On fractional discrete financial system:Bifurcation,chaos,and control

The dynamic analysis of financial systems is a developing field that combines mathematics and economics to understand and explain fluctuations in financial markets.This paper introduces a new three-dimensional(3D)fractional financial map and we dissect its nonlinear dynamics system under commensurate and incommensurate orders.As such,we evaluate when the equilibrium points are stable or unstable at various fractional orders.We use many numerical methods,phase plots in 2D and 3D projections,bifurcation diagrams and the maximum Lyapunov exponent.These techniques reveal that financial maps exhibit chaotic attractor behavior.This study is grounded on the Caputo-like discrete operator,which is specifically influenced by the variance of the commensurate and incommensurate orders.Furthermore,we confirm the presence and measure the complexity of chaos in financial maps by the 0-1 test and the approximate entropy algorithm.Additionally,we offer nonlinear-type controllers to stabilize the fractional financial map.The numerical results of this study are obtained using MATLAB.

Effect of solid particles on gear tooth failure

The failure of spur gears operating in highly contaminated media was studied. In fact, the effect of the presence of solid particles in gear mechanisms during surface tooth contact was observed. It is shown that the solid contaminants lead to significant wear in the first few operating cycles, in zones with a high rate of sliding. The scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images show clearly that the wear is more significant for a dry contact in the presence of larger size particles. Indeed, the presence of contaminants leads to an increase in friction, and therefore raises the temperature and the vibration levels when the operation of gear mechanism becomes very severe especially for a dry contact under the effect of larger size particles. On the other hand, we have tried to obtain a better understanding and a good description of wear debris distributions in gear mechanisms by using unimodal, single distribution models(Weibull and three-parameter Weibull).

Activity of a lipid synthesis inhibitor(spiromesifen) in Culiseta longiareolata(Diptera:Culicidae)

Objective: To evaluate the activity of spiromesifen against the most abundant and investigated mosquito species, Culiseta longiareolata Aitken, 1954(Diptera, Culicidae).Methods: Culiseta longiareolata larvae were collected from untreated areas located at Te′bessa(Northeast Algeria). A commercial formulation of spiromesifen(Oberon?240 SC) was tested at different concentrations ranging between 238 and 1 428 mg/L on newly molted fourth-instar larvae under standard laboratory conditions according to Word Health Organization recommendations. The effects were examined on the mortality, the morphometric measurements, two biomarkers(catalase and malondialdehyde), and the biochemical composition of larvae, respectively.Results: The compound exhibited insecticidal activity. Moreover, it disturbed growth and several morphological aberrations were observed. It also affected body volume,biomarkers and contents of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. A marked effect on lipids and malondialdehyde was noted, confirming its primary mode of action on lipid synthesis.Conclusions: Spiromesifen appears less potent than other insecticides tested such as the insect growth disruptors.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of cyanobacterial abundance and toxicity in a Mediterranean hypereutrophic lake

The Mediterranean basin is considered one of the most vulnerable areas in the world under the impacts of global warming and changes in precipitation patterns.Oubeira,a shallow and polymictic freshwater lake located in northeastern Algeria(36°50′N,08°23′E),has recently experienced a significant proliferation of harmful cyanobacteria resulting in the generation of toxins.We carried out this study in order to understand the succession patterns of dominant cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin production and the factors driving this in Oubeira Lake.A total of 26 cyanobacterial genera were identified,and among them Microcystis and Planktothrix accounted for more than 60%of the overall cell abundance.The summer/fall period was dominated by Microcystis,Planktothrix,and in lesser extend by Cylindrospermum,Cylindrospermopsis.During the fall/winter transition,Dolichospermum,Pseudanabaena,and Aphanizomenon were the dominant genera.Statistically,the bloom-forming cyanobacteria showed significant differences between months but not between stations.Intracellular microcystins(MC-LR)was detected in all collected samples(0.62-and 19.14-μg MC-LR equivalent/L),but appeared in high concentrations throughout the period of dominance of Microcystis and Planktothrix.Microcystis was more sensitive to nutrients than to temperature.Planktothrix was more dependent on temperature than on nutrients,which explains their coexistence during summer-fall period.However,both genera are positively correlated with MC-LR and would probably be the main producers of microcystins.Pseudanabaena,Dolichospermum,and Aphanizomenon co-occurred at the end of Planktothrix dominance period(December).Aphanizomenon and Pseudanabaena were correlated negatively with temperature and positively with water conductivity.Dolichospermum showed a strong positive correlation with MC-LR.Oubeira Lake,could serve as a model of how cyanobacteria blooms may develop in lakes within Mediterranean climates.

Karyological and morphometric variation of the North African green frog Pelophylax saharicus (Anura) in northeastern Africa

Morphometric variation ofPelophylax saharicus was analysed using univariate and multivariate statistics, with both traditional and geometric morphometrics, based on 148 specimens from four different geographical localities in Tunisia and Algeria. The results show the existence of three morphotypes in Tunisia and one in Algeria, and indicate a significant degree of variation in morphometric characters between regions. Specimens from the southernmost region have the smallest body size and the greatest morphometrie divergence from other populations. This pattern of morphometric variation probably results from phenotypic plasticity in response to local environmental factors. The results of our chromosomal study （C-, Ag-NOR-, endonuclease digestion, DAPI, CMA3 and Q-banding） reveal this species to exhibit the plesiomorphic Pelophylax karyotype of 2n=26 biarmed chromosomes and NORs on the eleventh pair. Similarities and differences of the North African green frog are discussed in relation to the different forms of data collected （chromosomal, morphometric, ecological） [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 678~586, 2010].

A comparative study between simplified and nonlinear dynamic methods for estimating liquefaction potential

This paper estimated the liquefaction potential of a saturated soil deposit subjected to a horizontal seismic excitation at its base using the total stress approach.A comparative analysis between the simplified and the nonlinear dynamic methods was used to verify to what extent the simplified method could be reliable.In order to generalise the reliability of the simplified method for any value of the maximum acceleration for the used earthquakes,a correction for the maximum acceleration less than 0.3 g was proposed based on the comparison of safety factor values determined by the dynamic method illustrated by the equivalent linear model with lumped masses and the simplified method for a given profile of soil subjected to 38 earthquakes.The nonlinear behaviour of soil was represented by two hyperbolic models:Hardin and Drnevich,and Masing.To determine the cyclic resistance ratio(CRR),the cone penetration test(CPT) based method,the standard penetration test(SPT) based method,and the shear wave velocity based method were used.The safety factor was calculated as the ratio of CRR/CSR,where CSR represents the cyclic stress ratio.The results of the proposed correction have given smaller values of the safety factor compared to the nonlinear dynamic methods for the maximum acceleration less than 0.3 g.In other words,by considering this correction,the most unfavourable case is always given by the modified simplified method.

Composite Likelihood for Bilinear GARCH Model

In this study, we focus on the class of BL-GARCH models, which is initially introduced by Storti & Vitale [1] in order to handle leverage effects and volatility clustering. First we illustrate some properties of BL-GARCH (1, 2) model, like the positivity, stationarity and marginal distribution;then we study the statistical inference, apply the composite likelihood on panel of BL-GARCH (1, 2) model, and study the asymptotic behavior of the estimators, like the consistency property and the asymptotic normality.

Comparative study of the mechanical behavior of the superior thoracic artery and abdominal arteries using the finite elements method

The human body has been the subject of thorough researches—not only from medical perspective but from a technical one as well—are very rich, amongst them we find blood circulation system comprising: the heart, the arteries and the veins. The overriding role of these researches is to explain some cardiovascular pathology and provide an aid tool for the endoprothesis positioning in blood vessels while treating them. In this study we have developed a digital pattern using the common (engineering technique of the) finite element method (FEM) to simulate the mechanical behavior of the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta below the kidney under blood pressure effect. This pattern calculates the displacements, the stresses (constraints) and the deformations of the two arteries’ walls enabling us to know their experimentally determined mechanical and geometric properties. This pattern could be applied to detect the aneurysm and dissection phenomena.

Process of Salinisation of a Lagoon and a Coastal Aquifer in Annaba Area （East Algerian）

The study area is located in a Mediterranean region, so the effects of the climate variations are very important. The authors contribution to this subject is based on the compilation of many results obtained from dissertations and theses that are carried out under their supervision. The main tool used, in addition to other methods, is the water hydrochemistry as it is proved very useful in obtaining good results and helpful in getting objective interpretations regarding the presence and absence of salinity. Several factors are undertaken to show the presence of salts in waters in the plain, the lithology of the geological formations shows that they are composed of alluvium sediments where the permeability is quite high, and this enables hydraulic communication between the fresh water of the aquifer and saline water of the sea. The study of climate shows a decrease of precipitation which favors an important decrease of recharge rate to the aquifer, and hence a decrease of water resource. The strontium which is a good indicator for the origin of salinity shows a variation that indicates a variation in the distribution of the salinity, and therefore diverse origins of salinity all over the studied area. This can infer the presence of marine invasion in the down-stream part of the aquifer, whereas elsewhere salinity is caused by the presence of evaporitic formation, mainly by the argillaceous matrix in the bottom of the lake. in the up-stream part of the aquifer. In the lake, salinity is explained

Hybrid System for Robust Faces Detection

The automatic detection of faces is a very important problem. The effectiveness of biometric authentication based on face mainly depends on the method used to locate the face in the image. This paper presents a hybrid system for faces detection in unconstrained cases in which the illumination, pose, occlusion, and size of the face are uncontrolled. To do this, the new method of detection proposed in this paper is based primarily on a technique of automatic learning by using the decision of three neural networks, a technique of energy compaction by using the discrete cosine transform, and a technique of segmentation by the color of human skin. A whole of pictures （faces and no faces） are transformed to vectors of data which will be used for learning the neural networks to separate between the two classes. Discrete cosine transform is used to reduce the dimension of the vectors, to eliminate the redundancies of information, and to store only the useful information in a minimum number of coefficients while the segmentation is used to reduce the space of research in the image. The experimental results have shown that this hybridization of methods will give a very significant improvement of the rate of the recognition, quality of detection, and the time of execution.

Influence of Rare-Earth Substitution for Iron in FeCrMoCB Bulk Metallic Glasses

The effects of rare earth addition on the glass forming ability of Fe50-xCr15Mo14C15B6Mx （x =0, 2 and M=Y, Gd） bulks and ribbons are studied. The thermal and structural properties of the samples are measured by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical compositions are checked by energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. The copper mold casting technique leads to a fully amorphous structure up to 2mm only for compositions containing Y or Gd. In the case of ribbons, a fully amorphous phase is observed for all the compositions. The roles of Y and Gd are discussed on the basis of melting behavior analyzed by high-temperature DSC. Such elements act as oxygen scavengers, avoiding heterogeneous nucleation.

Effect of the Heat Treatments on the Dopes Segregation in Polycrystalline Silicon Films

In this work we are interested in studying the effect of the heat treatments on the dopant segregation at the grain boundaries in the polycrystalline silicon films. The obtained results have shown that the heat treatments reduce the number of segregation sites at the grains boundaries, and consequently they limit the structural changes that can appear there and the quantity of the dope atoms that can accumulate in these boundaries. In addition they are more and more dopant that are found inside the grains when the temperature of the heat treatment increases. On the other hand, we established that the arsenic atoms have a strong tendency to the segregation than the boron atoms, and we have noticed a strong migration of arsenic atoms from the boundaries towards the grains under the effect of the heat treatments. It was also shown that the segregation of arsenic atoms at the grains boundaries is about 4 times higher than that of the boron atoms.

The Mechanical Properties of the System and Training Zr59Nb5Cu18Ni8AL10 Bulk Metallic Glasses

In the present work, the glass formation of Zr59Nb5Cu18Ni8Al10 (numbers indicate at %) alloy with diameter of 2 mm was prepared through water-cooled copper mold casting and in a ribbon form by the single roller melt-spinning method. This study is primarily devoted to evaluating the results obtained with the two methods of the development. The thermal stability was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10℃/mn. The characteristic data of the bulk metallic glass are presented, including glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization temperature (Tx). The microstructure and constituent phases of the alloy composite have been analyzed by using X-ray diffraction, and observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of bulk Zr59Nb5Cu18Ni8Al10 were alloy measured by compression tests at room temperature.

Effect of Sn Doping on the Properties of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis

Layers of transparent and conductive Sn-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) have been prepared using chemical reactive liquid phase (spray) method on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the obtained layers show preferential grains orientation along the direction (002). Microstructural analysis indicates that the thickness of the deposited films is independent of Sn content, i.e. 408 nm, and that the average grain size increases with increasing Sn content, ranging from 31 nm to 42 nm. The value of the optical gap obtained using UV-visible transmission spectroscopy method increases slightly from 3.1 eV to 3.3 eV. Moreover, transmission curves reveal that the prepared thin films are transparent in the visible domain.

Rainfall patterns of Algerian steppes and the impacts on natural vegetation in the 20^th century

Since 1960, the steppe regions of North Africa have been subject to an increasing desertification, including the degradation of traditional pastures. The initially dominant species （Artemisia herba-alba, Lygeum spartum and Slipa tenacissima） declined and were progressively replaced by other species （Atractylis serratuloides and Salsola vermiculata） that are more tolerant to the new conditions. It is not clear whether these changes are due to anthropogenic reasons or climatic determinism. We have carried out a statistical analysis of the climate to detect putative rainfall changes during the 20th century in the Algerian steppes based on data from 9 meteorological stations, including 2 Saharan stations （El Oued and Touggourt）, 3 pre-Saharan stations （Biskra, Laghouat and Ain Sefra） and 4 steppe stations （Djelfa, Saida, M6ch6ria and E1-Bayadh） located in the arid high plains, which represent the bioclimate diversities of the region. Previous studies suggested that significant rainfall changes for the 20th century only had records in the south of the Oran region. Most of the studies, however, looked at restricted territories over limited periods, and did not integrate the rainiest period 2004-2014. Our work is designed to integrate all the longest time series of meteorological data available for the steppe regions of Algeria. Our results confirm the spatial rainfall distribution （significant rainfall changes only recorded in the southwestern region） evidenced by previous studies, and reveal a decreasing rainfall gradient from northeastern to southwestern Algeria. Moreover, the results reveal a trend of significant decrease of rainfall in the southern Oran region, marked by two drought periods in 1980- 1985 and 1999-2003. However, with the exception of the southwestern region, rainfall overall has not declined since the beginning of the 20th century. While less marked in other regions, the drought appear to have affected all territories of the Algerian steppe. Consequently, our study implies that the climate was not a leading influence in the on-going degradation of the vegetation cover of steppe landscapes. Such a vegetation evolution thus appears to be have been determined more by human activities than by climate forcing.

Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 （Gastropoda, Patellogastropoda） Inhabiting Coast of Skikda （AIgerie）

The study was undergone on the distribution of abundance of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758, with the objective of evaluating of its abundance along the rocky shores of the coast and located sites with high density. A total of twelve sampling sites were selected along the gulf of Skikda. Each station was sampled using quadrats of 25 cm^2. In the present study, two environmental parameters were measured ＂in situ＂ in the water column at each sampling station （water surface temperature, pH）. Biotic communities of the rocky shores are considered to be generally controlled by physical factors such as temperature and desiccation. Therefore, three measurements were made for each abiotic parameter during this survey and mean values were used for statistical analysis. Consequently, the data of abundance （expressed in frequency） of species were calculated based on the distributed individuals along the quadrat. P. rustica is distributed mainly in the East more than in the West particularly from SI to S5. The condition index calculated at 12 stations revealed important seasonal variations, with the maximum during summer season highlighting three stations （S2, S11 and S 12）. This index is also very important in S3 and S4. The factors of pollution at these points had not affected the abundance and index condition.

Crystallization Kinetics and Magnetic Properties of Fe₄₀Ni₄₀B₂₀Bulk Metallic Glass

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been extensively studied due to their potential technological applications and their interesting physical properties such as a low modulus of elasticity, high yielding stress and good magnetic properties. In the present work, the bulk metallic glass (BMG) formation of Fe40Ni40B20 (numbers indicate at %) with a ribbon form was fabricated by the single roller melt-spinning method. Rapid solidification leads to a fully amorphous structure for all compositions. The thermal properties associated with crystallization temperature of the glassy samples were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10℃/mn. The microstructure and constituent phase of the alloy composite have been analyzed by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The effect of high temperature on the isothermal crystallization of Fe40Ni40B20 ribbon was investigated by HTX-ray diffraction. In addition, these ribbon glasses also exhibit good soft magnetic properties with M-H curvature measured under the magnetic fields between –1 kOe and 1 kOe.

Potential antioxidant properties and hepatoprotective effects of Juniperus phoenicea berries against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of Juniperus phoenicea(J.phoenicea)berries against CCl_4-induced oxidative damage in rats.Methods:Hepatotoxicity was induced in albino Wistar rats by single dose of CCl_4 dissolved in olive oil(1 mL/kg BW,1/1 in olive oil,ip).Aqueous extract of J.phoenicea berries(AEJP)was administered at the dose of 250 mg/kg/day by gavage for 12 days.Results:Obtained results revealed that administration of CCl_4 caused a significant increase in plasma ASAT,ALAT,ALP and LDH activities and total bilirubin concentration,compared to the control group.While,albumin and total protein concentration were significantly lower.Additionally,a significant decrease in the level of hepatic GSH,GPx and GST activities associated with a significant increase of MDA content in CCl_4 group than those of the control.However,the treatment of experimental rats with AEJP prevented these alterations and maintained the antioxidant status.The histopathological observations supported the biochemical evidences of hepatoprotection.Conclusions:The results of the present investigation indicate that J.phoenicea possesses hepatoprotective activity and this effect was may be due to its antioxidant proprerties.

Rooted Tree Optimization for Wind Turbine Optimum Control Based on Energy Storage System

The integration of wind turbines(WTs)in variable speed drive systems belongs to the main factors causing lowstability in electrical networks.Therefore,in order to avoid this issue,WTs hybridization with a storage system is a mandatory.This paper investigates WT system operating at variable speed.The system contains of a permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG)supported by a battery storage system(BSS).To enhance the quality of active and reactive power injected into the network,direct power control(DPC)scheme utilizing space-vector modulation(SVM)technique based on proportional-integral(PI)control is proposed.Meanwhile,to improve the rendition of this method(DPC-SVM-PI),the rooted tree optimization technique(RTO)algorithm-based controller parameter identification is used to achieve PI optimal gains.To compare the performance ofRTO-based controllers,they were implemented and tested along with some other popular controllers under different working conditions.The obtained results have shown the supremacy of the suggested PIRTO algorithm compared to competing controllers regarding total harmonic distortion(THD),overshoot percentage,settling time,rise time,average active power value,overall efficiency,and active power steadystate error.

Intelligent Energy Management Strategy and Sizing Methodology for Hybrid Systems in Isolated Regions

In this study,a comprehensive approach is presented for the sizing and management of hybrid renewable energy systems(HRESs)that incorporate a variety of energy sources,while emphasizing the role of artificial neural networks(ANNs)in system management.For optimal sizing of an HRES,the monthly average method wherein historical weather data are used to calculate the monthly averages of solar irradiance and wind speed,offering a well-balanced strategy for system sizing.This ensures that the HRES is appropriately scaled to meet the actual energy requirements of the specified location,avoiding the pitfalls of over-and under-sizing,and thereby enhancing the operational efficiency.Furthermore,the study details a cutting-edge strategy that employs ANNs for managing the inherent complexities of HRESs.It elaborates on the design,modeling,and control strategies for the HRES components by utilizing Matlab/Simulink for implementation.The findings demonstrate the proficiency of the ANN-based power manager in determining the operational modes guided by a specifically designed flowchart.By integrating ANN-driven energy management strategies into an HRES,the proposed approach marks a significant advancement in system adaptability,precision control,and efficiency,thereby maximizing the effective utilization of renewable resources.