Samples of 12 hard winter wheats and their flours that produced breads varying in crumb grain scores were studied for 38 quality parameters including: wheat physical and chemical characteristics; flour ash and protein...Samples of 12 hard winter wheats and their flours that produced breads varying in crumb grain scores were studied for 38 quality parameters including: wheat physical and chemical characteristics; flour ash and protein contents,starch damage,swelling power,pasting characteristics,and flour particle size distribution; dough properties determined by a mixograph; and breadmaking properties for pup loaves (100g flour). Only two parameters,the protein content of wheat and the granulation of flour,showed significant correlations with bread crumb grain scores. Protein content of wheat ranging 12.9%～14.5% determined by an NIR method showed a weak inverse relationship (r =-0.61,p<0.05) with bread crumb grain score. Flour particle size distribution measured by both Alpine Air Jet Sieve and NIR methods revealed that the weight wt % of particles less than 38μm in size and representing 9.6%～19.3% of the flour weights was correlated positively (r =0 .78,p<0.01) with crumb grain score,whereas wt % of flour particles larger than 125μm had an inverse relationship (r =-0.60,p<0.05) with crumb grain score.展开更多
The suitability of Kansas hard white winter (HWW) wheat milled at a high extraction rate for tortilla production was investigated. All of the Kansas varieties of white wheat,milled to 80% extraction,performed as well ...The suitability of Kansas hard white winter (HWW) wheat milled at a high extraction rate for tortilla production was investigated. All of the Kansas varieties of white wheat,milled to 80% extraction,performed as well as,if not better than,a standard commercial tortilla flour milled to 72% extraction when various quality factors were compared. Tortillas were made from eight wheat cultivars milled at 80% extraction: four HWW wheat cultivars included Betty,Heyne,Oro Blanco and NuWest; three hard red winter (HRW) wheat samples were Jagger and Ike grown at Hutchinson,Kansas (Ike-Hutch) and at Hays,Kansas (Ike-Hays); and one hard white spring (HWS) wheat cultivar,Idaho 377-S. Tortillas made from these flours were compared to tortillas made from one commercial tortilla-flour milled to 72% extraction from a blend of HRW wheat. Mixograph parameters,starch pasting properties,dough-handling characteristics and tortilla- making attributes of the new Kansas HWW wheat cultivars,Betty and Heyne,were superior. In summary,Kansas HWW wheat flours,milled to 80% extraction,produced tortillas which were equal to,or superior to,those made from 80%-extraction HRW wheat flours and 72%-extraction commercial tortilla flour.展开更多
Aerosol insecticides may provide an alternative to fumigants for control of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella （Hübner）, the Indianmeal moth, a major insect pest of stored processed food. In this study,...Aerosol insecticides may provide an alternative to fumigants for control of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella （Hübner）, the Indianmeal moth, a major insect pest of stored processed food. In this study, eggs and larvae （5th instars） ofP. interpunctella were exposed to aerosol applications of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate and insect growth regulator methoprene, alone and in combination, in open and obstructed positions inside small sheds. When larvae were exposed to methoprene alone, adult emergence from those exposed larvae was 7.1% ± 1.5%. In contrast, adult emergence was 92.5% ± 3.5% when larvae were exposed to esfenvalerate alone. When eggs were exposed to methoprene, adult emergence of those exposed eggs was approximately 75%; however, when eggs were exposed to esfenvalerate, adult emergence was approximately 35%. In the combination treatment of methoprene plus esfenvalerate at their respective label rates, adult emergence following larval exposure was 0.91% ±0.61% compared to 16.3% ± 9.6% when eggs were exposed. Based on our results, methoprene alone is highly effective in reducing adult emergence after larval exposure. However, it is not as effective on eggs as esfenvalerate. A combination treatment of esfenvalerate plus methoprene could be used to control eggs and the wandering-phase larval stages ofP. interpunctella. An economic risk analysis also supports a strategy of combining methoprene and esfenvalerate.展开更多
A series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored-product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene....A series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored-product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene. When adults of Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, and Tribolium confusum （Jacqueline DuVal）, the confused flour beetle were exposed with and without a food source to synergized pyrethrin aerosol, there was no difference in adult mortality with respect to availability of food at either 7 or 14 days after exposure （P≥0.05）. However, mortality was lower in T. confusum （40.4% and 79.3% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 38.9% and 84.8% without flour at 7 and 14 days） compared to T. castaneum （96.5% and 99.8% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 91.0% and 98.7% without flour at 7 and 14 days）. Few late-stage larvae and pupae of either species exposed to the pyrethrin aerosol emerged as adults. In tests with methoprene aerosol, adult emergence of exposed 3- and 4-week-old larvae of T. confusum was less than 2%. Only 0.3% of 4-week-old larvae of T. castaneum exposed in open and obstructed areas emerged as adults. Emergence of adults from eggs of Plodia interpunctella （Hubner）, the Indianmeal moth, embedded in culture media and exposed to the methoprene aerosol was 13.2%±3.5%. Results show that the aerosols evaluated in our study could give effective control of some of the major storedproduct insect pests in commercial food storage facilities, and may offer an alternative to fumigation.展开更多
Long-grain rice cultivars Cocodrie, Wells, and XP 723 grown in three locations （Hazen, MO; Essex and Newport, AR, USA）, and medium-grain rice cultivars Bengal and XP 713 grown in two locations （Jonesboro and Lodge ...Long-grain rice cultivars Cocodrie, Wells, and XP 723 grown in three locations （Hazen, MO; Essex and Newport, AR, USA）, and medium-grain rice cultivars Bengal and XP 713 grown in two locations （Jonesboro and Lodge Corner, AR, USA）, were harvested and assayed for susceptibility to Rhyzopertha dominica （F.） （Coleoptera： Bostrichidae）, the lesser grain borer, and Sitophilus oryzae （L.） （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, the rice weevil, on rice held at 27℃, 57% and 75% relative humidity （RH）. Separate samples from the same harvest lots were also analyzed for the physical characteristics of brown rice yield, percentage whole kernels and kernel thickness. Progeny production and feeding damage of R. dominica were significantly different among long-grain cultivars within two of the three locations （P 〈 0.05）, but not for location or RH （P ≥ 0.05）, while progeny production of S. oryzae was different among cultivars, location, and RH （P 〈 0.05）. On medium-grain rice, both cultivar and location were significant for progeny production of R. dominica, but not RH, while cultivar and RH were significant for progeny production of S. oryzae, but not location. On both rice types, feeding damage of R. dominica followed the same trends and was always strongly positively correlated with progeny production （P 〈 0.05）, but for S. oryzae there were several instances in which progeny production was not correlated with feeding damage （P ≥ 0.05）. Physical characteristics of both rice types were statistically significant （P 〈 0.01） but actual numerical differences were extremely small, and were generally not correlated with progeny production of either species. Results indicate that the location in which a particular rice cultivar is grown, along with its characteristics, could affect susceptibility of the rice to R. dominica and S. oryzae.展开更多
Adults ofRhyzopertha dominica （F.）, the lesser grain borer, were exposed on four varieties of rough rice with Dobie indices of susceptibility of 1.1 to 1.1 （low）, and four varieties with Dobie indices of susceptib...Adults ofRhyzopertha dominica （F.）, the lesser grain borer, were exposed on four varieties of rough rice with Dobie indices of susceptibility of 1.1 to 1.1 （low）, and four varieties with Dobie indices of susceptibility of 3.4 to 3.8 （high）. The varieties with low and high Dobie indices were classified as resistant and susceptible, respectively, to R. dominica. The purpose of the study was to evaluate control of R. dominica through the use of diatomaceous earth （DE） in combination with rice varieties that were either susceptible or resistant to R. dominica. The rice was treated with varying rates of the commercial DE Insecto, up to a maximum of 1 000 mg DE/kg of rice. Adult mortality at each application rate of DE was generally greater on three of four resistant varieties compared to three of four susceptible varieties. Progeny production from the parental generation exposed on the rice was also greater in 3 of the 4 resistant varieties compared to 3 of the 4 susceptible varieties at DE rates of 500 mg/kg or more. Progeny production in rice treated with a maximum rate of 1 000 mg/kg DE ranged from 7-44 adults on the resistant varieties compared to 75-155 adults on the susceptible varieties. At DE rates of 500, 750, and 1 000 mg/kg, the percentage of insect-damaged kernels （IDK） was also greater in 3/4 resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties. Results show combining the use of DE with varietal resistance of rough rice to R. dominica could be used to limit populations of this insect in stored rice and help prevent economic damage.展开更多
Chlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1. 1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m^2. Adult Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, were...Chlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1. 1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m^2. Adult Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, were exposed for 2, 4, or 8 h at each concentration, then removed and held either with or without food （wheat flour） for 7 days. Survival was assessed when the beetles were removed fi＇om the exposure arenas and daily during the post- exposure period. In the presence of food, survival was high regardless of concentration and the day on which post-treatment survival was assessed, but survival did decrease as the exposure period increased from 4 to 8 h. When the beetles were not given food after exposure, survival at each concentration and exposure period declined during the 1-week post- exposure assessments. This pattern of decrease could be described by linear and non-linear equations. Results show the presence of food material greatly compromised effectiveness of the insecticide, and emphasize the importance of cleaning and sanitation in conjunction with insecticide treatments.展开更多
文摘Samples of 12 hard winter wheats and their flours that produced breads varying in crumb grain scores were studied for 38 quality parameters including: wheat physical and chemical characteristics; flour ash and protein contents,starch damage,swelling power,pasting characteristics,and flour particle size distribution; dough properties determined by a mixograph; and breadmaking properties for pup loaves (100g flour). Only two parameters,the protein content of wheat and the granulation of flour,showed significant correlations with bread crumb grain scores. Protein content of wheat ranging 12.9%～14.5% determined by an NIR method showed a weak inverse relationship (r =-0.61,p<0.05) with bread crumb grain score. Flour particle size distribution measured by both Alpine Air Jet Sieve and NIR methods revealed that the weight wt % of particles less than 38μm in size and representing 9.6%～19.3% of the flour weights was correlated positively (r =0 .78,p<0.01) with crumb grain score,whereas wt % of flour particles larger than 125μm had an inverse relationship (r =-0.60,p<0.05) with crumb grain score.
文摘The suitability of Kansas hard white winter (HWW) wheat milled at a high extraction rate for tortilla production was investigated. All of the Kansas varieties of white wheat,milled to 80% extraction,performed as well as,if not better than,a standard commercial tortilla flour milled to 72% extraction when various quality factors were compared. Tortillas were made from eight wheat cultivars milled at 80% extraction: four HWW wheat cultivars included Betty,Heyne,Oro Blanco and NuWest; three hard red winter (HRW) wheat samples were Jagger and Ike grown at Hutchinson,Kansas (Ike-Hutch) and at Hays,Kansas (Ike-Hays); and one hard white spring (HWS) wheat cultivar,Idaho 377-S. Tortillas made from these flours were compared to tortillas made from one commercial tortilla-flour milled to 72% extraction from a blend of HRW wheat. Mixograph parameters,starch pasting properties,dough-handling characteristics and tortilla- making attributes of the new Kansas HWW wheat cultivars,Betty and Heyne,were superior. In summary,Kansas HWW wheat flours,milled to 80% extraction,produced tortillas which were equal to,or superior to,those made from 80%-extraction HRW wheat flours and 72%-extraction commercial tortilla flour.
文摘Aerosol insecticides may provide an alternative to fumigants for control of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella （Hübner）, the Indianmeal moth, a major insect pest of stored processed food. In this study, eggs and larvae （5th instars） ofP. interpunctella were exposed to aerosol applications of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate and insect growth regulator methoprene, alone and in combination, in open and obstructed positions inside small sheds. When larvae were exposed to methoprene alone, adult emergence from those exposed larvae was 7.1% ± 1.5%. In contrast, adult emergence was 92.5% ± 3.5% when larvae were exposed to esfenvalerate alone. When eggs were exposed to methoprene, adult emergence of those exposed eggs was approximately 75%; however, when eggs were exposed to esfenvalerate, adult emergence was approximately 35%. In the combination treatment of methoprene plus esfenvalerate at their respective label rates, adult emergence following larval exposure was 0.91% ±0.61% compared to 16.3% ± 9.6% when eggs were exposed. Based on our results, methoprene alone is highly effective in reducing adult emergence after larval exposure. However, it is not as effective on eggs as esfenvalerate. A combination treatment of esfenvalerate plus methoprene could be used to control eggs and the wandering-phase larval stages ofP. interpunctella. An economic risk analysis also supports a strategy of combining methoprene and esfenvalerate.
文摘A series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored-product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene. When adults of Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, and Tribolium confusum （Jacqueline DuVal）, the confused flour beetle were exposed with and without a food source to synergized pyrethrin aerosol, there was no difference in adult mortality with respect to availability of food at either 7 or 14 days after exposure （P≥0.05）. However, mortality was lower in T. confusum （40.4% and 79.3% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 38.9% and 84.8% without flour at 7 and 14 days） compared to T. castaneum （96.5% and 99.8% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 91.0% and 98.7% without flour at 7 and 14 days）. Few late-stage larvae and pupae of either species exposed to the pyrethrin aerosol emerged as adults. In tests with methoprene aerosol, adult emergence of exposed 3- and 4-week-old larvae of T. confusum was less than 2%. Only 0.3% of 4-week-old larvae of T. castaneum exposed in open and obstructed areas emerged as adults. Emergence of adults from eggs of Plodia interpunctella （Hubner）, the Indianmeal moth, embedded in culture media and exposed to the methoprene aerosol was 13.2%±3.5%. Results show that the aerosols evaluated in our study could give effective control of some of the major storedproduct insect pests in commercial food storage facilities, and may offer an alternative to fumigation.
文摘Long-grain rice cultivars Cocodrie, Wells, and XP 723 grown in three locations （Hazen, MO; Essex and Newport, AR, USA）, and medium-grain rice cultivars Bengal and XP 713 grown in two locations （Jonesboro and Lodge Corner, AR, USA）, were harvested and assayed for susceptibility to Rhyzopertha dominica （F.） （Coleoptera： Bostrichidae）, the lesser grain borer, and Sitophilus oryzae （L.） （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, the rice weevil, on rice held at 27℃, 57% and 75% relative humidity （RH）. Separate samples from the same harvest lots were also analyzed for the physical characteristics of brown rice yield, percentage whole kernels and kernel thickness. Progeny production and feeding damage of R. dominica were significantly different among long-grain cultivars within two of the three locations （P 〈 0.05）, but not for location or RH （P ≥ 0.05）, while progeny production of S. oryzae was different among cultivars, location, and RH （P 〈 0.05）. On medium-grain rice, both cultivar and location were significant for progeny production of R. dominica, but not RH, while cultivar and RH were significant for progeny production of S. oryzae, but not location. On both rice types, feeding damage of R. dominica followed the same trends and was always strongly positively correlated with progeny production （P 〈 0.05）, but for S. oryzae there were several instances in which progeny production was not correlated with feeding damage （P ≥ 0.05）. Physical characteristics of both rice types were statistically significant （P 〈 0.01） but actual numerical differences were extremely small, and were generally not correlated with progeny production of either species. Results indicate that the location in which a particular rice cultivar is grown, along with its characteristics, could affect susceptibility of the rice to R. dominica and S. oryzae.
文摘Adults ofRhyzopertha dominica （F.）, the lesser grain borer, were exposed on four varieties of rough rice with Dobie indices of susceptibility of 1.1 to 1.1 （low）, and four varieties with Dobie indices of susceptibility of 3.4 to 3.8 （high）. The varieties with low and high Dobie indices were classified as resistant and susceptible, respectively, to R. dominica. The purpose of the study was to evaluate control of R. dominica through the use of diatomaceous earth （DE） in combination with rice varieties that were either susceptible or resistant to R. dominica. The rice was treated with varying rates of the commercial DE Insecto, up to a maximum of 1 000 mg DE/kg of rice. Adult mortality at each application rate of DE was generally greater on three of four resistant varieties compared to three of four susceptible varieties. Progeny production from the parental generation exposed on the rice was also greater in 3 of the 4 resistant varieties compared to 3 of the 4 susceptible varieties at DE rates of 500 mg/kg or more. Progeny production in rice treated with a maximum rate of 1 000 mg/kg DE ranged from 7-44 adults on the resistant varieties compared to 75-155 adults on the susceptible varieties. At DE rates of 500, 750, and 1 000 mg/kg, the percentage of insect-damaged kernels （IDK） was also greater in 3/4 resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties. Results show combining the use of DE with varietal resistance of rough rice to R. dominica could be used to limit populations of this insect in stored rice and help prevent economic damage.
文摘Chlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1. 1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m^2. Adult Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, were exposed for 2, 4, or 8 h at each concentration, then removed and held either with or without food （wheat flour） for 7 days. Survival was assessed when the beetles were removed fi＇om the exposure arenas and daily during the post- exposure period. In the presence of food, survival was high regardless of concentration and the day on which post-treatment survival was assessed, but survival did decrease as the exposure period increased from 4 to 8 h. When the beetles were not given food after exposure, survival at each concentration and exposure period declined during the 1-week post- exposure assessments. This pattern of decrease could be described by linear and non-linear equations. Results show the presence of food material greatly compromised effectiveness of the insecticide, and emphasize the importance of cleaning and sanitation in conjunction with insecticide treatments.
