African countries,relatively little is known about the evolution of these inequalities over time for specific countries.This study sought to quantify and explain the observed differences in prenatal care use and professional delivery assistance in Zimbabwe.Methods:The empirical analysis uses four rounds of the nationwide Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey administered in 1994,1999,2005/06 and 2010/11.Two binary indicators were used as measures of maternal health care utilization;(1)the receipt of four or more antenatal care visits and(2)receiving professional delivery assistance for the most recent pregnancy.We measure inequalities in maternal health care use using the Erreygers corrected concentration index.A decomposition analysis was conducted to determine the underlying drivers of the measured disparities.Results:The computed concentration indices for professional delivery assistance and prenatal care reveal a mostly pro-rich distribution of inequalities between 1994 and 2011.Particularly,the concentration index[95%confidence interval]for the receipt of prenatal care was 0.111[0.056,0.171]in 2005/06 and 0.094[0.057,0.138]in 2010/11.For professional delivery assistance,the concentration index stood at 0.286[0.244,0.329]in 2005/06 and 0.324[0.283,0.366]in 2010/11.The pro-rich inequality was also increasing in both rural and urban areas over time.The decomposition exercise revealed that wealth,education,religion and information access were the underlying drivers of the observed inequalities in maternal health care.Conclusions:In Zimbabwe,socioeconomic disparities in maternal health care use are mostly pro-rich and have widened over time regardless of the location of residence.Overall,we established that inequalities in wealth and education are amongst the top drivers of the observed disparities in maternal health care.These findings suggest that addressing inequalities in maternal health care utilization requires coordinated public policies targeting the more poor and vulnerable segments of the population in Zimbabwe.
基金supported by China-USA cooperation for 10+10 program (No. 2009DFA90740),Ministry of Science and Technologysponsored by Science & Technology Commission,Shanghai
文摘Novel amino （-NH2） functionalized mesoporous polyvinyl pyrrolidone （PVP）/SiO2 composite nanofiber membranes were fabricated by a one-step electrospinning method using poly （vinyl alcohol） and tetraethyl orthosilicate （TEOS） mixed with cationic surfactant, cety｜trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） as the structure directing agent. Ureidopropyltriethoxysilane was used for functionalization of the internal pore surfaces. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） images, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, element analyzer and Nz adsorption-desorption isotherms, The nanofiber diameters, average pore diameters and surface areas were 100-700 nm, 2.86 nm and 873,62 m2/g, respectively. These mesoporous membranes functionalized with -NH2 groups exhibited very high adsorptions properties based on the adsorption of Cr3＋ from an aqueous solution. Equilibrium adsorption was achieved after approximately 20 rain and more than 97% of chronium ions in the solution were removed. The membrane could be regenerated through acidification.
