植被叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是陆面过程中影响陆-气交换的重要参数,也是表征植被冠层结构最基本的参量之一。准确而快速地获取LAI是植被-气候相互作用、植被生态和农作物估产研究不可缺少的工作。本文首先针对LAI和高光谱遥感...植被叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是陆面过程中影响陆-气交换的重要参数,也是表征植被冠层结构最基本的参量之一。准确而快速地获取LAI是植被-气候相互作用、植被生态和农作物估产研究不可缺少的工作。本文首先针对LAI和高光谱遥感进行概述,然后从不同平台高光谱传感器数据和不同反演方法两个角度总结了国内外近些年来高光谱遥感LAI的研究进展,最后分析了高光谱遥感反演LAI的未来发展方向。展开更多
Wetland soils are characterized by alternating redox process due to the fluctuation of waterlogged conditions. Iron is an important redox substance, and its transfer and transformation in the wetland ecosystem could b...Wetland soils are characterized by alternating redox process due to the fluctuation of waterlogged conditions. Iron is an important redox substance, and its transfer and transformation in the wetland ecosystem could be an effective indicator for the environment changes. In this paper, we selected the Naoli River catchment in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China as the study area to analyze the dynamics of transfer and transformation of soil iron, and the relationship between iron content change and environmental factors. The results show that the total and crystalline iron contents reach the peak in the depth of 60 cm in soil profile, while the amorphous iron content is higher in the topsoil. In the upper reaches, from the low to high landscape positions, the total and crystalline iron contents decrease from 62.98 g/kg to 41.61 g/kg, 22.82 g/kg to 10.53 g/kg respectively, while the amorphous iron content increases from 2.42 g/kg to 8.88 g/kg. Amorphous iron content has positive correlation with organic matter and soil water contents, while negative correlation with pH. Moreover, both the crystalline and amorphous iron contents present no correlation with total iron content, indicating that environmental factors play a more important role in the transfer and transformation of iron other than the content of the total iron. Different redoximorphic features were found along the soil profile due to the transfer and transformation of iron. E and B horizons of wetland soil in the study area have a matrix Chroma 2 or less, and all the soil types can meet the criteria of American hydric soil indicators except albic soil.展开更多
To study horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning behavior and migration over a large-spatial extent (>100 km),we arrayed fixed station radio receivers throughout Delaware Bay and deployed radio transmitters and ...To study horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning behavior and migration over a large-spatial extent (>100 km),we arrayed fixed station radio receivers throughout Delaware Bay and deployed radio transmitters and archival tags on adulthorseshoe crabs prior to their spawning season.We tagged and released 160 females and 60 males in 2004 and 217 females in2005.The array covered approximately 140 km of shoreline.Recapture rates were >70% with multi-year recaptures.We categorizedadult age by carapace wear.Older females tended to spawn earlier in the season and more frequently than young females,but those tendencies were more apparent in 2004 when spawning overall occurred earlier than in 2005 when spawning was delayedpossibly due to decreased water temperatures.Timing of initial spawning within a year was correlated with water temperature.After adjusting for day of first spring tide,the day of first spawning was 4 days earlier for every 1 degree (℃) rise in meandaily water temperature in May.Seventy nine % of spawning occurred during nighttime high tides.Fifty five % of spawning occurredwithin 3 d of a spring tide,which was slightly higher than the 47% expected if spawning was uniformly distributed regardlessof tidal cycle.Within the same spawning season,males and females were observed spawning or intertidally resting atmore than one beach separated by >5 km.Between years,most (77%) did not return to spawn at the same beach.Probability ofstranding was strongly age dependent for males and females with older adults experiencing higher stranding rates.Horseshoecrabs staging in the shallow waters east of the channel spawned exclusively along the eastern (NJ) shoreline,but those stagingwest of the channel spawned throughout the bay.Overall,several insights emerged from the use of radio telemetry,which advancesour understanding of horseshoe crab ecology and will be useful in conserving the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab populationand展开更多
Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrologi...Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. This study selects an ungauged subalpine wetland-Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China-as a case for developing a practical approach to revealing its storage-area relationship of open water. A Trimble R8 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems) RTK (Real-time Kinematic system) and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine-resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of the Napahai Wetland. Forty-four Landsat images from 1987 to 2011 were collected, and the Normalized Difference Water Index was used to classify open water features in the area. The area of open water in Napahai was calculated for each phase. With these data and a developed conceptual model, the storage of open water for each phase was estimated using ArcGIS tools. Both storage and area of open water showed significant intra-annual and inter-annual variations. In the rainy season, the monthly change of average storage of open water in Napahai showed about 1-2 months lag behind mean monthly rainfall. The storage-area relationship of open water was well fit by a power function equation (R 2 ≈0.91, n=44). This study indicates that if detailedelevations are available for similarly ungauged subalpine wetlands in Southwest China, researchers can use this practical approach to estimate multi- temporal areas and storages and reveal the storage-area relationship of open water in the wetlands. The study provided valuable information of this case wetland for optimizing its hydro-ecological managements and a new method to wetland researchers and managers for the hydrological study of similarly ungauged wetland complex.展开更多
Forest losses or gains have long been recognized as critical processes modulating the carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Timely, accurate and spatially explicit information on forest disturbance and...Forest losses or gains have long been recognized as critical processes modulating the carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Timely, accurate and spatially explicit information on forest disturbance and recovery history is required for assessing the effectiveness of existing forest management. The major objectives of our research focused on testing the mapping efficacy of the vegetation change tracker （VCT） model over a forested area in China. We used a new version of VCT algorithm built upon the Landsat time series stacks （LTSS）. The LTSS consisted of yearly image acquisitions to map forest disturbance history from 1987 to 2011 over the Ning-Zhen Mountains, Jiangsu Province of east China. The LTSS consisted of TM and ETM＋ scenes with different projec- tions due to distinct data sources （Beijing remote sensing ground station and the USGS EROS Center）. The valida- tion results of the disturbance year maps showed that most spatial agreement measures ranged from 70 to 86 %, comparable with the VCT accuracies reported for many places in USA. Very low accuracies were identified in 1995 （38.3 %） and 1992 （56.2 %） in the current analysis. These resulted from the insensitivity of the VCT algorithm to detect low intensity disturbances and also from the mis- registration errors of the image pairs. Major forest distur- bance types existing in our study area were identified as agricultural expansion （39.8 %）, urbanization （24.9 %）, forest management practice （19.3 %）, and mining （12.8 %）. In general, there was a gradual decreasing trend in forest cover throughout this region, caused principally by China＇s economic, demographic, environmental and political policies and decisions, as well as some weather events. While VCT has largely been used to assess long term changes and trends in the USA, it has great potential for assessing landscape level change elsewhere throughout the world.展开更多
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the chemical reaction called the "wet process" whereby sul-phuric acid reacts with phosphate rock (PR) to produce phosphoric acid, needed for fertilizer production. Thro...Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the chemical reaction called the "wet process" whereby sul-phuric acid reacts with phosphate rock (PR) to produce phosphoric acid, needed for fertilizer production. Through the wet process, some impurities naturally present in the PR become incorporated in PG, including U decay-series radionuclides, are the main important concern which could have an effect on the surrounding environment and pre-vent its safe utilization. In order to determine the distribution and bioavailability of radionuclides to the surrounding environment, we used a sequential leaching of PG samples from Aqaba and Eshidiya fertilizer industry. The results showed that the percentages of 226Ra and 210Pb in PG are over those in the corresponding phosphate rocks (PG/PR), where 85% of the 226Ra and 85% of the 210Pb fractionate to PG. The sequential extraction results exhibited that most of 226Ra and 210Pb are bound in the residual phase (non-CaSO4) fraction ranging from 45%-65% and 55%-75%, respectively, whereas only 10%-15% and 10%-20% respectively of these radionuclides are distributed in the most labile fraction. The results obtained from this study showed that radionuclides are not incorporated with gypsum itself and may not form a threat to the surrounding environment.展开更多
文摘植被叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是陆面过程中影响陆-气交换的重要参数,也是表征植被冠层结构最基本的参量之一。准确而快速地获取LAI是植被-气候相互作用、植被生态和农作物估产研究不可缺少的工作。本文首先针对LAI和高光谱遥感进行概述,然后从不同平台高光谱传感器数据和不同反演方法两个角度总结了国内外近些年来高光谱遥感LAI的研究进展,最后分析了高光谱遥感反演LAI的未来发展方向。
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40871049, 40830535, 40901051)
文摘Wetland soils are characterized by alternating redox process due to the fluctuation of waterlogged conditions. Iron is an important redox substance, and its transfer and transformation in the wetland ecosystem could be an effective indicator for the environment changes. In this paper, we selected the Naoli River catchment in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China as the study area to analyze the dynamics of transfer and transformation of soil iron, and the relationship between iron content change and environmental factors. The results show that the total and crystalline iron contents reach the peak in the depth of 60 cm in soil profile, while the amorphous iron content is higher in the topsoil. In the upper reaches, from the low to high landscape positions, the total and crystalline iron contents decrease from 62.98 g/kg to 41.61 g/kg, 22.82 g/kg to 10.53 g/kg respectively, while the amorphous iron content increases from 2.42 g/kg to 8.88 g/kg. Amorphous iron content has positive correlation with organic matter and soil water contents, while negative correlation with pH. Moreover, both the crystalline and amorphous iron contents present no correlation with total iron content, indicating that environmental factors play a more important role in the transfer and transformation of iron other than the content of the total iron. Different redoximorphic features were found along the soil profile due to the transfer and transformation of iron. E and B horizons of wetland soil in the study area have a matrix Chroma 2 or less, and all the soil types can meet the criteria of American hydric soil indicators except albic soil.
基金Support Program, New Jersey Fish Game & Wildlife, and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
文摘To study horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning behavior and migration over a large-spatial extent (>100 km),we arrayed fixed station radio receivers throughout Delaware Bay and deployed radio transmitters and archival tags on adulthorseshoe crabs prior to their spawning season.We tagged and released 160 females and 60 males in 2004 and 217 females in2005.The array covered approximately 140 km of shoreline.Recapture rates were >70% with multi-year recaptures.We categorizedadult age by carapace wear.Older females tended to spawn earlier in the season and more frequently than young females,but those tendencies were more apparent in 2004 when spawning overall occurred earlier than in 2005 when spawning was delayedpossibly due to decreased water temperatures.Timing of initial spawning within a year was correlated with water temperature.After adjusting for day of first spring tide,the day of first spawning was 4 days earlier for every 1 degree (℃) rise in meandaily water temperature in May.Seventy nine % of spawning occurred during nighttime high tides.Fifty five % of spawning occurredwithin 3 d of a spring tide,which was slightly higher than the 47% expected if spawning was uniformly distributed regardlessof tidal cycle.Within the same spawning season,males and females were observed spawning or intertidally resting atmore than one beach separated by >5 km.Between years,most (77%) did not return to spawn at the same beach.Probability ofstranding was strongly age dependent for males and females with older adults experiencing higher stranding rates.Horseshoecrabs staging in the shallow waters east of the channel spawned exclusively along the eastern (NJ) shoreline,but those stagingwest of the channel spawned throughout the bay.Overall,several insights emerged from the use of radio telemetry,which advancesour understanding of horseshoe crab ecology and will be useful in conserving the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab populationand
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40671145)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Nos.04300504 and 05006623)and the Science and Technology Plan Foundation of Guangdong Province (Nos.2005B20701008,2005B10101028,and 2004B20701006).
基金supported by the National Special Basic Research Fund(Grant No.2008FY110300)National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2011BAC09B07)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40961003)Scientific Research Fund Project of Yunnan Education Department(Grant No.2011J018)
文摘Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. This study selects an ungauged subalpine wetland-Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China-as a case for developing a practical approach to revealing its storage-area relationship of open water. A Trimble R8 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems) RTK (Real-time Kinematic system) and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine-resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of the Napahai Wetland. Forty-four Landsat images from 1987 to 2011 were collected, and the Normalized Difference Water Index was used to classify open water features in the area. The area of open water in Napahai was calculated for each phase. With these data and a developed conceptual model, the storage of open water for each phase was estimated using ArcGIS tools. Both storage and area of open water showed significant intra-annual and inter-annual variations. In the rainy season, the monthly change of average storage of open water in Napahai showed about 1-2 months lag behind mean monthly rainfall. The storage-area relationship of open water was well fit by a power function equation (R 2 ≈0.91, n=44). This study indicates that if detailedelevations are available for similarly ungauged subalpine wetlands in Southwest China, researchers can use this practical approach to estimate multi- temporal areas and storages and reveal the storage-area relationship of open water in the wetlands. The study provided valuable information of this case wetland for optimizing its hydro-ecological managements and a new method to wetland researchers and managers for the hydrological study of similarly ungauged wetland complex.
基金funded by the following grants:the Forestry Public Welfare Project(201304208)the‘‘948’’Project sponsored by the State Forestry Administration(SFA)of China(2014-4-25)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270587,31100414)the PAPD(Priority Academic Program Development)of Jiangsu provincial universitiesperformed while the lead author held a scholarship sponsored the CSC(China Scholarship Council)(201208320553)at the department of Geographical Sciences,University of Marylandawardee of the 2012 Youth Backbone Teachers Support Plan of Jiangsu Provincethe 2012 Youth Talents Support Plan of Nanjing Forestry University
文摘Forest losses or gains have long been recognized as critical processes modulating the carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Timely, accurate and spatially explicit information on forest disturbance and recovery history is required for assessing the effectiveness of existing forest management. The major objectives of our research focused on testing the mapping efficacy of the vegetation change tracker （VCT） model over a forested area in China. We used a new version of VCT algorithm built upon the Landsat time series stacks （LTSS）. The LTSS consisted of yearly image acquisitions to map forest disturbance history from 1987 to 2011 over the Ning-Zhen Mountains, Jiangsu Province of east China. The LTSS consisted of TM and ETM＋ scenes with different projec- tions due to distinct data sources （Beijing remote sensing ground station and the USGS EROS Center）. The valida- tion results of the disturbance year maps showed that most spatial agreement measures ranged from 70 to 86 %, comparable with the VCT accuracies reported for many places in USA. Very low accuracies were identified in 1995 （38.3 %） and 1992 （56.2 %） in the current analysis. These resulted from the insensitivity of the VCT algorithm to detect low intensity disturbances and also from the mis- registration errors of the image pairs. Major forest distur- bance types existing in our study area were identified as agricultural expansion （39.8 %）, urbanization （24.9 %）, forest management practice （19.3 %）, and mining （12.8 %）. In general, there was a gradual decreasing trend in forest cover throughout this region, caused principally by China＇s economic, demographic, environmental and political policies and decisions, as well as some weather events. While VCT has largely been used to assess long term changes and trends in the USA, it has great potential for assessing landscape level change elsewhere throughout the world.
文摘Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the chemical reaction called the "wet process" whereby sul-phuric acid reacts with phosphate rock (PR) to produce phosphoric acid, needed for fertilizer production. Through the wet process, some impurities naturally present in the PR become incorporated in PG, including U decay-series radionuclides, are the main important concern which could have an effect on the surrounding environment and pre-vent its safe utilization. In order to determine the distribution and bioavailability of radionuclides to the surrounding environment, we used a sequential leaching of PG samples from Aqaba and Eshidiya fertilizer industry. The results showed that the percentages of 226Ra and 210Pb in PG are over those in the corresponding phosphate rocks (PG/PR), where 85% of the 226Ra and 85% of the 210Pb fractionate to PG. The sequential extraction results exhibited that most of 226Ra and 210Pb are bound in the residual phase (non-CaSO4) fraction ranging from 45%-65% and 55%-75%, respectively, whereas only 10%-15% and 10%-20% respectively of these radionuclides are distributed in the most labile fraction. The results obtained from this study showed that radionuclides are not incorporated with gypsum itself and may not form a threat to the surrounding environment.
