Review on Development of Pressure Injury Prevention Fabric

Pressure injury is a common postoperative complication of wheelchair users. It has a high incidence rate and can induce sepsis and even death. The fabrics that touch patients’ skin directly have a profound impact on their skin surfaces. This review summarizes the research in the last five years on the relationship between pressure injuries and fabrics. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA) statement, a systematic literature search is conducted in nine databases, including SCI(Web of Science), IEEE, ASTM, Taylor & Francis, ProQuest, Wiley, SpringerLink, PubMed and SAGE. The research objects, experimental equipment and survey results are investigated in this review, in which twenty-four different textiles and seven different test methodologies are involved. The test methodologies include five kinds of performance tests and two kinds of observational studies. Two studies showed that the particular fabric was helpful to reduce the pressure on the skin surface, and twelve studies revealed that the multi-layer fabric with good air permeability, heat dissipation and moisture dissipation was helpful to prevent pressure injury. This review confirms the correlation between the fabric properties and the occurrence of postoperative pressure injury in wheelchair users. Further experiments are needed to reasonably integrate the fabric characteristics of pressure injury prevention into the mass-produced pressure injury prevention clothes for wheelchair users.

Effects of ultrasonic waves on carbon dioxide solubility in brine at different pressures and temperatures

The adverse impacts of CO2 emission on the global warming highlight the importance of carbon capture and storage technology and geological storage of CO2 under solubility trapping mechanisms. Enhancing the solubility of CO2 in formation water has always been the focus of research in the area of CO2 sequestration. Ultrasound techniques are one of the environmentally friendly methods that use high-intensity acoustic waves to improve gas solubility in liquids. Ultrasonic waves can alter the properties of different phases that lead to chemical reactions and provide a means to increase the solubility of CO2 in connate water. In this study, we investigated the effects of ultrasound on the solubility of CO2 in connate water under different conditions of pressure, temperature, and salinity. The results showed that the solubility of CO2 was improved with increasing pressure under ultrasonic effects.However, the solubility of CO2 was inversely proportional to the increase in brine salinity and temperature. Therefore,it was concluded that the solubility of CO2 might be enhanced in the presence of ultrasound.

The effectiveness of internal audit in Malaysian public sector

Internal audit in Malaysian public and private sector organizations underwent a steady organic growth since gaining a foothold in the management process in the 1970s. The management of the Malaysian public sector is continuously maturing in facilitating foreign input in national development, echoing similar advances expounded by the internal audit units of private sector organizations. The main difference being the public sector addresses the interest of a much wider group of stakeholders. Rapid development in infrastructures and industries positioned Malaysia on the fringes of globalization and the world market. This enlarges the crucial role of internal auditing to ensure transparency, integrity, quality and improved service delivery; among myriad positive aims, remain the end point of any process area. This study explored the significance of internal auditing in the Malaysian public sector, and its subsequent extent and influence in public sector hierarchy and decision making. Data was collected from responses to a questionnaire distributed to head of internal auditors, internal auditors and other staff of internal audit departments from various categories of public sector departments and agencies in Malaysia. The study concluded that the internal audit function in the public sector in Malaysia is curtailed by understaffing and hampered by inadequate support from top management while, the auditors seldom extend their full cooperation. The auditors themselves lack appropriate knowledge and training on effective auditing approaches. The negative perception accorded to internal audit led to inaction by management on recommended remedies which only serve to nullify the positive contribution internal audit potentially holds to elevate the service delivery quality of the public sector.

质量建设中的安全管理

通过对马来西亚建筑项目的个体研究显示出其建筑设备机械的安全管理现状以及有可能引发的问题，本文旨在基于此研究结粜，强调建筑设备机械的安全管理的必要性。 在过去几年中，政府致力于通过贯彻指导方针来实施安全健康政策，开展现场安全研讨会以及实施项目现场安全认证制度。建筑业作为马来西亚的第二大工业，同时又是工作现场事故发生最多的行业，由于不安全的施工现场引发的事故以及因此损失的利润使其深受影响。统计数据表明建筑设备及机械是造成这些事故的原因之一，因此，本文以“质量建设中的安全管理”为题，意在说明对于建筑设备和机械的安全管理的关系和重要性。同时设计一个可以用来作为管理指导方针的实用模型。 “安全管理”对于马来西亚来说是一个新的管理概念，本文指出在马来西亚实施安全管理的范围，同时提出对于建筑设备机械进行安全管理的合理框架，通过研究发现，安全管理对于马来西亚而言仍是一个很新的概念，职业安全与健康法案，尤其是针对于建筑设备机械使用的安全与健康法案在马来西亚仍是空缺。另外，研究表明．在项目现场设立安全委员会是实旅安全管理的主要措施，但除此以外，安全管理的其他方面还未能被清楚阐明。 建筑设备机械的安全管理需要一个长时间及过程的调整。这将使其不可能在短时间内得以实施。因此，本文吸取了研究中的发现，利用指示方法建立了一个用以详细说明建筑设备机械安全管理这一基本概念的实用框架模型。模型采用Walker.A（1993）提出的管理实用基础模型作为原型用以突出其关键元素，而其关键节点或关键过程则是基于个体调查得出的结果。

Appropriateness, endoscopic findings and contributive yield of pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy

AIM:To determine the predictability of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology and Nutrition(NASPGHAN)and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy(ASGE)guideline with regard to appropriate endoscopic practice in children,positive endoscopic findings and contributive yield in clinical practice.METHODS:This was a descriptive,retrospective analysis,conducted at the Department of Paediatrics,University Malaya Medical Centre,Malaysia.All children who had esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD)and colonoscopy from January 2008 to June 2011 were included.An endoscopy was considered appropriate when its indication complied with the NASPGHAN and ASGE guideline.All endoscopic findings were classified as either positive(presence of any endoscopic or histologic abnormality)or negative(no or minor abnormality,normal histology);effecting a positive contributive(a change in therapeutic decisions or prognostic consequences)or non-contributive yield(no therapeutic or prognostic consequences).RESULTS:Overall,76%of the 345 procedures(231EGD alone,26 colonoscopy alone,44 combined EGD and colonoscopy)performed in 301 children(median age 7.0 years,range 3 months to 18 years)had a positive endoscopic finding.Based on the NASPGHAN and ASGE guideline,99.7%of the procedures performed were considered as appropriate.The only inappropriate procedure(0.3%)was in a child who had EGD for assessment of the healing of gastric ulcer following therapy in the absence of any symptoms.The overall positive contributive yield for a change in diagnosis and/or management was 44%.The presence of a positive endoscopic finding was more likely to effect a change in the therapeutic plan than an alteration of the initial diagnosis.A total of 20(5.8%)adverse events were noted,most were minor and none was fatal.CONCLUSION:The NASPGHAN and ASGE guideline is more likely to predict a positive endoscopic finding but is less sensitive to effect a change in the initial clinical diagnosis or the subsequent therapeutic plan.

Corporate Governance and Earnings Quality： The Experience of Listed Companies in Iran

This study examines the relationship among independent boards of directors, board size, managerial share ownership （MSO）, and earnings quality. The study of these relationships is controlled by firm size based on a sample of 114 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange （TSE） for the period from 2008 to 2010. The results demonstrate that there was an insignificant positive relationship among independent boards of directors, managerial ownership, and earnings quality. Subsequent analysis shows an insignificant negative relationship between board size and earnings quality. It also provides evidence of the negative relationship between firm size as a control variable and earnings quality. This can be attributed to the fact that large firms are claimed to be politically sensitive and thus have the incentive to lessen variances in changes in their reported earnings.

Why do not accounting graduates want to become accountants？

This study searches the reasons why accounting graduates do not want to become members of the Malaysian Institute of Accountants （MIA） and accountants. Ten participants were interviewed. An analysis of their interview transcripts, using the constant comparative method, discloses the following reasons why they do not register as members： no added benefits to current employment, difficulty in filling in the application forms, high cost of membership and lack of ambition to become accountants. The findings of this study provide insights to the professional accounting bodies and academics on the accounting graduates＇ lack of interest to become accountants.

Molecular imaging of plaques in coronary arteries with PET and SPECT

Coronary artery disease remains a major cause of mortality. Presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary artery is responsible for lu-men stenosis which is often used as an indicator for determining the severity of coronary artery disease. However, the degree of coronary lumen stenosis is not often related to compromising myocardial blood flow, as most of the cardiac events that are caused by atherosclerotic plaques are the result of vulnerable plaques which are prone to rupture. Thus, identification of vulnerable plaques in coronary arteries has become increas-ingly important to assist identify patients with high cardiovascular risks. Molecular imaging with use of positron emission tomography （PET） and single photon emission computed tomography （SPECT） has fulfilled this goal by providing functional information about plaque activity which enables accurate assessment of plaque stability. This review article provides an overview of diagnostic applications of molecular imaging tech-niques in the detection of plaques in coronary arteries with PET and SPECT. New radiopharmaceuticals used in the molecular imaging of coro-nary plaques and diagnostic applications of integrated PET/CT and PET/MRI in coronary plaques are also discussed.

Isolation,characterization and identification of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere of Acacia mangium at sandy BRIS soil

This study has isolated,characterized,and identified potential plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)with multiple PGP characteristics(N_(2)-fixation,P-and K-solubilization,IAA,and siderophores production)from the rhizosphere BRIS soil of Acacia mangium.A total of 24 pure colonies were isolated and only 8 colonies were selected for further evaluation of the growth rate in 5%organic molasses medium supplemented with 2%KNO_(3).Based on the biochemical,potential PGP characteristics and growth performance,3 superior PGPR strains were selected and identified as Paraburkholderia unamae(UA1),Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(UA6),and Enterobacter asburiae(UAA2)by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.The selected bacterial strains either in single or mixed(UA1+UA6+UAA2)cultures have shown a significant biochemical estimation of the PGP characteristics.Each strain has its own PGPR traits superiority with UA1 showing the best PGP characteristic followed by UA6 and UAA2.The use of mixed bacterial strains was beneficial as it showed the best performance in N_(2)-fixation,siderophores production,and significant effect on corn phenology,growth and yield compared to using a single strain.These types of microbes showed potential to be used as biofertilizer and should be exploited more.

A new technique for islanding operation of distribution network connected with mini hydro

An islanding operation of a distribution network is a topic of interest due to the significant penetration of distributed generation(DG) in a power system network. However, controlling the frequency of an islanded distribution system remains an unresolved issue, especially when the load exceeds the generation. This paper presents a new technique for a successful islanding operation of a distribution network connected with multiple mini hydro based DGs. The proposed technique is based on three main parts. The first part uses an islanding detection technique to detect the islanding event correctly. The second part consists of a power imbalance estimation module(PIEM), which determines the power imbalance between the generation and load demand. The third part consists of a load shedding controller, which receives the power imbalance value and performs load shedding according to load priority. The proposed technique is validated on an 11 k V existing Malaysia distribution network. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is effective in performing a successful islanding operation by shedding a significant number of loads.