Walking as soft mobility:A multi-criteria GISbased approach for prioritizing tourist routes

Walking,as the main mode of soft mobility,has become an integral aspect of urban tourism.The development of pedestrian tourist routes plays a crucial role in enhancing the positive walking experience in urban tourist destinations.This research employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)with GIS to rank street segments,establishing walking-oriented tourist paths in Shiraz’s historic district,Iran.The initial steps involve identifying pivotal criteria through literature reviews and expert surveys.The Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)establishes criteria and sub-criteria weights using input from 30 experts.The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)then prioritizes street segments based on sub-criteria such as traffic safety,image ability and heritage assets,security,land use and activity,accessibility,comfort and convenience,and human scale.Furthermore,a Space Syntax analysis(SSA)is conducted to evaluate the morphology of the street network in the study area and identify streets with potential for pedestrian movement.By integrating these analyses,a prime corridor for a pedestrian tourist route is identified.This study offers planners and policymakers a valuable tool for pre-investment decision-making,aiding the promotion of walkability in tourist-centric areas.

Street network patterns for mitigating urban heat islands in arid climates

This study explores the impact of street pattern measurements on urban heat islands(UHI)in the arid climate of Mashhad,Iran.The Landsat-8 top-of-the-atmosphere(TOA)brightness images from 2013 to 2021,average values of normalized difference vegetation index(NDvI)and land surface temperature(LST)were calculated.Street pattern measurements,including closeness-centrality,straightness,and street orientation,were employed to analyse the patterns in each district.The results indicated that districts with higher straightness and lower closeness-centrality exhibit,cooler surface temperatures.Strong correlations were observed between LST and NDVl,straightness,and local closeness-centrality.The research highlighted the importance of considering street network measurements in long-term urban planning and design to mitigate the UHI effect in arid regions.A moderate grid street pattern with a reasonable distribution of green spaces throughout the region is suggested to reduce surface temperatures sustainably.Street pattern indexes,such as straightness and local closeness-centrality,are identified as significant factors in urban design to mitigate UHl.These findings have implications for urban planners,who can use this information to create street network patterns with lower UHI effects by reducing local closeness-centrality and increasing straightness.

Conditional coherent risk measures and regime-switching conic pricing

This paper introduces and represents conditional coherent risk measures as essential suprema of conditional expectations over a convex set of probability measures and as distorted expectations given a concave distortion function.A model is then developed for the bid and ask prices of a European-type asset by a conic formulation.The price process is governed by a modified geometric Brownian motion whose drift and diffusion coefficients depend on a Markov chain.The bid and ask prices of a European-type asset are then characterized using conic quantization.