Estimation of spatial and temporal changes in net primary production based on Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach(CASA) model in semi-arid rangelands of Semirom County, Iran

Net primary production(NPP) is an indicator of rangeland ecosystem function. This research assessed the potential of the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach(CASA) model for estimating NPP and its spatial and temporal changes in semi-arid rangelands of Semirom County, Iran. Using CASA model, we estimated the NPP values based on monthly climate data and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) obtained from the MODIS sensor. Regression analysis was then applied to compare the estimated production data with observed production data. The spatial and temporal changes in NPP and light utilization efficiency(LUE) were investigated in different rangeland vegetation types. The standardized precipitation index(SPI) was also calculated at different time scales and the correlation of SPI with NPP changes was determined. The results indicated that the estimated NPP values varied from 0.00 to 74.48 g C/(m^2·a). The observed and estimated NPP values had different correlations, depending on rangeland conditions and vegetation types. The highest and lowest correlations were respectively observed in Astragalus spp.-Agropyron spp. rangeland(R^2=0.75) with good condition and Gundelia spp.-Cousinia spp. rangeland(R^2=0.36) with poor and very poor conditions. The maximum and minimum LUE values were found in Astragalus spp.-Agropyron spp. rangeland(0.117 g C/MJ) with good condition and annual grassesannual forbs rangeland(0.010 g C/MJ), respectively. According to the correlations between SPI and NPP changes, the effects of drought periods on NPP depended on vegetation types and rangeland conditions. Annual plants had the highest drought sensitivity while shrubs exhibited the lowest drought sensitivity. The positive effects of wet periods on NPP were less evident in degraded areas where the destructive effects of drought were more prominent. Therefore, determining vegetation types and rangeland conditions is essential in NPP estimation. The findings of this study confirmed the potential of the CASA for estimating rangeland production. Therefore, the model output maps can be used to evaluate, monitor and optimize rangeland management in semi-arid rangelands of Iran where MODIS NPP products are not available.

Role of polyethylene particles in peri-prosthetic osteolysis:A review

There is convincing evidence that particles produced by the wear of joint prostheses are causal in the periprosthetic loss of bone,or osteolysis,which,if it progresses,leads to the phenomenon of aseptic loosening.It is important to fully understand the biology of this bone loss because it threatens prosthesis survival,and loosened implants can result in peri-prosthetic fracture,which is disastrous for the patient and presents a difficult surgical scenario.The focus of this review is the bioactivity of polyethylene(PE)particles,since there is evidence that these are major players in the development and progression of osteolysis around prostheses which use PE as the bearing surface.The review describes the biological consequences of interaction of PE particles with macrophages,osteoclasts and cells of the osteoblast lineage,including osteocytes.It explores the possible cellular mechanisms of action of PE and seeks to use the findings to date to propose potential nonsurgical treatments for osteolysis.In particular,a nonsurgical approach is likely to be applicable to implants containing newer,highly cross-linked PEs(HXLPEs),for which osteolysis seems to occur with much reduced PE wear compared with conventional PEs.The caveat here is that we know little as yet about the bioactivity of HXLPE particles and addressing this constitutes our next challenge.

Satisfaction with patient-doctor relationships in inflammatory bowel diseases:Examining patient-initiated change of specialist

AIM:To assess the reasons for,and factors associated with,patient-initiated changes in treating specialist in inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD).METHODS:Prospectively identified IBD patients(n = 256) with ≥ 1 encounter at a metropolitan hospital were surveyed,including whether they had changed treating specialist and why.Negative reasons included loss of confidence,disagreement,and/or personality clash with the specialist.RESULTS:Of 162 respondents,70(43%) had ever changed specialists;30/70(43%) for negative reasons,52/70(74%) in the preceding year.Patients with negative reasons for changing(n = 30) were younger(median,35.2 years vs 45.3 years),had higher IBD knowledge(median,5.0 years vs 4.0 years),yet had lower medication adherence and satisfaction scores(median,19.0 years vs 22.0 years,14.0 years vs 16.0 years respectively,Mann-Whitney tests,all P < 0.05),compared to all other responders(n = 132).Patients with a recent change(for any reason) were more likely to have Crohn's disease,currently active disease,previous bowel resection and recent hospitalization [OR 2.6,95% CI(1.3-5.4),2.2(1.0-4.7),5.56(1.92-16.67),2.0(1.3-3.0),eachP < 0.05].CONCLUSION:Changing specialist appears associated with patient-related(age,nonadherence) and contemporaneous disease-related factors(recent relapse) which,where modifiable,may enhance patient-doctor relationships and therefore quality of care.

Influence of towing speed on effectiveness of rolling dynamic compaction

The influence of towing speed on the effectiveness of the 4-sided impact roller using earth pressure cells(EPCs)is investigated.Two field trials were undertaken;the first trial used three EPCs placed at varying depths between 0.5 m and 1.5 m with towing speeds of 9-12 km/h.The second used three EPCs placed at a uniform depth of 0.8 m,with towing speeds of 5-15 km/h.The findings from the two trials confirmed that towing speed influences the pressure imparted to the ground and hence compactive effort.This paper proposes that the energy imparted to the ground is best described in terms of work done,which is the sum of the change in both potential and kinetic energies.Current practice of using either kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy should be avoided as neither can accurately quantify rolling dynamic compaction(RDC)when towing speed is varied.

Structure optimization of gas-liquid combined loop reactor using a CFD-PBE coupled model

Flow characteristics, such as flow pattern, gas holdup, and bubble size distribution, in an internal loop reactor with external liquid circulation, are simulated to investigate the influence of reactor internals by using the computational fluid dynamics （CFD）-population balance equations （PBE） coupled model. Numerical results reveal that introducing a downcomer tube and a draft tube can help to improve the mass and heat transfer of the reactor through enhanced liquid circulation, increased gas holdup and reduced bubble diameter. The hydrodynamic behavior in the internal loop reactor with external liquid circulation can be managed effectively by adjusting the diameter and axial position of the draft tube.

CFD-PBE simulation of gas-phase hydrodynamics in a gas-liquid-solid combined loop reactor

The computational fluid dynamics （CFD）-population balance equations （PBE） coupled model is employed to investigate the hydrodynamics in a gas-slurry internal loop reactor with external slurry circulation. The predicted radial profiles of local gas holdup and bubble diameter are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. The spatio-temporal velocity profile of the gas phase reveals that the upward movement of gas is slowed down and the residence time of gas is prolonged by the downward momentum of the slurry, introduction of the external slurry can greatly improve the uniformity of gas holdup distribution in the reactor, especially in the downcomer-tube action region. Moreover, the interaction between the downward slurry and upward gas can lead to small bubble size and high interfacial area as well as good mass and heat transfer. The above results suggest the function of external slurry circulation for the internal loop reactor and would be helpful for optimizing the design and scale up of reactors.

Transcriptome profiling reveals phase-specific gene expression in the developing barley inflorescence

The shape of an inflorescence varies among cereals,ranging from a highly branched panicle in rice to a much more compact spike in barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,little is known about the molecular basis of cereal inflorescence architecture.We profiled transcriptomes at three developmental stages of the barley main shoot apex—spikelet initiation,floral organ differentiation,and floral organ growth—and compared them with those from vegetative seedling tissue.Transcript analyses identified 3688 genes differentially transcribed between the three meristem stages,with a further 1394 genes preferentially expressed in reproductive compared with vegetative tissue.Coexpression assembly and Gene Ontology analysis classified these 4888 genes into 28 clusters,revealing distinct patterns for genes such as transcription factors,histone modification,and cell-cycle progression specific for each stage of inflorescence development.We also compared expression patterns of VRS(SIX-ROWED SPIKE)genes and auxin-,gibberellic acid-and cytokinin-associated genes between two-rowed and six-rowed barley to describe regulators of lateral spikelet fertility.Our findings reveal barley inflorescence phase-specific gene expression,identify new candidate genes that regulate barley meristem activities and flower development,and provide a new genetic resource for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms of spike development.

黄土高原旱地小麦与豆科绿肥轮作及施氮对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响

小麦与豆科绿肥轮作和合理施用氮肥对黄土高原旱地缺素地区具有特别重要意义。本试验以夏休闲为对照,比较了小麦与绿豆、大豆、秋豆轮作和氮肥水平（0、108、1351、62 kg/hm2）对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响。结果表明,小麦与豆科绿肥轮作,在黄土高原旱地受水分限制影响,小麦产量降低9.7%~26.6%;同时,与休闲处理相较,小麦籽粒养分携出量显著降低或表现出降低的趋势,其中,与绿豆轮作,小麦籽粒养分携出量降低最多,为10.5%~29.3%,大豆次之,为3.1%~12.8%,与当地大豆品种秋豆轮作,小麦籽粒养分携出量降低最少,为0.98%~11.7%。然而,小麦籽粒营养元素锌、磷、钾、钙、镁的含量与休闲处理相比,分别增加22.0%、18.5%、8.8%、7.9%、7.8%。小麦与绿肥轮作后,108 kg N/hm2（当地常规施氮量的80%）获得了较高小麦生物量和产量。同时,随施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒氮、硫、钙、铁、铜、锌的含量和养分携出量均表现出增加趋势;小麦籽粒含磷量和养分携出量有下降趋势;小麦籽粒锰含量呈现降低趋势但养分携出量增加;钾、镁的含量和养分携出量随施氮量无显著变化。

点力和线力作用下的结构振动响应研究

建立了平板结构在点力载荷和线力载荷作用下振动响应的理论模型 ,应用该模型计算出简支平板在两种载荷作用下的振动响应 ,然后进行比较分析。通过实验研究了点力载荷与实际惯性激振器产生的线力载荷作用下简支平板振动频响函数的差别。研究表明 ,点力载荷和线力载荷作用下的振动响应有一定差别 ,线力作用的圆环直径越大 ,这种差别越大 ,且高频段较低频段表现更为明显。

几个牛肉品质性状的QTL分析

测定了利木赞×娟姗牛杂交一代3头公牛所有回交后代的背最长肌和半腱肌的剪切力、pH值及煮 制损失3个表型性状,与已构建的遗传连锁图谱和基因型值相结合,利用QTL Express软件的“Half-Sib QTL Analysis Servlet”进行QTL分析。共发现6个可能的QTL位点,其中背最长肌剪切力性状3个QTL(BTA2 45 cM,BTA29 54 cM)、半腱肌剪切力1个QTL(BTA2 12 cM)、半腱肌pH值1个QTL(BTA24 0 cM)、背最长肌 煮制损失1个QTL(BTA142 cM)。

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungus （Glomus mosseae） and phosphorus （P） addition （100 mg/kg soil） on arsenic （As） uptake by maize plants （Zea mays L.） from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment. Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included. Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As, P, and other nutrients, AM colonization, root lengths, and hyphal length densities were determined. The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium. Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments, but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application. AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added, and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition, respectively. Shoot and root uptake of P, Mn, Cu, and Zn increased, but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%, with inoculation, when P was added. P addition reduced shoot P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn uptake of AM plants, but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones. AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil, and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil, however, P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.

Proximal gastric response to small intestinal nutrients is abnormal in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients

瞄准：在非常有病的病人决定近似的胃的反应到小肠的营养素。方法：近似胃的活动性在 13 个非常有病的病人被测量(49.3 +/- 4.7 年) 并且 12 个健康志愿者(27.7 +/- 2.9 年) 用一种 barostat 技术。记录在基线被执行，在 60-min 期间 intra 十二指肠的注入保证(2 kcal/min ) ，并且为跟随注入的 2 h。最小的扩张压力(MDP ) ， intra 袋子体积和底的波浪活动是坚定的。结果：MDP 在病人是更高的(11.7 +/- 1.1 对 7.8 +/- 0.7 毫米汞柱；P 【 0.01 ) 。基线 intra 袋子体积在 2 个组是类似的。在健康题目，一“双性人形式”近似胃的体积反应被观察。在病人，近似胃的体积的起始的增加小、推迟，但是最后到达了类似于健康题目的最大的体积。在健康题目，近似胃的体积很快在滋养的注入以后回到了基线水平(中部 18 min ) 。相反，到基线的体积的恢复在非常有病的病人被推迟(中部 106 min ) 。在 6 个病人，体积没在滋养的注入以后回到基线水平 2 小时。在病人，底的体积波浪是不太经常的(P 【 0.05 ) 并且有的更低的振幅(P 【 0.001 ) ，与健康题目相比。结论：在重病，对小肠的滋养的刺激的近似胃的马达回答是反常的。

Carbon dioxide insufflation during colonoscopy in deeply sedated patients

AIM:To compare the impact of carbon dioxide(CO2) and air insufflation on patient tolerance/safety in deeply sedated patients undergoing colonoscopy.METHODS:Patients referred for colonoscopy were randomized to receive either CO2 or air insufflation during the procedure.Both the colonoscopist and patient were blinded to the type of gas used.During the procedure,insertion and withdrawal times,caecal intubationrates,total sedation given and capnography readings were recorded.The level of sedation and magnitude of patient discomfort during the procedure was assessed by a nurse using a visual analogue scale(VAS)(0-3).Patients then graded their level of discomfort and abdominal bloating using a similar VAS.Complications during and after the procedure were recorded.RESULTS:A total of 142 patients were randomized with 72 in the air arm and 70 in the CO2 arm.Mean age between the two study groups were similar.Insertion time to the caecum was quicker in the CO2 group at 7.3 min vs 9.9 min with air(P = 0.0083).The average withdrawal times were not significantly different between the two groups.Caecal intubation rates were 94.4% and 100% in the air and CO2 groups respectively(P = 0.012).The level of discomfort assessed by the nurse was 0.69(air) and 0.39(CO2)(P = 0.0155) and by the patient 0.82(air) and 0.46(CO2)(P = 0.0228).The level of abdominal bloating was 0.97(air) and 0.36(CO2)(P = 0.001).Capnography readings trended to be higher in the CO2 group at the commencement,caecal intubation,and conclusion of the procedure,even though this was not significantly different when compared to readings obtained during air insufflation.There were no complications in both arms.CONCLUSION:CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy is more efficacious than air,allowing quicker and better cecal intubation rates.Abdominal discomfort and bloating were significantly less with CO2 insufflation.

Distal small bowel motility and lipid absorption in patients following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair surgery

瞄准：在跟随选任的腹的主动脉瘤(AAA ) 修理外科的病人调查远侧的小肠活动性和类脂化合物吸收。方法：九个病人(年老的 35-78 年；身体团索引(BMI ) 范围：23-36 kg/m (2 )) 为 AAA 修理，和七个健康控制题目外科以后(20-50 年；BMI 变化：21-29 kg/m (2 )) 被学习。连续的远侧的小肠测压法为多达 72 h 被执行，在 fasting 并且肠内的的喂(Nutrison ) 的时期期间。记录为频率，起源，一些移植，和小肠的爆炸活动的方向被分析。类脂化合物吸收在病人的一个子集在第一天和第三个天柱子手术被估计用(13 ) C-triolein-breath 测试，并且与健康控制相比。题目收到了 50 mL 液体的 20-min 十二指肠内注入喂与 200 混合了 microL (13 ) C-triolein。结束吐气的呼吸样品为 6 h 被收集并且分析了为(13 ) 公司(2 ) 集中。结果：在近似、远侧的小肠的爆炸活动的频率比在健康题目在病人是更高的，在 fasting 和美联储条件(P【0.005 ) 下面。在病人，有反常地宣传的爆炸的一个更高的比例(71% 反常) ，它开始由 d 使正常化 3 (25% 反常) 外科以后。类脂化合物吸收数据为 d 上的七个病人是可得到的 d 上的 1 和四个病人 3 帖子外科。在病人， d 上的吸收 1 外科以后是健康控制的使遭到的一半(AUC (13 ) 公司(2 ) 1323+/-244 对 2646+/-365；P【0.05，分别地) ，并且被归结为五分之一个由 d 的健康控制的 3 (AUC (13 ) 公司(2 ) 470+/-832 对 2646+/-365；P【0.05，分别地) 。结论：近似、远侧的小肠的马达活动短暂地在主要外科以后立即在非常有病的病人被破坏，与远及回肠延长的反常活动性模式。这些马达骚乱可以贡献肠内的营养的损害吸收，特别当管腔内处理为有效消化是必要的时。

Pattern discovery of long non-coding RNAs associated with the herbal treatments in breast and prostate cancers

Background:Accumulating evidence shows that long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)play critical roles in cancer progression.The possible association between lncRNAs and herbal medicine is yet to be known.This study aims to identify medicinal herbs associated with lncRNAs by RNA-seq data for breast and prostate cancer.Methods:To develop the optimal approach for identifying cancer-related lncRNAs,we implemented two steps:(1)applying protein–protein interaction(PPI),Gene Ontology(GO),and pathway analyses,and(2)applying attribute weighting and finding the efficient classification model of the machine learning approach.Results:In the first step,GO terms and pathway analyses on differential co-expressed mRNAs revealed that lncRNAs were widely co-expressed with metabolic process genes.We identified two hub lncRNA-mRNA networks that implicate lncRNAs associated with breast and prostate cancer.In the second step,we implemented various machine learning-based prediction systems(Decision Tree,Random Forest,Deep Learning,and Gradient-Boosted Tree)on the non-transformed and Z-standardized differential co-expressed lncRNAs.Based on five-fold cross-validation,we obtained high accuracy(91.11%),high sensitivity(88.33%),and high specificity(93.33%)in Deep Learning which reinforces the biomarker power of identified lncRNAs in this study.As data originally came from different cell lines at different durations of herbal treatment intervention,we applied seven attribute weighting algorithms to check the effects of variables on identifying lncRNAs.Attribute weighting results showed that the cell line and time had little or no effect on the selected lncRNAs list.Besides,we identified one known lncRNAs,downregulated RNA in cancer(DRAIC),as an essential feature.Conclusions:This study will provide further insights to investigate the potential therapeutic and prognostic targets for prostate cancer(PC)and breast cancer(BC)in common.

Plasma-electrochemical synthesis of europium doped cerium oxide nanoparticles

In the present study,a plasma-electrochemical method was demonstrated for the synthesis of europium doped ceria nanoparticles.Ce(NO3)3· 6H2O and Eu(NO3)3·5H2O were used as the starting materials and being dissolved in the distilled water as the electrolyte solution.The plasma-liquid interaction process was in-situ investigated by an optical emission spectroscopy,and the obtained products were characterized by complementary analytical methods.Results showed that crystalline cubic CeO2:Eu3+ nanoparticles were successfully obtained,with a particle size in the range from 30 to 60 nm.The crystal structure didn't change during the calcination at a temperature from 400℃ to 1000℃,with the average erystallite size being estimated to be 52 nm at 1000℃.Eu3+ ions were shown to be effectively and uniformly doped into the CeO2 lattices.As a result,the obtained nanophosphors emit apparent red color under the UV irradiation,which can be easily observed by naked eye.The photoluminescence spectrum further proves the downshift behavior of the obtained products,where characteristic 5Do → 7F1,2,3 transitions of Eu3+ ions had been detected.Due to the simple,flexible and environmental friendly process,this plasma-electrochemical method should have great potential for the synthesis of a series of nanophosphors,especially for bio-application purpose.

Functional response and predation of Nabis kinbergii （Hemiptera. Nabidae） to Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera. Plutellidae）

成年 Nabis kinbergii 的功能的反应(半翅类：Nabidae ) 到有菱形斑纹的蛾 Plutella xylostella 的密度(鳞翅目：Plutellidae ) 在实验室条件下面被调查。Holling' s (1959 ) 类型Ⅱ模型被发现是一好为这个食肉动物的观察功能的反应合适。P 的数字。消费的 xylostella 从 15 ℃与温度增加了到 35 ℃。杀死的猎物的最大的数字向前在 35 ℃被观察，与 10.3 和 8.3 的一般水准中间形态幼虫由 N 的成年女性和男性消费了。kinbergii 分别地。N 的捕食。P 上的 kinbergii。xylostella 与连续最不成熟的年龄增加了。当猎物的身体尺寸增加了，食肉动物消费的猎物的数字减少了。131 个鸡蛋的 Anaverage 或 P 的 95 幼虫。xylostella 被女成年人的一个单身者在 24 ℃在 24hours 打死。P 的蛹。xylostella 被观察被第五个中间形态美女和成年人 N 吃。在数字的 kinbergii 不到 0.7 蛹的一般水准每在 24 小时 at24 ℃的食肉动物。由 N 的捕食偏爱。kinbergii 也被调查。P 的数字。xylostella andMyzus persicae 由女 N 杀死了。kinbergii 不是显著地不同的，但是男性们显著地杀死了更多的 P。xylostella 比 M。persicae。P 的鸡蛋和幼虫。xylostella 在一样的喂竞技场 Pieris rapae 比那些在显著地更大的数字被打死。

Advanced treatment of wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation

A three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation （3D-EC） reactor with introduction of activated carbon （AC） as particle micro-electrodes was apphed for the advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent of a wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing plant. Under the optimized conditions （current density of 500 A/m2, circulation rate of 5 mL/min, AC dosage of 50 g, and chloride concentration of 1.0 g/L）, the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand （CODer）, NH3-N, total organic carbon （TOC）, and ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm （UV2s4） of the 3D-EC reactor were 64.5%, 60.8%, 46.4%, and 64.8%, respectively; while the corresponding effluent concentrations of CODcr, NH3-N, TOC, and UV2s4 were 76.6, 20.1, and 42.5 mg/L, and 0.08 Abs/cm, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODer was less than 100 mg/L, which showed that the treated wastewater satisfied the demand of the integrated wastewater discharge standard （GB 8978-1996）. The 3D-EC process remarkably improved the treatment efficiencies with synergistic effects for CODer, NH3-N, TOC, and UV2s4 during the stable stage of 44.5%, 38.8%, 27.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, as compared with the sum of the efficiencies of a two-dimensional electrochemical oxidation （2D-EC） reactor and an AC adsorption process, which was ascribed to the numerous micro-electrodes of AC in the 3D-EC reactor. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC-MS） analysis revealed that electro- chemical treatment did not generate more toxic organics, and it was proved that the increase in acute biotoxicity was caused primarily by the production of free chlorine.

The CELLULOSE-SYNTHASE LIKE C （CSLC） Family of Barley Includes Members that Are Integral Membrane Proteins Targeted to the Plasma Membrane

The CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE C （CSLC） family is an ancient lineage within the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE （CESA/CSL） polysaccharide synthase superfamily that is thought to have arisen before the divergence of mosses and vascular plants. As studies in the flowering plant Arabidopsis have suggested synthesis of the （1,4）-β-glucan backbone of xyloglucan （XyG）, a wall polysaccharide that tethers adjacent cellulose microfibrils to each other, as a probable function for the CSLCs, CSLC function was investigated in barley （Hordeum vulgate L.）, a species with low amounts of XyG in its walls. Four barley CSLCgenes were identified （designated HvCSLC1-4）. Phylogenetic analysis reveals three well supported clades of CSLCs in flowering plants, with barley having representatives in two of these clades. The four barley CSLCs were expressed in various tissues, with in situ PCR detecting transcripts in all cell types of the coleoptile and root, including cells with primary and secondary cell walls. Co-expression analysis showed that HvCSLC3 was coordinately expressed with putative XyG xylosyltransferase genes. Both immuno-EM and membrane fractionation showed that HvCSLC2 was located in the plasma membrane of barley suspension-cultured cells and was not in internal membranes such as endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Based on our current knowledge of the sub-cellular locations of polysaccharide synthesis, we conclude that the CSLC family probably contains more than one type of polysaccharide synthase.

Performance index improvement of a double-pipe cooler with MgO/water-ethylene glycol (50:50) nano-suspension

A series of tests was conducted to unlock the potential application of MgO/water-EG(ethylene glycol)nanofluids(NF)in a double-pipe heat exchanger(HEX).The overall heat transfer coefficient(HTC),the inlet temperature of the working fluid,the fluid pressure drop(FPD),friction factor(FF)and the hydraulic performance index of the NF within the HEX were experimentally measured.Fouling of nanoparticles(NPs)within the Hex was also studied and modelled using asymptotic particulate fouling model.Results showed that MgO NPs can enhance the HTC by 39%at Re=10500 and wt.%=0.3 in the turbulent regime.Also,the presence of MgO NPs augmented the FF and the FPD values.The former was enhanced 33.8%,while the latter was augmented by 37%both at wt.%=0.3 and at Reynolds number=10500.Results also revealed that the formation of porous particulate fouling layer on the internal wall of the inner tube creates a fouling thermal resistance which changes asymptotically with time.Overall,MgO/water-ethylene glycol shows a great potential to be used as a coolant within a HEX.