Overweight and abdominal fat are associated with normal bone mineral density in patients with ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND Low bone mineral density(BMD)is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.However,nutritional risk factors for low BMD in the ulcerative colitis(UC)population are still poorly understood.AIM To investigate the association of anthropometric indicators and body composition with BMD in patients with UC.METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on adult UC patients of both genders who were followed on an outpatient basis.A control group consisting of healthy volunteers,family members,and close people was also included.The nutritional indicators evaluated were body mass index(BMI),total body mass(TBM),waist circumference(WC),body fat in kg(BFkg),body fat in percentage(BF%),trunk BF(TBF),and also lean mass.Body composition and BMD assessments were performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.RESULTS The sociodemographic characteristics of patients with UC(n=68)were similar to those of healthy volunteers(n=66)(P>0.05).Most patients(97.0%)were in remission of the disease,58.8%were eutrophic,33.8%were overweight,39.0%had high WC,and 67.6%had excess BF%.However,mean BMI,WC,BFkg,and TBF of UC patients were lower when compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Reduced BMD was present in 41.2%of patients with UC(38.2%with osteopenia and 2.9%with osteoporosis)and 3.0%in the control group(P<0.001).UC patients with low BMD had lower BMI,TBM,and BFkg values than those with normal BMD(P<0.05).Male patients were more likely to have low BMD(prevalence ratio[PR]=1.86;95%confidence interval[CI]:1.07-3.26).Those with excess weight(PR=0.43;95%CI:0.19-0.97)and high WC(PR=0.44;95%CI:0.21-0.94)were less likely to have low BMD.CONCLUSION Patients with UC in remission have a high prevalence of metabolic bone diseases.Body fat appears to protect against the development of low BMD in these patients.

Evaluation of Soil Quality Indicators in Sugarcane Management in Sandy Loam Soil

An important factor for the sustainability of soils highly susceptible to degradation is the use of monitoring tools that promptly and realistically reflect changes imposed on soil by different cropping systems. To select soil quality indicator variables in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) production areas that fulfill the criteria of sensitivity to management practices and between-season consistency in the management discrimination, ten composite soil samples (0–10 cm) were collected in July 2005 (rainy season) and again in March 2006 (dry season) from areas under cultivation of organic sugarcane (OS), green sugarcane (GS), burned sugarcane (BS) and from an adjacent native forest (NF) area at Usina Triunfo, Boca da Mata, Alagoas, Brazil. Microbial biomass-C (MBC), total organic C (TOC), soil enzyme activity expressed as the rate of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, mean weight diameter of water-stable soil aggregates (MWD), and percentage of water-stable macroaggregates (PWSA) were analyzed. Although MBC and TOC were higher in NF than in the cultivated areas, no differences were observed in these C pools between the three sugarcane systems. The response of FDA to the site management was dependent on the sampling time. In the rainy period, the activity followed the order: NF > OS > GS > BS, whereas in the dry season, only NF differed from the other treatments. Irrespective of the sampling time, MWD and PWSA decreased in the order NF > OS = GS > BS. The variables MWD and PWSA are quite sensitive for discriminating between site management histories regardless the sampling season.

Unveiling an important interaction in forestry:Ectomyelois muriscis and Khaya grandifoliola cankers and tree growth

African mahogany,Khaya grandifoliola C.DC.,is the most planted mahogany species in Brazil,and became the choice species when plantations of Brazilian mahogany,Swietenia macrophyla King became unsustainable due to their susceptibility to the shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella Zeller.This study evaluated plantation growth and the occurrence of cankers associated with Ectomyelois muriscis Dyar larvae.Surveys recorded plantation volume,survival,and canker incidence of a plantation established in 2010 at 6 m×5.5 m spacing.Larvae were collected and reared on canker bark fragments until final adult stage.Cankers were frequently associated with Ectomyelois muriscis larvae.The average incidence of the moth(2.9%)was not a significant concern,however,an extreme incidence of 45%would indicate that management strategies should be developed.This is the first report of Ectomyelois muriscis attacking the bark of Khaya grandifoliola in the Cerrado biome.

Biomonitoring the <i>Vitex gardneriana</i>Shauer (Lamiaceae) Toxic Effects to Shed Light on Bioactive Compounds against a Major Coconut Pest Mite

The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a major pest of coconut plantations (Cocos nucifera L.) worldwide. Here, we conducted a bioguided phytochemical approach using toxicity and repellency bioassays of nonpolar extract and its fractions of Vitex gardneriana Schauer (Lamiaceae) leaves to this pest. Nonpolar crude extract was fractionated by column chromatography using solvents with increased polarity and binary mixtures, resulting in five semipurified groups. The biomonitoring bioassay provided active fractions and led to the isolation and characterization of the bioactive compound squalene, a biosynthetic precursor of 20-hydroxyecdysone, which plays an important role in plant defense against arthropods. The LC50 of the crude extract of V. gardneriana for A. guerreronis was estimated to be 0.185 mg·mL-1 and LC80 = 4.123 mg·mL-1. Also, the extract was highly repellent to this pest for up to 24 h. The fractions of V. gardneriana, and also squalene, caused mortality to A. guerreronis. The potential of V. gardneriana fractions/squalene as biopesticides for controlling A. guerreronis in coconut plantations is discussed herein.

Regulation of Pollen Foraging Activity in Apis mellifera Africanized Honeybees Colonies

Efficient honey production requires knowledge about the behavior of the workers and the parameters that influence the strength of the colony. In this study, the objective was to analyze the interaction between the foraging behavior of worker honeybees and pollen storage levels in Africanized honeybees colonies. Colonies with low pollen storage increased pollen intake rates, but this value was 15% lower than colonies with high pollen storage, demonstrating a direct relationship between the pollen storage levels and foraging activity. The difference in pollen intake rates varied according to the number of foraging honeybees and pollen load collected by each individual. Under both high and low pollen storage, colonies returned pollen storage to initial level within 16 days, suggesting that honeybees regulate pollen storage levels around a homeostatic set point. Relationship between pollen storage levels and colony brood production was also found, indicating how alterations in the behavior of each individual can affect the strength of the colony.

Physicians and Conflicts of Interest

In medical practice, the most commonly observed conflicts of interest are the ones existing in the relations between professionals and industries linked to health or between the former and health services. These relations are no longer a partnership in search of the best to be offered to patients and tend to take up a commercial role, in a seduction game where, each one, in their own manner, seeks benefits. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existence of these conflicts of interest, in an exploratory and qualitative study, with physician focal groups. The results were grouped in two categories: benefits received by physicians and the justifications provided by them for the establishment of these partnerships. The most common benefits are: percentages over orthoses and prosthetics received by the industry;discounts and credits on rent or condominium fees for exam indications and procedures;rewards offered by the pharmaceutical industry for the indication of their products. Physicians have pointed out as main determinants for ethical missteps that involve conflicts of interest, the character and family formation as well as the lack of denunciations. The fact that efficient and widespread laws for resolution of conflicts of interest do not exist makes it necessary to recognize their existence with mechanisms of management and transparency, perhaps as the only way to avoid negative interference in physician behavior.

Immobilization of Lipase from Candida rugosa on Mesoporous MCM 41

The use of enzymatic route for production of biofuels is growing up due the mild reaction conditions that this method provides, as well as reducing SOx emission. To reduce costs, it’s necessary to immobilize the enzyme, making possible to use it continuously as biocatalyst. The aim of this work was to measure the influence of the mass of support and pH used for immobilization of commercial lipase from Candida rugosa acquired by Sigma laboratory. The immobilization method chosen was adsorption on mesoporous and hydrophobic support MCM 41, this has been treated with nitric acid 10% v/v to remove any organic residue. Then, 20 ml of enzymatic solution in phosphate buffer (pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0;50 mM) and 1 g/L was placed under constant stirring with 0.30 and 0.45 g of support. Aliquots were taken from the reaction medium and analyzed by spectrophotometry at 10 minutes intervals. A volume of 0.2 ml of supernatant was put with 1.8 ml of substrate p-NFL at 0.18 g/L, and the absorbance at 410 nm was analyzed. In four cases there was a sharp reduction of supernatant’s activity at first 10 minutes, that ratifies the big affinity of the enzyme for the support and the negative influence of pH about the activity. Using the calibration curve, it was possible to calculate the final activity of each immobilization batch. This work suggests the occurrence of diffusional effects, which means that the enzyme mobility was restricted due the excessive amount of support, and then, it lost a part of accessibility to substrate, reflecting in not expressive activity values, and changing the state of ionization of the components of the system.

Different no-till grain production systems with Urochloa spp.affect soil microbial community structure,biomass and activity in a tropical Ultisol

Integrated grain cropping systems promote soil health(SH)and sustainability.Microbial biomass and activity(MBA)and community structure(MCS)are key to SH.Integration of maize with Urochloa pastures strongly impacts MBA and MCS.MBA is more sensitive than MCS to shifts in grain cropping systems.Systems under continuous Urochloa increased microbial activity and AMF abundance.Tropical soils are prone to degradation.Adoption of conservation agricultural practices is essential to improve soil health,which is influenced by soil microbes.In this study we analyzed shifts in microbial biomass and activity(MBA)and microbial community structure(MCS)based on fatty acid methyl esthers(FAMEs)between five no-till agricultural practices:maize monoculture(MM);maize annualy intercropped with Urochloa decumbens(M/Ud);M/Ud with soybean rotation every other year(M/Ud-S);M/Ud keeping the pasture for the next two years(M/Ud-Ud-Ud);and maize intercropped with U.ruziziensis keeping the pasture for the next two years(M/Ur-Ur-Ur).Results indicated that MBA was affected by the inclusion of Urochloa intercropping and by rotation with soybean.Systems under a longer residence time with Urochloa in the field had higherβ-glucosidase activity and soil basal respiration,indicating a greater microbial activity.MCS was less affected than MBA by the investigated cropping systems.MCS changed only in the continuous pasture systems,which were enriched in arbuscular mycorrhyzal fungi(AMF).Additionally,the continuous pasture systems had lower microbial stress ratios than the other agricultural practices.In sum,our study showed that utilization of Urochloa spp.under longer periods in no-till agricultural practices contributes to increase microbial activity,AMF abundance and decrease microbial stress ratio.These changes are primarily beneficial for soil health.

香椿的树木年轮宽度与超年生殖行为的相互关系:对树轮学研究的警示

资源分配到生殖过程涉及到生态和进化因素,可能会减少植物的营养生长。这种相互关系在自然界中不容易观察到,因为有许多参数可以限制生殖结构的产生或生物量的增加。我们将香椿(Cedrela odorata L.,楝科)在里约热内卢州大西洋森林中的树木年轮宽度与超年生殖行为相关联。总体而言,生殖结构的发育发生在湿润的年份,在生长季初期没有出现水分亏缺。然而,在这些年份,树木年轮宽度较小。这些结果可能与树木年轮宽度与当地气候之间缺乏相关性有关。因此,我们强调在径向生长研究中纳入生殖数据的重要性,以扩大对热带森林生长变异性的理解。

Reallocation of foliicolous species of the genus Strigula into six genera(lichenized Ascomycota,Dothideomycetes,Strigulaceae)

Strigula sensu lato has been previously defined based on phenotype characters as a rather broad genus including tropical to temperate species growing on a wide array of substrata.In this study,based on a multilocus phylogenetic approach,we show that foliicolous species form six well-delimited clades that correlate with diagnostic phenotype features,including thallus morphology,carbonization of the involucrellum and excipulum,ascospore dimensions,and type of macroconidia.Given the topology,with five of the six clades emerging on long stem branches,and the strong phenotypical differentiation between the clades,we recognize these at the genus level,making mostly use of previously established genus names.Four genera,namely Phylloporis,Puiggariella,Raciborskiella,and Racoplaca,are resurrected for the S.phyllogena,S.nemathora,S.janeirensis,and S.subtilissima groups,respectively,whereas one new genus,Serusiauxiella gen.nov.,is introduced for a novel lineage with peculiar macroconidia.The only sequenced non-foliicolous species,S.jamesii,is not closely related to these six foliicolous lineages but clusters with Flavobathelium and Phyllobathelium,revealing it as an additional undescribed genus-level lineage being treated elsewhere.Within the new genus Serusiauxiella,three new species are described:Serusiauxiella filifera sp.nov.,S.flagellata sp.nov.,and S.sinensis sp.nov.In addition,ten new combinations are proposed:Phylloporis austropunctata comb.nov.,P.radiata comb.nov.,P.vulgaris comb.nov.,Puiggariella confluens comb.et stat.nov.,P.nemathora comb.nov.,P.nigrocincta comb.nov.,Racoplaca maculata comb.nov.,R.melanobapha comb.nov.,R.transversoundulata,and R.tremens comb.nov.We also report on a peculiar,previously unrecognized growth behaviour of the macroconidial appendages in Strigula s.lat.

Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran magmatism in southern Borborema Province,NE Brazil:Ages,sources,petrogenesis,and tectonic setting

The Sergipano Orogenic System(SOS)in southern Borborema Province(NE Brazil)hosts voluminous Neoproterozoic plutonism related to the Brasiliano/Pan-African Orogeny.This paper presents comprehensive whole-rock geochemical data,titanite U-Pb ages,and the first combined zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope results for plutonic rocks from the MacururéDomain to constrain their sources,petrogenesis,and tectonic setting.Three magmatic episodes are recognized and record the evolutionary stages of the orogen.(i)Early-collisional magmatism(643–628 Ma)comprises gabbros and diorites with minor tonalites characterized by well-developed tectonic foliation and evidence of solid-state deformation.These rocks are magnesian,high-K calc-alkaline,LILE-and LREE-enriched and provide subchondriticε_(Hf)(t)values(6.5 to4.7)and Orosirian Hf-T^(C)_(DM)model ages(1.83–1.94 Ga).Such features indicate derivation from a lithospheric mantle source metasomatized by incorporating crustal components through subduction processes prior to magma generation,possibly related to the Rhyacian Orogeny(2.20–1.96 Ga).Extensive mixing/mingling between basaltic and crust-derived magmas took place at lower crustal depths,producing coeval hybrid diorites and quartz-diorites.(ii)Syn-collisional magmatism(630–624 Ma)encompasses biotite-and muscovite-bearing granodiorites and monzogranites,preserving their structures parallel to the schistosity of the country rocks.These rocks are leucocratic,weakly metaluminous to peraluminous,and contain abundant surmicaceous enclaves.Petrographic features and geochemical composition suggest an origin related to the partial melting of graywacke protoliths with a subordinate igneous component.(iii)Late-collisional magmatism(625–600 Ma)includes undeformed and isotropic monzonites and granodiorites,which truncate the regional foliation.These rocks are consistently metaluminous and magnesian,showing affinities with the high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series.Trace element modeling with subchondriticε_(Hf)(t)values(8.3 to4.1)and Paleoproterozoic Hf-T^(C)_(DM)model ages(1.77–2.03 Ga)demonstrate that reworking of ancient lower mafic crust played an important role at this time.The integration of our data with previously published results leads us to conclude that the geodynamic evolution of the SOS along the western Gondwana margin is better explained by large-scale lithospheric extension followed by basin inversion and continental collision.

Physical habitat condition as a key tool to maintain freshwater biodiversity in neotropical artificial ponds

In areas highly affected by anthropogenic disturbances,artificial(human-made)freshwater ecosystems can provide habitat for maintaining and conserving regional freshwater biodiversity.We assessed how the physical habitat of artificial ponds affected the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages.To do so,we tested two hypotheses.(1)Physical habitat disturbances are not detrimental to the diversity of nearby artificial ponds,and(2)Physical habitat disturbances do not cause significant shifts in taxonomic composition.Our results rejected both null hypotheses,i.e.,macroinvertebrate diversity metrics correlated significantly and positively with Physical Habitat Integrity index scores,and only sites with high habitat condition scores were significantly associated with sensitive indicator taxa.Our results highlight the importance of maintaining physical habitat conditions for sustaining the ecological health of artificial ponds.

The influence of innate and adaptative immune responses on the differential clinical outcomes of leprosy

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.According to official reports from 121 countries across five WHO regions,there were 213899 newly diagnosed cases in 2014.Although leprosy affects the skin and peripheral nerves,it can present across a spectrum of clinical and histopathological forms that are strongly influenced by the immune response of the infected individuals.These forms comprise the extremes of tuberculoid leprosy(TT),with a M.leprae-specific Th1,but also a Th17,response that limits M.leprae multiplication,through to lepromatous leprosy(LL),with M.leprae-specific Th2 and T regulatory responses that do not control M.leprae replication but rather allow bacterial dissemination.The interpolar borderline clinical forms present with similar,but less extreme,immune biases.Acute inflammatory episodes,known as leprosy reactions,are complications that may occur before,during or after treatment,and cause further neurological damages that can cause irreversible chronic disabilities.This review discusses the innate and adaptive immune responses,and their interactions,that are known to affect pathogenesis and influence the clinical outcome of leprosy.

Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan:Characteristics,sources and health risk assessment

Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)as an air pollutant due to their toxic,mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.Therefore,to understand the levels,seasonality,sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan,total suspended particle(TSP)samples were collected for over one year period.The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5±24.4 and 199±229 ng/m^(3) in Karachi and Mardan,respectively.The significantly lower concentration in Karachi was attributed to diffusion and dilution of the PAHs by the influence of clean air mass from the Arabian sea and high temperature,enhancing the volatilization of the particle phase PAHs to the gas phase.Conversely,the higher concentration(^(-)6 times)in Mardan was due to large influence from local and regional emission sources.A clear seasonality was observed at both the sites,with the higher values in winter and post-monsoon due to higher emissions and less scavenging,and lower values during monsoon season due to the dilution effect.Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in both sites originated from traffic and mixed combustion sources(fossil fuels and biomass).The average total Ba P equivalent concentrations(Ba P eq)in Karachi and Mardan were 3.26 and 34 ng/m^(3),respectively,which were much higher than the WHO guideline of 1 ng/m^(3).The average estimates of incremental lifetime cancer risk from exposure to airborne Ba P eq via inhalation indicated a risk to human health from atmospheric PAHs at both sites.

Can the host phylogeny(Chiroptera)influence the com m unity of ectoparasite flies(Diptera)?

Among the factors thar may influence parasitism are ecological and phylogenetic aspects(Krasnov et al.2005),where a host species may acquire a parasite by contact with other hosts co-occurring in a given environment or because of its ancestor(Hoberg and Brooks 2008).Thus,the parasite community can be considered a reflection of the ecological characteristics and the phylogeny of the host(Krasnov et al.2005).

The Global Soil Mycobiome consortium dataset for boosting fungal diversity research

Fungi are highly important biotic components of terrestrial ecosystems,but we still have a very limited understanding about their diversity and distribution.This data article releases a global soil fungal dataset of the Global Soil Mycobiome consortium(GSMc)to boost further research in fungal diversity,biogeography and macroecology.The dataset comprises 722,682 fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)derived from PacBio sequencing of full-length ITS and 18S-V9 variable regions from 3200 plots in 108 countries on all continents.The plots are supplied with geographical and edaphic metadata.The OTUs are taxonomically and functionally assigned to guilds and other functional groups.The entire dataset has been corrected by excluding chimeras,index-switch artefacts and potential contamination.The dataset is more inclusive in terms of geographical breadth and phylogenetic diversity of fungi than previously published data.The GSMc dataset is available over the PlutoF repository.

Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus:seventy new species of Cora(Basidiomycota:Agaricales:Hygrophoraceae),honouring David Leslie Hawksworth’s seventieth birthday

Following a large-scale phylogenetic study of the lichenized genus Cora(Basidiomycota:Agaricales:Hygrophoraceae),we formally describe 70 new species,honouring the seventieth birthday of David Leslie Hawksworth,one of the preeminent figures in mycology and lichenology in the past 50 years.Based on an updated phylogeny using the ITS fungal barcoding locus,we now recognize 189 taxa in a genus that until recently was considered to represent a single species;including this contribution,92 of these are formally recognized,including five taxa based on historical names or collections that have not been sequenced.Species of Cora can be recognized by a combination of morphological(size,colour,lobe configuration,surface hairs,hymenophore size and shape),anatomical(thallus thickness,cortex structure,photobiont type,hyphal papillae),and ecogeographical features(substrate,habitat,distribution),and a keytable allowing the identification of all accepted taxa is provided.The new species are:Cora accipiter Moncada,Madrin˜a´n&Lücking spec.nov.,C.applanata Moncada,Soto-Medina&Lücking spec.nov.,C.arachnodavidea Moncada,Dal Forno&Lücking spec.nov.,C.arborescens Dal Forno,Chaves&Lücking spec.nov.,C.arcabucana Moncada,C.Rodrı´guez&Lücking spec.nov.,C.aturucoa Lücking,Moncada&C.Vargas spec.nov.,C.auriculeslia Moncada,Ya´nez-Ayabaca&Lücking spec.nov.,C.barbifera Moncada,Patin˜o&Lücking spec.nov.,C.boleslia Lücking,E.Morales&Dal Forno spec.nov.,C.caliginosa Holgado,Rivas Plata&Perlmutter spec.nov.,C.campestris Dal Forno,Eliasaro&Spielmann spec.nov.,C.canari Nugra,Dal Forno&Lücking spec.nov.,C.caraana Lücking,Martins&Lucheta spec.nov.,C.casasolana Moncada,R.-E.Pe´rez&Lücking spec.nov.,C.caucensis Moncada,M.Gut.&Lücking spec.nov.,C.celestinoa Moncada,CabreraAmaya&Lücking spec.nov.,C.comaltepeca Moncada,R.-E.Pe´rez&Herrera-Camp.spec.nov.,C.corani Lücking,E.Morales&Dal Forno spec.nov.,C.corelleslia Moncada,A.Sua´rez-Corredor&Lücking spec.nov.,C.crispoleslia Moncada,J.Molina&Lücking spec.nov.,C.cuzcoensis Holgado,Rivas Plata&Perlmutter spec.nov.,C.dalehana Moncada,Madrin˜a´n&Lücking spec.nov.,C.davibogotana Lücking,Moncada&Coca spec.nov.,C.davicrinita Moncada,Madrin˜a´n&Lücking spec.nov.,C.davidia Moncada,L.Vargas&Lücking spec.nov.,C.dewisanti Moncada,A.Sua´rez-Corredor&Lücking spec.nov.,C.dulcis Moncada,R.-E.Pe´rez&Lücking spec.nov.,C.elephas Lücking,Moncada&L.Vargas spec.nov.,C.fuscodavidiana Lücking,Moncada&L.Vargas spec.nov.,C.garagoa Simijaca,Moncada&Lücking spec.nov.,C.gigantea Lücking,Moncada&Coca spec.nov.,C.gomeziana Dal Forno,Chaves&Lücking spec.nov.,C.guajalitensis Lücking,Robayo&Dal Forno spec.nov.,C.hafecesweorthensis Moncada,Lücking&R.Pela´ez spec.nov.,C.haledana Dal Forno,Chaves&Lücking spec.nov.,C.hawksworthiana Dal Forno,P.Nelson&Lücking spec.nov.,C.hochesuordensis Lücking,E.Morales&Dal Forno spec.nov.,C.hymenocarpa Lücking,Chaves&Lawrey spec.nov.,C.imi Lücking,Chaves&Lawrey spec.nov.,C.itabaiana Dal Forno,Aptroot&M.Ca´ceres spec.nov.,C.leslactuca nov.,C.maxima Wilk,Dal Forno&Lücking spec.nov.,C.minutula Lücking,Moncada&Ya´nez-Ayabaca spec.nov.,C.palaeotropica Weerakoon,Aptroot&Lücking spec.nov.,C.palustris Dal Forno,Chaves&Lücking spec.nov.,C.parabovei Dal Forno,Kukwa&Lücking spec.nov.,C.paraciferrii Lücking,Moncada&J.E.Hern.spec.nov.,C.paraminor Dal Forno,Chaves&Lücking spec.nov.,C.pastorum Moncada,Patin˜o&Lücking spec.nov.,C.pichinchensis Paredes,Jonitz&Dal Forno spec.nov.,C.pikynasa J.-M.Torres,Moncada&Lücking spec.nov.,C.pseudobovei Wilk,Dal Forno&Lücking spec.nov.,C.pseudocorani Lücking,E.Morales&Dal Forno spec.nov.,C.putumayensis L.J.Arias,Moncada&Lücking spec.nov.,C.quillacinga Moncada,F.Ortega&Lücking spec.nov.,C.rothesiorum Moncada,Madrin˜a´n&Lücking spec.nov.,C.rubrosanguinea Nugra,Moncada&Lücking spec.nov.,C.santacruzensis Dal Forno,Bungartz&Ya´nezAyabaca,spec.nov.,C.schizophylloides Moncada,C.Rodrı´guez&Lücking spec.nov.,C.smaragdina Lücking,Rivas Plata&Chaves spec.nov.,C.soredavidia Dal Forno,Marcelli&Lücking spec.nov.,C.subdavicrinita Moncada,J.Molina&Lücking spec.nov.,C.suturifera Nugra,Besal&Lücking spec.nov.,C.terrestris Dal Forno,Chaves&Lücking spec.nov.,C.terricoleslia Wilk,Dal Forno&Lücking spec.nov.,C.udebeceana Moncada,R.Pela´ez&Lücking,Moncada&R.Pela´ez spec.Lücking spec.nov.,C.urceolata Moncada,Coca&Lücking spec.nov.,C.verjonensis Lücking,Moncada&Dal Forno spec.nov.,C.viliewoa Lücking,Chaves&Soto-Medina spec.nov.,and C.yukiboa Mercado-Dı´az,Moncada&Lücking spec.nov.Furthermore,the taxonomic status of the recently described or recognized species C.arachnoidea,C.aspera,C.ciferrii,and C.reticulifera,is revised.

Notes for genera:Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic,and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended.New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera.The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011,has also caused changes in fungal generic names.In order to facilitate access to all important changes,it was desirable to compile these in a single document.The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota(approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016),including those which are lichen-forming.Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of‘Ainsworth&Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’in 2008 are provided.The notes include the number of accepted species,classification,type species(with location of the type material),culture availability,life-styles,distribution,and selected publications that have appeared since 2008.This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the"Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi"published in 2013,which will be developed into a list of protected generic names.This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists,and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi(NCF).The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis,Collophora(as Collophorina),Cryomyces,Dematiopleospora,Heterospora(as Heterosporicola),Lithophila,Palmomyces(as Palmaria)and Saxomyces are validated,as are two previously invalid family names,Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae.Four species of Lalaria,which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations.Catenomycopsis Tibell&Constant.is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain.,while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces.&De Not.(Art.59).

Fungal diversity notes 1036-1150:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

This article is the tenth series of the Fungal Diversity Notes,where 114 taxa distributed in three phyla,ten classes,30 orders and 53 families are described and illustrated.Taxa described in the present study include one new family(viz.Pseudoberkleasmiaceae in Dothideomycetes),five new genera(Caatingomyces,Cryptoschizotrema,Neoacladium,Paramassaria and Trochilispora)and 71 new species,(viz.Acrogenospora thailandica,Amniculicola aquatica,A.guttulata,Angustimassarina sylvatica,Blackwellomyces lateris,Boubovia gelatinosa,Buellia viridula,Caatingomyces brasiliensis,Calophoma humuli,Camarosporidiella mori,Canalisporium dehongense,Cantharellus brunneopallidus,C.griseotinctus,Castanediella meliponae,Coprinopsis psammophila,Cordyceps succavus,Cortinarius minusculus,C.subscotoides,Diaporthe italiana,D.rumicicola,Diatrypella delonicis,Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis,D.taiwanense,Digitodesmium chiangmaiense,Distoseptispora dehongensis,D.palmarum,Dothiorella styphnolobii,Ellisembia aurea,Falciformispora aquatic,Fomitiporia carpinea,F.lagerstroemiae,Grammothele aurantiaca,G.micropora,Hermatomyces bauhiniae,Jahnula queenslandica,Kamalomyces mangrovei,Lecidella yunnanensis,Micarea squamulosa,Muriphaeosphaeria angustifoliae,Neoacladium indicum,Neodidymelliopsis sambuci,Neosetophoma miscanthi,N.salicis,Nodulosphaeria aquilegiae,N.thalictri,Paramassaria samaneae,Penicillium circulare,P.geumsanense,P.mali-pumilae,P.psychrotrophicum,P.wandoense,Phaeoisaria siamensis,Phaeopoacea asparagicola,Phaeosphaeria penniseti,Plectocarpon galapagoense,Porina sorediata,Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense,Pyrenochaetopsis sinensis,Rhizophydium koreanum,Russula prasina,Sporoschisma chiangraiense,Stigmatomyces chamaemyiae,S.cocksii,S.papei,S.tschirnhausii,S.vikhrevii,Thysanorea uniseptata,Torula breviconidiophora,T.polyseptata,Trochilispora schefflerae and Vaginatispora palmae).Further,twelve new combinations(viz.Cryptoschizotrema cryptotrema,Prolixandromyces australi,P.elongatus,P.falcatus,P.longispinae,P.microveliae,P.neoalardi,P.polhemorum,P.protuberans,P.pseudoveliae,P.tenuistipitis and P.umbonatus),an epitype is chosen for Cantharellus goossensiae,a reference specimen for Acrogenospora sphaerocephala and new synonym Prolixandromyces are designated.Twenty-four new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions are also reported(i.e.Acrostalagmus annulatus,Cantharellus goossensiae,Coprinopsis villosa,Dothiorella plurivora,Dothiorella rhamni,Dothiorella symphoricarposicola,Dictyocheirospora rotunda,Fasciatispora arengae,Grammothele brasiliensis,Lasiodiplodia iraniensis,Lembosia xyliae,Morenoina palmicola,Murispora cicognanii,Neodidymelliopsis farokhinejadii,Neolinocarpon rachidis,Nothophoma quercina,Peroneutypa scoparia,Pestalotiopsis aggestorum,Pilidium concavum,Plagiostoma salicellum,Protofenestella ulmi,Sarocladium kiliense,Tetraploa nagasakiensis and Vaginatispora armatispora).