Background: Continuous exposure to millimolar (mM) Vitamin C (AA) in vitro kills cancer cells. For superficial bladder carcinoma (SBC), standard chemotherapy is instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The recurrence...Background: Continuous exposure to millimolar (mM) Vitamin C (AA) in vitro kills cancer cells. For superficial bladder carcinoma (SBC), standard chemotherapy is instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The recurrence rate with this therapy is 91%. But high dosage vitamins including AA reduced the recurrence to 41%. Aim: To determine the oral dosage of AA that causes the highest concentration of AA [AA] in the bladder. Method: We conducted a clinical trial of 14 people who took various dosages of AA, and analyzed the [AA] in their urine. Results: AA above 2 g twice a day was not absorbed. But that intake produced a bladder [AA] above 1 mM in all participants. Conclusion: Taking 2 g of AA BID will increase [AA] in the bladder to a level likely to kill cancer cells that cause SBC. Taking that dosage 2 consecutive days a week is likely to reduce the recurrence rate of SBC substantially.展开更多
Objective: To describe the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 4 racial/ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese) that participated in the second examination of the Multi-ethnic Study of ...Objective: To describe the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 4 racial/ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese) that participated in the second examination of the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: Six thousand one hundred seventy-six 45- to 85- year-old subjects selected from 6 United States communities. Methods: Fundus images were taken using a 45° digital camera through dark-adapted pupils and were graded for drusen size, type, area, increased retinal pigment, retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation, neovascular lesions, and geographic atrophy using the modified Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. Main Outcome Measure: Age-related macular degeneration. Results: Prevalences of AMD were 2.4% (black), 4.2% (Hispanic), 4.6% (Chinese), to 5.4% (white) (P<0.001 for any differences among groups). The highest prevalence of any AMD occurred in those 75 to 84 years old, varying from 7.4% in blacks to 15.8% in whites and Chinese (P=0.03). Estimated prevalences of late AMD were 0.3% (black), 0.2% (Hispanic), 0.6% (white), and 1.0% (Chinese). These differences were marginally significant (age and gender adjusted, P=0.08). The frequency of exudative AMD was highest in Chinese (age-and gender-adjusted odds ratio, 4.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.30- 14.27) compared with whites. Differences in age, gender, pupil size, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking history, diabetes, and hypertension status did not explain the variability among the 4 racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions: Low prevalences of AMD were found in the MESA cohort in all groups. A lower prevalence of AMD was found in blacks compared with whites. The higher prevalence of exudative AMD in Chinese needs further study.展开更多
Native prairie species have been both promoted and questioned in their ability to serve as vegetative covers for green roofs.The green roof environment with its exposure to intense sun and wind and limited moisture re...Native prairie species have been both promoted and questioned in their ability to serve as vegetative covers for green roofs.The green roof environment with its exposure to intense sun and wind and limited moisture restricts the capacity for a large diversity of species.The result has been,in many cases,a standard,low-diversity mix of Sedum species often focused on ornament and minimizes the potential for wider environmental benefits.We reviewed the ecological literature on prairie and grassland communities with specific reference to habitat templates from stressed environmental conditions and examined analogs of prairie-based vegetation on twenty-one existing green roofs.We found that many,but not all prairie and grassland species will survive and thrive on green roofs,especially when irrigated as needed or given adequate growing medium depth.We raise several important questions about media,irrigation,temperature,biodiversity and their interactions needing more study.展开更多
Biological systems are the sum of their dynamic three-dimensional(3D)parts.Therefore,it is critical to study biological structures in 3D and at high resolution to gain insights into their physiological functions.Elect...Biological systems are the sum of their dynamic three-dimensional(3D)parts.Therefore,it is critical to study biological structures in 3D and at high resolution to gain insights into their physiological functions.Electron microscopy of metal replicas of unroofed cells and isolated organelles has been a key technique to visualize intracellular structures at nanometer resolution.However,many of these methods require specialized equipment and personnel to complete them.Here,we present novel accessible methods to analyze biological structures in unroofed cells and biochemically isolated organelles in 3D and at nanometer resolution,focusing on Arabidopsis clathrin-coated vesicles(CCVs).While CCVs are essential trafficking organelles,their detailed structural information is lacking due to their poor preservation when observed via classical electron microscopy protocols experiments.First,we establish a method to visualize CCVs in unroofed cells using scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography,providing sufficient resolution to define the clathrin coat arrangements.Critically,the samples are prepared directly on electron microscopy grids,removing the requirement to use extremely corrosive acids,thereby enabling the use of this method in any electron microscopy lab.Secondly,we demonstrate that this standardized sample preparation allows the direct comparison of isolated CCV samples with those visualized in cells.Finally,to facilitate the high-throughput and robust screening of metal replicated samples,we provide a deep learning analysis method to screen the“pseudo 3D”morphologies of CCVs imaged with 2D modalities.Collectively,our work establishes accessible ways to examine the 3D structure of biological samples and provide novel insights into the structure of plant CCVs.展开更多
Background Large-river decision-makers are charged with maintaining diverse ecosystem services through unprec-edented social-ecological transformations as climate change and other global stressors intensify.The interc...Background Large-river decision-makers are charged with maintaining diverse ecosystem services through unprec-edented social-ecological transformations as climate change and other global stressors intensify.The interconnected,dendritic habitats of rivers,which often demarcate jurisdictional boundaries,generate complex management chal-lenges.Here,we explore how the Resist–Accept–Direct(RAD)framework may enhance large-river management by promoting coordinated and deliberate responses to social-ecological trajectories of change.The RAD frame-work identifies the full decision space of potential management approaches,wherein managers may resist change to maintain historical conditions,accept change toward different conditions,or direct change to a specified future with novel conditions.In the Upper Mississippi River System,managers are facing social-ecological transformations from more frequent and extreme high-water events.We illustrate how RAD-informed basin-,reach-,and site-scale decisions could:(1)provide cross-spatial scale framing;(2)open the entire decision space of potential management approaches;and(3)enhance coordinated inter-jurisdictional management in response to the trajectory of the Upper Mississippi River hydrograph.Results The RAD framework helps identify plausible long-term trajectories in different reaches(or subbasins)of the river and how the associated social-ecological transformations could be managed by altering site-scale conditions.Strategic reach-scale objectives may reprioritize how,where,and when site conditions could be altered to contribute to the basin goal,given the basin’s plausible trajectories of change(e.g.,by coordinating action across sites to alter habitat connectivity,diversity,and redundancy in the river mosaic).Conclusions When faced with long-term systemic transformations(e.g.,>50 years),the RAD framework helps explicitly consider whether or when the basin vision or goals may no longer be achievable,and direct options may open yet unconsidered potential for the basin.Embedding the RAD framework in hierarchical decision-making clarifies that the selection of actions in space and time should be derived from basin-wide goals and reach-scale objectives to ensure that site-scale actions contribute effectively to the larger river habitat mosaic.Embedding the RAD framework in large-river decisions can provide the necessary conduit to link flexibility and innovation at the site scale with stability at larger scales for adaptive governance of changing social-ecological systems.展开更多
文摘Background: Continuous exposure to millimolar (mM) Vitamin C (AA) in vitro kills cancer cells. For superficial bladder carcinoma (SBC), standard chemotherapy is instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The recurrence rate with this therapy is 91%. But high dosage vitamins including AA reduced the recurrence to 41%. Aim: To determine the oral dosage of AA that causes the highest concentration of AA [AA] in the bladder. Method: We conducted a clinical trial of 14 people who took various dosages of AA, and analyzed the [AA] in their urine. Results: AA above 2 g twice a day was not absorbed. But that intake produced a bladder [AA] above 1 mM in all participants. Conclusion: Taking 2 g of AA BID will increase [AA] in the bladder to a level likely to kill cancer cells that cause SBC. Taking that dosage 2 consecutive days a week is likely to reduce the recurrence rate of SBC substantially.
文摘Objective: To describe the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 4 racial/ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese) that participated in the second examination of the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: Six thousand one hundred seventy-six 45- to 85- year-old subjects selected from 6 United States communities. Methods: Fundus images were taken using a 45° digital camera through dark-adapted pupils and were graded for drusen size, type, area, increased retinal pigment, retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation, neovascular lesions, and geographic atrophy using the modified Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. Main Outcome Measure: Age-related macular degeneration. Results: Prevalences of AMD were 2.4% (black), 4.2% (Hispanic), 4.6% (Chinese), to 5.4% (white) (P<0.001 for any differences among groups). The highest prevalence of any AMD occurred in those 75 to 84 years old, varying from 7.4% in blacks to 15.8% in whites and Chinese (P=0.03). Estimated prevalences of late AMD were 0.3% (black), 0.2% (Hispanic), 0.6% (white), and 1.0% (Chinese). These differences were marginally significant (age and gender adjusted, P=0.08). The frequency of exudative AMD was highest in Chinese (age-and gender-adjusted odds ratio, 4.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.30- 14.27) compared with whites. Differences in age, gender, pupil size, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking history, diabetes, and hypertension status did not explain the variability among the 4 racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions: Low prevalences of AMD were found in the MESA cohort in all groups. A lower prevalence of AMD was found in blacks compared with whites. The higher prevalence of exudative AMD in Chinese needs further study.
文摘Native prairie species have been both promoted and questioned in their ability to serve as vegetative covers for green roofs.The green roof environment with its exposure to intense sun and wind and limited moisture restricts the capacity for a large diversity of species.The result has been,in many cases,a standard,low-diversity mix of Sedum species often focused on ornament and minimizes the potential for wider environmental benefits.We reviewed the ecological literature on prairie and grassland communities with specific reference to habitat templates from stressed environmental conditions and examined analogs of prairie-based vegetation on twenty-one existing green roofs.We found that many,but not all prairie and grassland species will survive and thrive on green roofs,especially when irrigated as needed or given adequate growing medium depth.We raise several important questions about media,irrigation,temperature,biodiversity and their interactions needing more study.
文摘Biological systems are the sum of their dynamic three-dimensional(3D)parts.Therefore,it is critical to study biological structures in 3D and at high resolution to gain insights into their physiological functions.Electron microscopy of metal replicas of unroofed cells and isolated organelles has been a key technique to visualize intracellular structures at nanometer resolution.However,many of these methods require specialized equipment and personnel to complete them.Here,we present novel accessible methods to analyze biological structures in unroofed cells and biochemically isolated organelles in 3D and at nanometer resolution,focusing on Arabidopsis clathrin-coated vesicles(CCVs).While CCVs are essential trafficking organelles,their detailed structural information is lacking due to their poor preservation when observed via classical electron microscopy protocols experiments.First,we establish a method to visualize CCVs in unroofed cells using scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography,providing sufficient resolution to define the clathrin coat arrangements.Critically,the samples are prepared directly on electron microscopy grids,removing the requirement to use extremely corrosive acids,thereby enabling the use of this method in any electron microscopy lab.Secondly,we demonstrate that this standardized sample preparation allows the direct comparison of isolated CCV samples with those visualized in cells.Finally,to facilitate the high-throughput and robust screening of metal replicated samples,we provide a deep learning analysis method to screen the“pseudo 3D”morphologies of CCVs imaged with 2D modalities.Collectively,our work establishes accessible ways to examine the 3D structure of biological samples and provide novel insights into the structure of plant CCVs.
基金NKW and KLB were funded as part of the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers’Upper Mississippi River Restoration Program,Long Term Resource Monitoring(LTRM)elementLTRM is a cooperative effort between the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,U.S.Geological Survey,U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,and the states of Illinois,Iowa,Minnesota,Missouri,and Wisconsin+6 种基金GGS was funded by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Aid in Sportfish Restoration program and the Wisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesBMM was funded under Assistance Agreement No 839401101 awarded by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)to the University of Wisconsin Aquatic Sciences CenterThis document has not been formally reviewed by EPAThe views expressed in this document are those of the listed authors and do not necessarily reflect those of EPAEPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publicationAny use of trade,firm,or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.GovernmentThe findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.
文摘Background Large-river decision-makers are charged with maintaining diverse ecosystem services through unprec-edented social-ecological transformations as climate change and other global stressors intensify.The interconnected,dendritic habitats of rivers,which often demarcate jurisdictional boundaries,generate complex management chal-lenges.Here,we explore how the Resist–Accept–Direct(RAD)framework may enhance large-river management by promoting coordinated and deliberate responses to social-ecological trajectories of change.The RAD frame-work identifies the full decision space of potential management approaches,wherein managers may resist change to maintain historical conditions,accept change toward different conditions,or direct change to a specified future with novel conditions.In the Upper Mississippi River System,managers are facing social-ecological transformations from more frequent and extreme high-water events.We illustrate how RAD-informed basin-,reach-,and site-scale decisions could:(1)provide cross-spatial scale framing;(2)open the entire decision space of potential management approaches;and(3)enhance coordinated inter-jurisdictional management in response to the trajectory of the Upper Mississippi River hydrograph.Results The RAD framework helps identify plausible long-term trajectories in different reaches(or subbasins)of the river and how the associated social-ecological transformations could be managed by altering site-scale conditions.Strategic reach-scale objectives may reprioritize how,where,and when site conditions could be altered to contribute to the basin goal,given the basin’s plausible trajectories of change(e.g.,by coordinating action across sites to alter habitat connectivity,diversity,and redundancy in the river mosaic).Conclusions When faced with long-term systemic transformations(e.g.,>50 years),the RAD framework helps explicitly consider whether or when the basin vision or goals may no longer be achievable,and direct options may open yet unconsidered potential for the basin.Embedding the RAD framework in hierarchical decision-making clarifies that the selection of actions in space and time should be derived from basin-wide goals and reach-scale objectives to ensure that site-scale actions contribute effectively to the larger river habitat mosaic.Embedding the RAD framework in large-river decisions can provide the necessary conduit to link flexibility and innovation at the site scale with stability at larger scales for adaptive governance of changing social-ecological systems.
