The continued effect of the pyrite-tailing oxidation on the mobility of arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper was studied in a carbonated soil under natural conditions, with the experimental plot preserved with a l...The continued effect of the pyrite-tailing oxidation on the mobility of arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper was studied in a carbonated soil under natural conditions, with the experimental plot preserved with a layer of tailing covering the soil during three years. The experimental area is located in Southern Spain and was affected by a pyrite-mine spill. The climate in the area is typically Mediterranean, which determines the rate of soil alteration and element mobility. The intense alteration processes that occurred in the soil during three years caused important changes in its morphology and a strong degradation of the main soil properties. In this period, lead concentrated in the first 5 mm of the soil, with concentrations higher than 1500 mg kg?1, mainly associated to the neoformation of plumbojarosite. Arsenic was partially leached from the first 5 mm and mainly concentrated between 5–10 mm in the soil, with maximum values of 1239 mg kg-1; the retention of arsenates was related to the neoformation of iron hydroxysulfates (jarosite, schwertmannite) and oxyhydroxides (goethite, ferrihydrite), both with a variable degree of crystallinity. The mobility of Zn, Cd, and Cu was highly affected by pH, producing a stronger leaching in depth; their retention was related to the forms of precipitated aluminium and, in the case of Cu, also to the neoformation of hydroxysulfate.展开更多
Relationships between plant water status and gas exchange parameters at increasing levels of water stress were determined in Algerie loquats which grown in 50 I pots. Changes in soil water content and stem water poten...Relationships between plant water status and gas exchange parameters at increasing levels of water stress were determined in Algerie loquats which grown in 50 I pots. Changes in soil water content and stem water potential and their effects on stomatal conductance （Gs ） and net photosynthesis （Pn） rate were followed in control plants and in plants without irrigation until the latter reached near permanent wilting point and some leaf abscission took place. Then, the irrigation was restarted and the comparison repeated. Soil water content and stem water potential gradually diminished in response to drought reaching the minimum values of 0.9 mm and -5.0 MPa, respectively, 9 days after watering suspension. Compromised plant water status had drastic effects on Gs values that dropped by 97％ in the last day of the drought period. Pn was diminished by 80％ at the end of the drought period. The increasing levels of water stress did not cause a steady increase in leaf temperature in non-irrigated plants. Non-irrigated plants wilted and lost some leaves due to the severity of the water stress. However, all non-irrigated plants survived and reached similar Pn than control plants just a week after the irrigation was restarted, confirming drought tolerance of loquat and suggesting that photosynthesis machinery remained intact.展开更多
With the development of new technologies,some concepts become relevant in the economic area,as is the case with cryptocurrencies,in general,or Bitcoin and Ethereum,in particular.Due to the impact of these tools,a deta...With the development of new technologies,some concepts become relevant in the economic area,as is the case with cryptocurrencies,in general,or Bitcoin and Ethereum,in particular.Due to the impact of these tools,a detailed bibliometric study that allows us to obtain all information about cryptocurrencies must be conducted.This study will help scientific production by specifying the development and lines of related research that have been followed and are currently being followed.We have used Tableau,R(Bibliometrix R Package),and VOSviewer software to analyze the information.These have been combined to create and review unified metadata from the Web of Science(WoS)and Scopus databases.The bibliometric analysis shows 771 articles on the WoS database and 648 articles on Scopus published between 2010 and early 2019.They present the most relevant articles,research areas,countries,institu-tions,authors,journals,and trends during the last few years.In conclusion,the number of publications has grown in the last 3 years.The analysis shows the evolution of block-chain technology used in this type of cryptocurrency.The review of this period marks a possible end to the historical part of cryptocurrencies,thereby opening the current topic to its multiple applications.展开更多
Abiotic stresses have a negative effect on crop production,affecting both vegetative and reproductive development.Ethylene plays a relevant role in plant response to environmental stresses,but the specific contributio...Abiotic stresses have a negative effect on crop production,affecting both vegetative and reproductive development.Ethylene plays a relevant role in plant response to environmental stresses,but the specific contribution of ethylene biosynthesis and signalling components in the salt stress response differs between Arabidopsis and rice,the two most studied model plants.In this paper,we study the effect of three gain-of-function mutations affecting the ethylene receptors CpETR1B,CpETR1A,and CpETR2B of Cucurbita pepo on salt stress response during germination,seedling establishment,and subsequent vegetative growth of plants.The mutations all reduced ethylene sensitivity,but enhanced salt tolerance,during both germination and vegetative growth,demonstrating that the three ethylene receptors play a positive role in salt tolerance.Under salt stress,etr1b,etr1a,and etr2b germinate earlier than WT,and the root and shoot growth rates of both seedlings and plants were less affected in mutant than in WT.The enhanced salt tolerance response of the etr2b plants was associated with a reduced accumulation of Na^(+)in shoots and leaves,as well as with a higher accumulation of compatible solutes,including proline and total carbohydrates,and antioxidant compounds,such as anthocyanin.Many membrane monovalent cation transporters,including Na^(+)/H^(+)and K^(+)/H^(+)exchangers(NHXs),K^(+)efflux antiporters(KEAs),high-affinity K^(+)transporters(HKTs),and K^(+)uptake transporters(KUPs)were also highly upregulated by salt in etr2b in comparison with WT.In aggregate,these data indicate that the enhanced salt tolerance of the mutant is led by the induction of genes that exclude Na+in photosynthetic organs,while maintaining K^(+)/Na^(+)homoeostasis and osmotic adjustment.If the salt response of etr mutants occurs via the ethylene signalling pathway,our data show that ethylene is a negative regulator of salt tolerance during germination and vegetative growth.Nevertheless,the higher upregulation of genes involved in Ca^(2+)signalling(CpCRCK2A and CpCRCK2B)and ABA biosynthesis(CpNCED3A and CpNCED3B)in etr2b leaves under salt stress likely indicates that the function of ethylene receptors in salt stress response in C.pepo can be mediated by Ca^(2+)and ABA signalling pathways.展开更多
It is presented the results obtained of a multivariate statistical analysis concerning the chemical and phase composition, as a characterization purpose, carried out with 52 rock phyllite samples selected from the pro...It is presented the results obtained of a multivariate statistical analysis concerning the chemical and phase composition, as a characterization purpose, carried out with 52 rock phyllite samples selected from the provinces of Almería and Granada (SE Spain). Chemical analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Crystalline phase analysis was performed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the mineralogical composition was then deduced. Quantification of weight loss (100? and 1000?C) was carried out by thermal analysis. The aims of this investigation were to analyze and compare the chemical and mineralogical composition of all these samples and to find similarities and differences between them to allow a classification. Several correlations between results of the characterization techniques have been also investigated. All the data have been processed using the multivariate statistical analysis method. The XRF macro-elements (10) and microelements (39) data generate one macrogroup with two new subgroups (1 and 2), and an isolated sample. In subgroup 1 of macroelements, a positive correlation was found between XRF results and geographic location characterized by lower MgO content, which is associated to its geological origins. When multivariate statistical analysis is applied to results obtained by XRD, two groups appear: the first one with a sample with zero percentage of iron oxide and the second one with the rest of the samples, which is classified in two groups. A correlation is observed between the alkaline content (XRF) and illite (XRD), CaO and MgO with dolomite and indirectly between the weight loss after heating at 1000?C and the contents of phase minerals that lose structural water (illite + chlorite) or carbon dioxide (dolomite). The present investigation has interest and implications for geochemistry and analytical chemistry concerning earth rocks and silicate raw materials.展开更多
Growth can be defined as an increment in biomass or an increment in weight or height of the organs of the plant influenced by physiological processes.Many of these processes have their limits genetically determined,bu...Growth can be defined as an increment in biomass or an increment in weight or height of the organs of the plant influenced by physiological processes.Many of these processes have their limits genetically determined,but climate and irrigation play an important role.Because of its importance,microclimate has been extensively studied in the modeling as a surrounding condition which is imposed by the exterior climate.The main objective of this work was to develop a temperature model based on the energy balance dynamics at two different greenhouse locations-South-eastern Spain and Northern China,and the traditional structures of Chinese solar greenhouse and Almería-type multi-span greenhouse were taken into account.The final model was developed by combining the external conditions,the actuator influence and the crop growth,where the temperature is influenced by soil,crop,cover,actuators,back wall and greenhouse geometry.The model took into account the energy lost by convective and conductive fluxes,as well as the energy supplied by solar radiation and heating systems.The soil and the back wall are the main media for energy storage.The temperature dynamic was determined by a physical model,which considered the energy balance from a holistic point of view-as a sub-model for a customizable interface among the external climate,the plant and the greenhouse system.The influences of different subsystems included in the temperature model were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed a high R^(2)value of 0.94 for Beijing and 0.95 for Almeria,and the average error was low,of which the MAE and RMSE were 0.71 and 1.365 for Almeria and 0.62 and 1.102 for Beijing,respectively.Thus,the model can be considered as a powerful tool for control design purposes in microclimate systems.展开更多
Many authors have studied cadmium concentrations in tobacco leaves. However, crops such as tobacco store Cd mainly in their leaves and these are for human consumption. The objective of this study is to establish the c...Many authors have studied cadmium concentrations in tobacco leaves. However, crops such as tobacco store Cd mainly in their leaves and these are for human consumption. The objective of this study is to establish the cadmium levels present in each of the soils fractions throughout the growing period of tobacco plants, and to examine the influence of these fractions on the total content cadmium in dried leaves. The field select is situated near ofGranadacity (soils from Vega de Granada) loamy calcareous thermic typic Xerorthent. The plant (Nicotiana tabacum, cvs. RJ36 variety), and the soil dedicated to the tobacco crop were contaminated with a fixed amount of Cd (100 mg/kg of CdCl2) in the proximity of the root influence area. The contents of Cd are analysed in channel waters, in different soil fractions and dried tobacco leaves (mg/kg) with the different treatments. In conclusion, the water for irrigation is not a contamination risk for the soil even when user over lengthy periods of time. The fraction presenting higher average values is the one of Cd bound to CaCO3 with 0.161 ppm, and the Cd bioavailable fractions is second in importance, and propose a Cd content sequence in fractions, higher to lower: Cd-Carbonates > Cd-Bioavailable > Cd-Organically bound > Cd-Exchangeable > Cd-Soluble.展开更多
To realize automatic counting of urediospores of Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst)(causal agent of wheat stripe rust),an automatic counting system for urediospores of wheat stripe rust pathogen based on image pro...To realize automatic counting of urediospores of Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst)(causal agent of wheat stripe rust),an automatic counting system for urediospores of wheat stripe rust pathogen based on image processing was developed using MATLAB GUIDE platform in combination with Local C Compiler(LCC).The system is independent of the MATLAB environment and can be run on a computer without the MATLAB software.Using this system,automatic counting of Pst urediospores in a microscopic image can be implemented via image processing technologies including image scaling,clustering segmentation,morphological modification,watershed transformation,connected region labeling,etc.Structure design of the automatic counting system,the key algorithms used in the system and realization of the main functions of the system were described in detail.Spore counting tests were conducted using microscopic digital images of Pst urediospores and the high accuracies more than 95%were obtained.The results indicated that it is feasible to count Pst urediospores automatically using the developed system based on image processing.展开更多
Traceability systems are key to assuring food safety,creating a benefit for food supply chain components.Currently,the appearance of new technologies such as IoT and Big Data Analysis leads to a new generation of more...Traceability systems are key to assuring food safety,creating a benefit for food supply chain components.Currently,the appearance of new technologies such as IoT and Big Data Analysis leads to a new generation of more functional,but complex,traceability systems.Organisational models based on cooperation of multiple small/medium size agents,for example of small/family farming cooperatives,play an important role in high standard agricultural production and commercialization processes.These function as both social and economic networks,with high social and economic impact in the rural areas.The case of Almeria as an example of this model was used to analyze its cooperative model.The actual traceability systems in the Almeria model were studied,taking account of the different networked agents and their interrelation.This study includes two main parts:a)analysis of the net-chains that constitute the food supply chains and their different relationships,and b)actual traceability.The next step studied how the net-chain model,including many diverse agents,may be applied to develop a new generation of traceability systems based of IoT and Big Data.This implies extending the special and functional scope of the actual systems and defining clear rules of exchange of the results of the Big Data Analysis,taking account of the adequate Privacy Rules.This work analyses the current organisation as a base for a new generation of traceability systems considered in the European project IoF2020(Internet of the Food and Farm 2020).Some parallels between Almeria’s model and certain areas in China,mainly in the areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shandong were detected.Another of the objectives of this work is to deepen the understanding of these similarities and analyze the possible adaptation of the results from Almeria to China.展开更多
Leaf wetness duration(LWD)is a critical parameter used to predict plant disease,but its determination under actual field conditions is a major challenge.In this study,a method for determining LWD using thermal infrare...Leaf wetness duration(LWD)is a critical parameter used to predict plant disease,but its determination under actual field conditions is a major challenge.In this study,a method for determining LWD using thermal infrared imaging was developed and applied to cucumber plants grown in a solar greenhouse.Thermal images of the plant leaves were captured using an infrared scanning camera,and a leaf wetness area segmentation method consisting of two procedures was applied.First,a color space conversion was performed automatically by an image-processing algorithm.Then,the K-means clustering algorithm was applied to enable the segmentation of the wetness area on the thermal image.Subsequently,to enable overall thermal image analysis,an initial leaf wetness threshold(LWT)of 5%was defined(where wetness values higher than 5%indicated that the leaf was in a wet state).The results of comparative experiments conducted using thermal images of plant leaves captured using an infrared scanning camera and human visual observation indicated that the estimated LWD values were generally higher than the observed LWD values,because slight leaf wetness condensations were overlooked by the human eye but detected by the infrared scanning camera.While these differences were not found to be statistically significant in this study,the proposed method for determining LWD using thermal infrared imaging may provide a new LWD detection method for cucumber and other plants grown in solar greenhouses.展开更多
Individual fish segmentation is a prerequisite for feature extraction and object identification in any machine vision system.In this paper,a method for segmentation of overlapping fish images in aquaculture was propos...Individual fish segmentation is a prerequisite for feature extraction and object identification in any machine vision system.In this paper,a method for segmentation of overlapping fish images in aquaculture was proposed.First,the shape factor was used to determine whether an overlap exists in the picture.Then,the corner points were extracted using the curvature scale space algorithm,and the skeleton obtained by the improved Zhang-Suen thinning algorithm.Finally,intersecting points were obtained,and the overlapped region was segmented.The results show that the average error rate and average segmentation efficiency of this method was 10%and 90%,respectively.Compared with the traditional watershed method,the separation point is accurate,and the segmentation accuracy is high.Thus,the proposed method achieves better performance in segmentation accuracy and effectiveness.This method can be applied to multi-target segmentation and fish behavior analysis systems,and it can effectively improve recognition precision.展开更多
We study indecomposable codes over a family of Hopf algebras introduced by Radford.We use properties of Hopf algebras to show that tensors of ideal codes are ideal codes,extending the corresponding result that was pre...We study indecomposable codes over a family of Hopf algebras introduced by Radford.We use properties of Hopf algebras to show that tensors of ideal codes are ideal codes,extending the corresponding result that was previously given in the case of Taft Hopf algebras and showing the differences with that case.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Ministry of Spain (Nos.REN 2003-03615 and CGL2006-10233)
文摘The continued effect of the pyrite-tailing oxidation on the mobility of arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper was studied in a carbonated soil under natural conditions, with the experimental plot preserved with a layer of tailing covering the soil during three years. The experimental area is located in Southern Spain and was affected by a pyrite-mine spill. The climate in the area is typically Mediterranean, which determines the rate of soil alteration and element mobility. The intense alteration processes that occurred in the soil during three years caused important changes in its morphology and a strong degradation of the main soil properties. In this period, lead concentrated in the first 5 mm of the soil, with concentrations higher than 1500 mg kg?1, mainly associated to the neoformation of plumbojarosite. Arsenic was partially leached from the first 5 mm and mainly concentrated between 5–10 mm in the soil, with maximum values of 1239 mg kg-1; the retention of arsenates was related to the neoformation of iron hydroxysulfates (jarosite, schwertmannite) and oxyhydroxides (goethite, ferrihydrite), both with a variable degree of crystallinity. The mobility of Zn, Cd, and Cu was highly affected by pH, producing a stronger leaching in depth; their retention was related to the forms of precipitated aluminium and, in the case of Cu, also to the neoformation of hydroxysulfate.
基金partially financed by the Junta de Andalucía with European Union(FEDER)funds(AGR-03183)
文摘Relationships between plant water status and gas exchange parameters at increasing levels of water stress were determined in Algerie loquats which grown in 50 I pots. Changes in soil water content and stem water potential and their effects on stomatal conductance （Gs ） and net photosynthesis （Pn） rate were followed in control plants and in plants without irrigation until the latter reached near permanent wilting point and some leaf abscission took place. Then, the irrigation was restarted and the comparison repeated. Soil water content and stem water potential gradually diminished in response to drought reaching the minimum values of 0.9 mm and -5.0 MPa, respectively, 9 days after watering suspension. Compromised plant water status had drastic effects on Gs values that dropped by 97％ in the last day of the drought period. Pn was diminished by 80％ at the end of the drought period. The increasing levels of water stress did not cause a steady increase in leaf temperature in non-irrigated plants. Non-irrigated plants wilted and lost some leaves due to the severity of the water stress. However, all non-irrigated plants survived and reached similar Pn than control plants just a week after the irrigation was restarted, confirming drought tolerance of loquat and suggesting that photosynthesis machinery remained intact.
文摘With the development of new technologies,some concepts become relevant in the economic area,as is the case with cryptocurrencies,in general,or Bitcoin and Ethereum,in particular.Due to the impact of these tools,a detailed bibliometric study that allows us to obtain all information about cryptocurrencies must be conducted.This study will help scientific production by specifying the development and lines of related research that have been followed and are currently being followed.We have used Tableau,R(Bibliometrix R Package),and VOSviewer software to analyze the information.These have been combined to create and review unified metadata from the Web of Science(WoS)and Scopus databases.The bibliometric analysis shows 771 articles on the WoS database and 648 articles on Scopus published between 2010 and early 2019.They present the most relevant articles,research areas,countries,institu-tions,authors,journals,and trends during the last few years.In conclusion,the number of publications has grown in the last 3 years.The analysis shows the evolution of block-chain technology used in this type of cryptocurrency.The review of this period marks a possible end to the historical part of cryptocurrencies,thereby opening the current topic to its multiple applications.
基金supported by grant AGL2017-82885-C2-1-R,partly funded by the ERDF(European Regional Development Fund)the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation,and grant P12-AGR-1423,funded by Junta de Andalucia,Spain.
文摘Abiotic stresses have a negative effect on crop production,affecting both vegetative and reproductive development.Ethylene plays a relevant role in plant response to environmental stresses,but the specific contribution of ethylene biosynthesis and signalling components in the salt stress response differs between Arabidopsis and rice,the two most studied model plants.In this paper,we study the effect of three gain-of-function mutations affecting the ethylene receptors CpETR1B,CpETR1A,and CpETR2B of Cucurbita pepo on salt stress response during germination,seedling establishment,and subsequent vegetative growth of plants.The mutations all reduced ethylene sensitivity,but enhanced salt tolerance,during both germination and vegetative growth,demonstrating that the three ethylene receptors play a positive role in salt tolerance.Under salt stress,etr1b,etr1a,and etr2b germinate earlier than WT,and the root and shoot growth rates of both seedlings and plants were less affected in mutant than in WT.The enhanced salt tolerance response of the etr2b plants was associated with a reduced accumulation of Na^(+)in shoots and leaves,as well as with a higher accumulation of compatible solutes,including proline and total carbohydrates,and antioxidant compounds,such as anthocyanin.Many membrane monovalent cation transporters,including Na^(+)/H^(+)and K^(+)/H^(+)exchangers(NHXs),K^(+)efflux antiporters(KEAs),high-affinity K^(+)transporters(HKTs),and K^(+)uptake transporters(KUPs)were also highly upregulated by salt in etr2b in comparison with WT.In aggregate,these data indicate that the enhanced salt tolerance of the mutant is led by the induction of genes that exclude Na+in photosynthetic organs,while maintaining K^(+)/Na^(+)homoeostasis and osmotic adjustment.If the salt response of etr mutants occurs via the ethylene signalling pathway,our data show that ethylene is a negative regulator of salt tolerance during germination and vegetative growth.Nevertheless,the higher upregulation of genes involved in Ca^(2+)signalling(CpCRCK2A and CpCRCK2B)and ABA biosynthesis(CpNCED3A and CpNCED3B)in etr2b leaves under salt stress likely indicates that the function of ethylene receptors in salt stress response in C.pepo can be mediated by Ca^(2+)and ABA signalling pathways.
文摘It is presented the results obtained of a multivariate statistical analysis concerning the chemical and phase composition, as a characterization purpose, carried out with 52 rock phyllite samples selected from the provinces of Almería and Granada (SE Spain). Chemical analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Crystalline phase analysis was performed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the mineralogical composition was then deduced. Quantification of weight loss (100? and 1000?C) was carried out by thermal analysis. The aims of this investigation were to analyze and compare the chemical and mineralogical composition of all these samples and to find similarities and differences between them to allow a classification. Several correlations between results of the characterization techniques have been also investigated. All the data have been processed using the multivariate statistical analysis method. The XRF macro-elements (10) and microelements (39) data generate one macrogroup with two new subgroups (1 and 2), and an isolated sample. In subgroup 1 of macroelements, a positive correlation was found between XRF results and geographic location characterized by lower MgO content, which is associated to its geological origins. When multivariate statistical analysis is applied to results obtained by XRD, two groups appear: the first one with a sample with zero percentage of iron oxide and the second one with the rest of the samples, which is classified in two groups. A correlation is observed between the alkaline content (XRF) and illite (XRD), CaO and MgO with dolomite and indirectly between the weight loss after heating at 1000?C and the contents of phase minerals that lose structural water (illite + chlorite) or carbon dioxide (dolomite). The present investigation has interest and implications for geochemistry and analytical chemistry concerning earth rocks and silicate raw materials.
基金developed within the framework of the Project IoF2020-Internet of Food and Farm 2020,funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union,Grant Agreement no.731884,by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation as well as from EUERDF funds under grant DPI2014-56364-C2-1-R,by TEAP project supported by the Marie Curie Actions(PIRSES-GA-2013-612659),by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401683)by Climate Change Special Founding(CCSF201521)China Meteorological Administration,and by International Cooperation Funding of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(GJHZ2013-4).
文摘Growth can be defined as an increment in biomass or an increment in weight or height of the organs of the plant influenced by physiological processes.Many of these processes have their limits genetically determined,but climate and irrigation play an important role.Because of its importance,microclimate has been extensively studied in the modeling as a surrounding condition which is imposed by the exterior climate.The main objective of this work was to develop a temperature model based on the energy balance dynamics at two different greenhouse locations-South-eastern Spain and Northern China,and the traditional structures of Chinese solar greenhouse and Almería-type multi-span greenhouse were taken into account.The final model was developed by combining the external conditions,the actuator influence and the crop growth,where the temperature is influenced by soil,crop,cover,actuators,back wall and greenhouse geometry.The model took into account the energy lost by convective and conductive fluxes,as well as the energy supplied by solar radiation and heating systems.The soil and the back wall are the main media for energy storage.The temperature dynamic was determined by a physical model,which considered the energy balance from a holistic point of view-as a sub-model for a customizable interface among the external climate,the plant and the greenhouse system.The influences of different subsystems included in the temperature model were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed a high R^(2)value of 0.94 for Beijing and 0.95 for Almeria,and the average error was low,of which the MAE and RMSE were 0.71 and 1.365 for Almeria and 0.62 and 1.102 for Beijing,respectively.Thus,the model can be considered as a powerful tool for control design purposes in microclimate systems.
文摘Many authors have studied cadmium concentrations in tobacco leaves. However, crops such as tobacco store Cd mainly in their leaves and these are for human consumption. The objective of this study is to establish the cadmium levels present in each of the soils fractions throughout the growing period of tobacco plants, and to examine the influence of these fractions on the total content cadmium in dried leaves. The field select is situated near ofGranadacity (soils from Vega de Granada) loamy calcareous thermic typic Xerorthent. The plant (Nicotiana tabacum, cvs. RJ36 variety), and the soil dedicated to the tobacco crop were contaminated with a fixed amount of Cd (100 mg/kg of CdCl2) in the proximity of the root influence area. The contents of Cd are analysed in channel waters, in different soil fractions and dried tobacco leaves (mg/kg) with the different treatments. In conclusion, the water for irrigation is not a contamination risk for the soil even when user over lengthy periods of time. The fraction presenting higher average values is the one of Cd bound to CaCO3 with 0.161 ppm, and the Cd bioavailable fractions is second in importance, and propose a Cd content sequence in fractions, higher to lower: Cd-Carbonates > Cd-Bioavailable > Cd-Organically bound > Cd-Exchangeable > Cd-Soluble.
基金supported by International Research Exchange Scheme of the Marie Curie Program of the 7th Framework Program(Ref.PIRSES-GA-2013-612659)National Key Basic Research Program of China(2013CB127700)National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China(2012BAD19BA04).
文摘To realize automatic counting of urediospores of Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst)(causal agent of wheat stripe rust),an automatic counting system for urediospores of wheat stripe rust pathogen based on image processing was developed using MATLAB GUIDE platform in combination with Local C Compiler(LCC).The system is independent of the MATLAB environment and can be run on a computer without the MATLAB software.Using this system,automatic counting of Pst urediospores in a microscopic image can be implemented via image processing technologies including image scaling,clustering segmentation,morphological modification,watershed transformation,connected region labeling,etc.Structure design of the automatic counting system,the key algorithms used in the system and realization of the main functions of the system were described in detail.Spore counting tests were conducted using microscopic digital images of Pst urediospores and the high accuracies more than 95%were obtained.The results indicated that it is feasible to count Pst urediospores automatically using the developed system based on image processing.
基金funded by the Junta de Andalucía Project of Excellence P12-SEJ-2555 Challenges and Opportunities in the Concentration and Integration of Agrifood CompaniesTEAP project included in the Marie Curie Actions(PIRSES-GA-2013-612659)+1 种基金the European Union Project entitled Internet of Food and Farm IoF2020-H2020-IOT-2016Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401683).
文摘Traceability systems are key to assuring food safety,creating a benefit for food supply chain components.Currently,the appearance of new technologies such as IoT and Big Data Analysis leads to a new generation of more functional,but complex,traceability systems.Organisational models based on cooperation of multiple small/medium size agents,for example of small/family farming cooperatives,play an important role in high standard agricultural production and commercialization processes.These function as both social and economic networks,with high social and economic impact in the rural areas.The case of Almeria as an example of this model was used to analyze its cooperative model.The actual traceability systems in the Almeria model were studied,taking account of the different networked agents and their interrelation.This study includes two main parts:a)analysis of the net-chains that constitute the food supply chains and their different relationships,and b)actual traceability.The next step studied how the net-chain model,including many diverse agents,may be applied to develop a new generation of traceability systems based of IoT and Big Data.This implies extending the special and functional scope of the actual systems and defining clear rules of exchange of the results of the Big Data Analysis,taking account of the adequate Privacy Rules.This work analyses the current organisation as a base for a new generation of traceability systems considered in the European project IoF2020(Internet of the Food and Farm 2020).Some parallels between Almeria’s model and certain areas in China,mainly in the areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shandong were detected.Another of the objectives of this work is to deepen the understanding of these similarities and analyze the possible adaptation of the results from Almeria to China.
基金This study was supported by the China National Key R&D Program(2017YFE0122503)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401683)+1 种基金Beijing Municipal Excellent Talents Project(2016000057592G260)and Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry(968).The authors are also grateful to the research centre‘CIMEDES’at University of Almeria,Spain.
文摘Leaf wetness duration(LWD)is a critical parameter used to predict plant disease,but its determination under actual field conditions is a major challenge.In this study,a method for determining LWD using thermal infrared imaging was developed and applied to cucumber plants grown in a solar greenhouse.Thermal images of the plant leaves were captured using an infrared scanning camera,and a leaf wetness area segmentation method consisting of two procedures was applied.First,a color space conversion was performed automatically by an image-processing algorithm.Then,the K-means clustering algorithm was applied to enable the segmentation of the wetness area on the thermal image.Subsequently,to enable overall thermal image analysis,an initial leaf wetness threshold(LWT)of 5%was defined(where wetness values higher than 5%indicated that the leaf was in a wet state).The results of comparative experiments conducted using thermal images of plant leaves captured using an infrared scanning camera and human visual observation indicated that the estimated LWD values were generally higher than the observed LWD values,because slight leaf wetness condensations were overlooked by the human eye but detected by the infrared scanning camera.While these differences were not found to be statistically significant in this study,the proposed method for determining LWD using thermal infrared imaging may provide a new LWD detection method for cucumber and other plants grown in solar greenhouses.
基金The research was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2019YFD090086)the Beijing Excellent Talents Development Project(2017000057592G125)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4184089).
文摘Individual fish segmentation is a prerequisite for feature extraction and object identification in any machine vision system.In this paper,a method for segmentation of overlapping fish images in aquaculture was proposed.First,the shape factor was used to determine whether an overlap exists in the picture.Then,the corner points were extracted using the curvature scale space algorithm,and the skeleton obtained by the improved Zhang-Suen thinning algorithm.Finally,intersecting points were obtained,and the overlapped region was segmented.The results show that the average error rate and average segmentation efficiency of this method was 10%and 90%,respectively.Compared with the traditional watershed method,the separation point is accurate,and the segmentation accuracy is high.Thus,the proposed method achieves better performance in segmentation accuracy and effectiveness.This method can be applied to multi-target segmentation and fish behavior analysis systems,and it can effectively improve recognition precision.
基金supported by projects MTM 2008-03339 from the Ministerio de Cienica e In,P07-FQM03128FQM0211 from Junta de Andalucía and TEC 2009-13763-C02-02
文摘We study indecomposable codes over a family of Hopf algebras introduced by Radford.We use properties of Hopf algebras to show that tensors of ideal codes are ideal codes,extending the corresponding result that was previously given in the case of Taft Hopf algebras and showing the differences with that case.
