Background:Several studies highlighted the impact of community-based interventions whose purpose was to reduce the vectors’breeding sites.These strategies are particularly interesting in low-and-middle-income countri...Background:Several studies highlighted the impact of community-based interventions whose purpose was to reduce the vectors’breeding sites.These strategies are particularly interesting in low-and-middle-income countries which may find it difficult to sustainably assume the cost of insecticide-based interventions.In this case study we determine the spatial distribution of a community-based intervention for dengue vector control using different entomological indices.The objective was to evaluate locally where the intervention was most effective,using spatial analysis methods that are too often neglected in impact assessments.Methods:Two neighbourhoods,Tampouy and Juvenat in Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso,were chosen among five after a survey was conducted,as part of an assessment related to the burden of dengue.As part of the communitybased intervention conducted in Tampouy between August and early October 2016,an entomological survey was implemented in two phases.The first phase consisted of a baseline entomological characterization of potential breeding sites in the neighbourhood of Tampouy as well as in Juvenat,the control area.This phase was conducted in October 2015 at the end of the rainy season.The mosquito breeding sites were screened in randomly selected houses:206 in Tampouy and 203 in Juvenat.A second phase took place after the intervention,in October 2016.The mosquito breeding sites were investigated in the same yards as during the baseline phase.We performed several entomological analyses to measure site productivity as well as before and after analysis using multilevel linear regression.We used Local Indicators of Spatial Association(LISAs)to analyse spatial concentrations of larvae.Results:After the intervention,it is noted that LISAs at Tampouy reveal few aggregates of all types and the suppression of those existing before the intervention.The analysis therefore reveals that the intervention made it possible to reduce the number of concentration areas of high and low values of pupae.Conclusions:The contribution of spatial methods for assessing community-based intervention are relevant for monitoring at local levels as a complement to epidemiological analyses conducted within neighbourhoods.They are useful,therefore,not only for assessment but also for establishing interventions.This study shows that spatial analyses also have their place in population health intervention research.展开更多
Macroscale fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to observe biological samples.However,it may suffer from spectral interferences that originate from ambient light or autofluorescence of the sample or its support.I...Macroscale fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to observe biological samples.However,it may suffer from spectral interferences that originate from ambient light or autofluorescence of the sample or its support.In this manuscript,we built a simple and inexpensive fluorescence macroscope,which has been used to evaluate the performance of Speed OPIOM(Out of Phase Imaging after Optical Modulation),which is a reference-free dynamic contrast protocol,to selectively image reversibly photoswitchable fluorophores as labels against detrimental autofluorescence and ambient light.By tuning the intensity and radial frequency of the modulated illumination to the Speed OPIOM resonance and adopting a phase-sensitive detection scheme that ensures noise rejection,we enhanced the sensitivity and the signal-to-noise ratio for fluorescence detection in blot assays by factors of 50 and 10,respectively,over direct fluorescence observation under constant illumination.Then,we overcame the strong autofluorescence of growth media that are currently used in microbiology and realized multiplexed fluorescence observation of colonies of spectrally similar fluorescent bacteria with a unique configuration of excitation and emission wavelengths.Finally,we easily discriminated fluorescent labels from the autofluorescent and reflective background in labeled leaves,even under the interference of incident light at intensities that are comparable to sunlight.The proposed approach is expected to find multiple applications,from biological assays to outdoor observations,in fluorescence macroimaging.展开更多
Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a major therapeutic advance in non-small-cell lung cancer with several approved anti-programmed death-1 and anti-programmed death-L1 immunotherapies.A majority of patients howeve...Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a major therapeutic advance in non-small-cell lung cancer with several approved anti-programmed death-1 and anti-programmed death-L1 immunotherapies.A majority of patients however,will not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors and display primary resistance while a subset of initially responsive patients will present secondary resistance.Thus,there is a crucial need for biomarkers to enable better prediction and diagnosis,and to overcome such resistance.Along with improvement in the understanding of immune escape,new biomarkers are being developed,including large scale proteomic,genomic and transcriptomic approaches in tumor and blood samples.We review the novel biomarkers that have been investigated in non-small-cell lung cancer and discuss how they can rationalize therapeutic strategies.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research,which funded the program(grant no.ROH-115213)S.O.received a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fonds des Recherches du Québec en Santé.V.R.holds a Canadian Institutes of Health Research–funded Research Chair in Applied Public Health(grant no.CPP-137901).
文摘Background:Several studies highlighted the impact of community-based interventions whose purpose was to reduce the vectors’breeding sites.These strategies are particularly interesting in low-and-middle-income countries which may find it difficult to sustainably assume the cost of insecticide-based interventions.In this case study we determine the spatial distribution of a community-based intervention for dengue vector control using different entomological indices.The objective was to evaluate locally where the intervention was most effective,using spatial analysis methods that are too often neglected in impact assessments.Methods:Two neighbourhoods,Tampouy and Juvenat in Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso,were chosen among five after a survey was conducted,as part of an assessment related to the burden of dengue.As part of the communitybased intervention conducted in Tampouy between August and early October 2016,an entomological survey was implemented in two phases.The first phase consisted of a baseline entomological characterization of potential breeding sites in the neighbourhood of Tampouy as well as in Juvenat,the control area.This phase was conducted in October 2015 at the end of the rainy season.The mosquito breeding sites were screened in randomly selected houses:206 in Tampouy and 203 in Juvenat.A second phase took place after the intervention,in October 2016.The mosquito breeding sites were investigated in the same yards as during the baseline phase.We performed several entomological analyses to measure site productivity as well as before and after analysis using multilevel linear regression.We used Local Indicators of Spatial Association(LISAs)to analyse spatial concentrations of larvae.Results:After the intervention,it is noted that LISAs at Tampouy reveal few aggregates of all types and the suppression of those existing before the intervention.The analysis therefore reveals that the intervention made it possible to reduce the number of concentration areas of high and low values of pupae.Conclusions:The contribution of spatial methods for assessing community-based intervention are relevant for monitoring at local levels as a complement to epidemiological analyses conducted within neighbourhoods.They are useful,therefore,not only for assessment but also for establishing interventions.This study shows that spatial analyses also have their place in population health intervention research.
基金supported by the ANR(France BioImaging—ANR-10-INBS-04,Morphoscope2—ANR-11-EQPX-0029)the SATT Lutech(OPIOM)+4 种基金the Fondation de la Recherche Médicale(FRM)the LabEx Saclay Plant Sciences-SPS(ANR-10-LABX-0040-SPS)the“Investments for the Future”program(ANR-11-IDEX-0003-02)the Mission Interdisciplinaritédu CNRSthe Domaine d’Intérêt Majeur Analytics de la Région Ile de France(DREAM).
文摘Macroscale fluorescence imaging is increasingly used to observe biological samples.However,it may suffer from spectral interferences that originate from ambient light or autofluorescence of the sample or its support.In this manuscript,we built a simple and inexpensive fluorescence macroscope,which has been used to evaluate the performance of Speed OPIOM(Out of Phase Imaging after Optical Modulation),which is a reference-free dynamic contrast protocol,to selectively image reversibly photoswitchable fluorophores as labels against detrimental autofluorescence and ambient light.By tuning the intensity and radial frequency of the modulated illumination to the Speed OPIOM resonance and adopting a phase-sensitive detection scheme that ensures noise rejection,we enhanced the sensitivity and the signal-to-noise ratio for fluorescence detection in blot assays by factors of 50 and 10,respectively,over direct fluorescence observation under constant illumination.Then,we overcame the strong autofluorescence of growth media that are currently used in microbiology and realized multiplexed fluorescence observation of colonies of spectrally similar fluorescent bacteria with a unique configuration of excitation and emission wavelengths.Finally,we easily discriminated fluorescent labels from the autofluorescent and reflective background in labeled leaves,even under the interference of incident light at intensities that are comparable to sunlight.The proposed approach is expected to find multiple applications,from biological assays to outdoor observations,in fluorescence macroimaging.
文摘Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a major therapeutic advance in non-small-cell lung cancer with several approved anti-programmed death-1 and anti-programmed death-L1 immunotherapies.A majority of patients however,will not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors and display primary resistance while a subset of initially responsive patients will present secondary resistance.Thus,there is a crucial need for biomarkers to enable better prediction and diagnosis,and to overcome such resistance.Along with improvement in the understanding of immune escape,new biomarkers are being developed,including large scale proteomic,genomic and transcriptomic approaches in tumor and blood samples.We review the novel biomarkers that have been investigated in non-small-cell lung cancer and discuss how they can rationalize therapeutic strategies.
