Early forms of tourism in the Republic of Macedonia:Ottoman Period,Bitola and Skopje Vilayet

The survey covers the last two centuries of the Ottoman Empire with special reference to the Bitola(Monastir)and the Kosovo(Skopje)vilayet.They identified beginnings,names and conditions of work and stay of the guests in the caravanserai,the first hotels and restaurants in both vilayets.The survey is based on primary and secondary data sources for a longer period of time.In this research we use a qualitative analysis based on the relevant sources(archival documents and published books)and secondary sources(historical and contemporary written sources and scientific publications).The main tourism development unit is the number of caravanserai,inn and hotels that received passengers,as well as the number of restaurants and tourist arrivals.The study explores two areas of hotels and catering that have contributed to the beginning of early forms of tourism in the Republic of Macedonia,in area of Bitola and Skopje Vilayet,the economically most developed areas in that part of the Ottoman Empire.

Steganography of Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)

Network steganography consists of different steganographic technics that utilize network protocols for hiding data. We present nine new covert channels which utilize the new standard, HTTP/2, and which can be used regardless its transport carrier (TLS or clear TCP). These covert channels use a protocol feature that has dual nature (for example, no padding can be represented in two ways);or a feature that is not mandatory (as streams prioritization and dependencies);or random value field (as PING frame payload field);or there is no strict rule how to obtain new values for some fields (as stream identifiers). As far as we know, this is the first research about hiding data in HTTP/2. Also, we give a small survey of existing covert channels that can be created using HTTP/1.x, with the analysis do they work or not work with the HTTP/2.

Influence of Bioregulator Gibberellic Acid on Some Technological Characteristics of Cluster and Berry from Some Seedless Grape Varieties

Solutions of gibberellic acid prepared at three concentration levels including 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, were applied at two seedless grape varieties, Thompson and Belgrade, by spraying, during the three different periods of the vine growing： before blooming, after blooming and before veraison, in order to study their influence on some cultural technological characteristics. Dimension and shape of the cluster and berry, mechanical characteristics of the berries and chemical content of the must （sugar and total acids） has been also investigated. It was noticed that the concentration of gibberellic acid had influence on the technological characteristics of the berries in all grape growing periods tested. The addition of gibberellic acid at concentration of 20 mg/L increased the weight of the cluster and berry, and increased the transportability of the berries belonging to the two seedless varieties.

The Sports-Recreational Animation as a Factor for Tourism Development

Sports and tourism activities act together. So today, sports tourism is undoubtedly one of the most important industries characterized by ever increasing profits, almost without experiencing any shocks and repercussions of the global economic crisis. Tourist agencies, touristic facilities, and touristic places are trying in every way to animate tourists with some sports. Sport is fun for everyone. Modem hotels have pools, golf courses, playgrounds, gyms, etc., in order for tourists to do sports and to have fun. On the other side, tourist agencies organize visits to some （important） sports events for visitors to ride and to have fun. Hence, the objective of the sport is to animate the tourists. For example, the Olympic Games is a world most famous sports event where a lot of money is spent in order for visitors, who came for that event only to enjoy from all over the world, to have fun. Apparently, there is a link between sport and animation in tourism, and it is necessary to make investments in sport if we want to put more fun in tourism. Although tourism is not a sport branch, it covers many sporting activities （sports recreation, sports events, etc.）. It can be concluded that tourism and sport are interrelated phenomena.

The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on the Tourist Turnover in the Republic of North Macedonia

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the international arrival of tourists in2019 has reached the number of 1.5 million. Every 10th person in the world is employed in the tourist sector.According to the statistical data in the Republic of North Macedonia, the tourist turnover has been continuously onthe rise year after year (State Statistical Office, 2019). The international tourism is especially “sensitive” toinfluences such as war conflicts, terrorism, natural disasters and catastrophes, as well as the spread of variousdiseases, to name a few. The impact of epidemics from contagious diseases on the international tourism is knownfrom earlier, such as the cases of swine flu, bird flu, SARS, and others (Henderson, 2003). The COVID-19pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) back in December 2019 (ongoing today) made theoverall economies stagnant. The tourist sector has been especially affected as a result of the restricted travelscausing a health concern. UNWTO foresees tourism decline of about 20-30% in 2020 compared to 2019 as a resultof the COVID-19 crisis (https://www.unwto.org). This paper researches the question of what is the situation like inthe tourist turnover in Macedonia in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. The tourist turnover was analyzed andcompared in the period starting January concluding September 2020, with the same time range the year before,2019. This paper used secondary sources of data through consulting the relevant literature in tourism and hospitalityrelated to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Response of a Shear Beam as 1D Medium to Seismic Excitations Dependent on the Boundary Conditions

We study response of a shear beam to seismic excitations at its base. The research is conducted using computer simulation of the wave propagation on a numerical model. The wave equation is solved using the method of finite differences （FD） where the spatial and temporal derivatives are approximated with FD. We used formulation of the wave equation via the particle velocities, strains, mid stresses. Integrating particle velocities in time, we obtained displacements at spatial points. The main goal in this research is to study phenomena occurring due to three different types of boundary conditions, Dirichlet, Neumann, and moving boundary when simple half-sine pulse propagates through 1D medium modeled as a shear beam.

South Sudan Vehicle Workshop Hazardous Waste Management

All facility managers and fleet managers know how difficult it can be to effectively manage hazardous wastes and identify economic recycling opportunities. This report reviews the context surrounding GO＇s （global organization） vehicle workshops and environmental management in South Sudan, specifically relating to hazardous waste management. Potential recycling opportunities are identified and some preliminary suggestions for hazardous waste management are made.

Influence of the Source Square Size on the Accuracy of Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation in Half Space

It is well known that the dynamic response of the structure to an earthquake excitation is affected by the interaction with the foundation and the soil.The expansion of informatics and development of the computer capacities has helped the scientists to develop numerical models for approximate solutions of big variety of problems related to SSI(Soil Structure Interaction).Many of those problems involve domain-coupling.In this paper we built numerical model,based on finite differences and we investigate the accuracy of the numerical model depending upon the size of the square domain around the source.We tested eight different square sizes and we analyzed their accuracy regarding to five different wave periods.The results give recommendations for the implementation of the domain-coupling algorithm.

Determination of Ketoconazole in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Ketoconazole has been widely used as an antifungal drug ketoconazole shampoo. The aim of this research was to study and to that is formulated as tablets, cream and over-the-counter standardize an UV （ultraviolet spectrophotometric） method, potentiometry and a HPLC （high performance liquid chromatographic） method for the determination ofketoconazole in commercially available tablets. These three methods were compared and discussed with respect to their sensitivity, selectivity and ready-applicability in routine analytical work. Absorption spectra and spectrophotometric determinations were carried out on the UV spectrophotometer. Investigated concentrations that ranged from 0.003 mg·dm^-3 to 0.02 mg·dm^-3. The absorbance was measured at 224 nm. In potentiometric titrations, glass and saturated （KCI） calomel electrodes were used to determine the end point of the titration. HPLC analyses of ketoconazole were carried in the presence ofeconazole as internal standard. It was concluded that the described methods are simple, fast and reliable for the identification of ketoconazole in pharmaceutical preparations. The preparation of the samples was easy, the excipients did not interfere with the active substance in the methods, so they can be used in routine quality control analysis.

The Role of Pharmacist in Treatment of Depression

One of the most significant health issues is the disorders of mood according to the fact that they have a significant effect on the quality of life of the patients, their families, their working and wider social surroundings. According to the World Health Organization, mood disorders are the fourth cause of morbidity and mortality with a tendency to move to the second place by the 2020. The prediction of higher number of patients diagnosed with depression in the future comes from the facts that the main factor of risk, like stress, is in constant rise. Furthermore, the demographic image （ageing of the population） is changing, associated with the effect of comorbidity of depression, also attributed with increase of the number of genetically predisposed patients with this mood disorder. The aim of this study is to define, describe and question the role of pharmacists in the treatment of patients suffering from depression. Therefore, we measured the impact of pharmaceutical care on significant parameters in treatment of depression due to the selection of appropriate therapy according to the guidelines, adherence of the patient, quality of life, work capability, anxiety, side effects and interactions with other medicines.