The aim of this paper is to predict in details the distributed nocturnal climate inside a one hectare Moroccan canary type tomato-greenhouse equipped with continuous roof and sidewalls ventilation openings with fine i...The aim of this paper is to predict in details the distributed nocturnal climate inside a one hectare Moroccan canary type tomato-greenhouse equipped with continuous roof and sidewalls ventilation openings with fine insect screens, by means of 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations by using a commercial Software package CFD2000 based on the finite volumes method to solve the mass, momentum and energy conservation equations. The turbulent transfers were described by a k-ε model. Likewise, the dynamic influences of insect screens and tomato crop on airflow movement were modeled by means of the concept of porous medium with the Boussinesq assumption. Atmospheric radiations contribution was included in the model by customising the plastic roof cover temperature deducted from its energy balance. Also, the CFD code was customized in order to simulate in each element of the crop cover the sensible and latent heat exchanges between the greenhouse air and tomato crop. Simulations were carried out with a wind prevailing direction perpendicular to the roof openings (west-east direction). Simulations were later validated with respect to temperature and specific humidity field measurements inside the experimental greenhouse. Also, the model was verified respect to global sensible and latent heat transfers. Results show that, generally, greenhouse nocturnal climate distribution is homogeneous along the studies greenhouse area. The insect proof significantly reduced inside airflow wind speed. But there is no significant effect on the inside air temperature and specific humidity respect to outside.展开更多
Aim:Peripheral cytokines contribute to arthritis and bone cancer pain through sensory nerve actions.However,increased spinal cytokine and glial filament expression,coined neuroinflammation,has also been proposed to pl...Aim:Peripheral cytokines contribute to arthritis and bone cancer pain through sensory nerve actions.However,increased spinal cytokine and glial filament expression,coined neuroinflammation,has also been proposed to play a part in chronic pain.Therefore,spinal cord,dorsal root ganglia and circulating cytokines were compared in murine arthritis and bone cancer models in relationship to behavioral signs of pain.Methods:Exploratory behaviors were studied after intra-articular complete Freund’s adjuvant or bone intramedullary sarcoma cell injection.Nervous tissue and blood cytokine expression were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and multiplex immunoassays,respectively.Results:PCR analysis did not reveal any hallmark of spinal neuroinflammation in spontaneously-behaving mice with cartilage or bone lesions.However,imposed paw stimulation during joint inflammation increased spinal interleukin-1β(IL-1β)expression.Spontaneous paw guarding during rearing was displayed by animals with joint inflammation and bone destruction and was accompanied by increased circulating IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,respectively.In addition,dorsal root ganglia were found to constitutively express receptors for this chemotactic cytokine.Conclusion:Our findings indicate that spinal neuroinflammation is not a necessary condition for chronic pain and suggest that circulating cytokine action in dorsal root ganglia may contribute to experimental joint inflammation and bone cancer pain.展开更多
文摘The aim of this paper is to predict in details the distributed nocturnal climate inside a one hectare Moroccan canary type tomato-greenhouse equipped with continuous roof and sidewalls ventilation openings with fine insect screens, by means of 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations by using a commercial Software package CFD2000 based on the finite volumes method to solve the mass, momentum and energy conservation equations. The turbulent transfers were described by a k-ε model. Likewise, the dynamic influences of insect screens and tomato crop on airflow movement were modeled by means of the concept of porous medium with the Boussinesq assumption. Atmospheric radiations contribution was included in the model by customising the plastic roof cover temperature deducted from its energy balance. Also, the CFD code was customized in order to simulate in each element of the crop cover the sensible and latent heat exchanges between the greenhouse air and tomato crop. Simulations were carried out with a wind prevailing direction perpendicular to the roof openings (west-east direction). Simulations were later validated with respect to temperature and specific humidity field measurements inside the experimental greenhouse. Also, the model was verified respect to global sensible and latent heat transfers. Results show that, generally, greenhouse nocturnal climate distribution is homogeneous along the studies greenhouse area. The insect proof significantly reduced inside airflow wind speed. But there is no significant effect on the inside air temperature and specific humidity respect to outside.
文摘Aim:Peripheral cytokines contribute to arthritis and bone cancer pain through sensory nerve actions.However,increased spinal cytokine and glial filament expression,coined neuroinflammation,has also been proposed to play a part in chronic pain.Therefore,spinal cord,dorsal root ganglia and circulating cytokines were compared in murine arthritis and bone cancer models in relationship to behavioral signs of pain.Methods:Exploratory behaviors were studied after intra-articular complete Freund’s adjuvant or bone intramedullary sarcoma cell injection.Nervous tissue and blood cytokine expression were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and multiplex immunoassays,respectively.Results:PCR analysis did not reveal any hallmark of spinal neuroinflammation in spontaneously-behaving mice with cartilage or bone lesions.However,imposed paw stimulation during joint inflammation increased spinal interleukin-1β(IL-1β)expression.Spontaneous paw guarding during rearing was displayed by animals with joint inflammation and bone destruction and was accompanied by increased circulating IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,respectively.In addition,dorsal root ganglia were found to constitutively express receptors for this chemotactic cytokine.Conclusion:Our findings indicate that spinal neuroinflammation is not a necessary condition for chronic pain and suggest that circulating cytokine action in dorsal root ganglia may contribute to experimental joint inflammation and bone cancer pain.
