An Unconventional Divergence Preserving Finite-Volume Discretization of Lagrangian Ideal MHD

We construct an unconventional divergence preserving discretization of updated Lagrangian ideal magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)over simplicial grids.The cell-centered finite-volume(FV)method employed to discretize the conservation laws of volume,momentum,and total energy is rigorously the same as the one developed to simulate hyperelasticity equations.By construction this moving mesh method ensures the compatibility between the mesh displacement and the approximation of the volume flux by means of the nodal velocity and the attached unit corner normal vector which is nothing but the partial derivative of the cell volume with respect to the node coordinate under consideration.This is precisely the definition of the compatibility with the Geometrical Conservation Law which is the cornerstone of any proper multi-dimensional moving mesh FV discretization.The momentum and the total energy fluxes are approximated utilizing the partition of cell faces into sub-faces and the concept of sub-face force which is the traction force attached to each sub-face impinging at a node.We observe that the time evolution of the magnetic field might be simply expressed in terms of the deformation gradient which characterizes the Lagrange-to-Euler mapping.In this framework,the divergence of the magnetic field is conserved with respect to time thanks to the Piola formula.Therefore,we solve the fully compatible updated Lagrangian discretization of the deformation gradient tensor for updating in a simple manner the cell-centered value of the magnetic field.Finally,the sub-face traction force is expressed in terms of the nodal velocity to ensure a semi-discrete entropy inequality within each cell.The conservation of momentum and total energy is recovered prescribing the balance of all the sub-face forces attached to the sub-faces impinging at a given node.This balance corresponds to a vectorial system satisfied by the nodal velocity.It always admits a unique solution which provides the nodal velocity.The robustness and the accuracy of this unconventional FV scheme have been demonstrated by employing various representative test cases.Finally,it is worth emphasizing that once you have an updated Lagrangian code for solving hyperelasticity you also get an almost free updated Lagrangian code for solving ideal MHD ensuring exactly the compatibility with the involution constraint for the magnetic field at the discrete level.

Physics of porous materials under extreme laser-generated conditions

Porous materials offer unique possibilities for the production of plasmas with controlled density profiles for experiments on laser–matter interaction.They are of growing relevance to many applications,such as inertial confinement fusion,fundamental research,and secondary sources.Understanding the processes of transformation of a porous solid into a plasma is of fundamental interest and is needed for producing materials with desired properties.

Low Birth Weight and Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnant Women in Lomé (Togo) in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Since 2012, the World Health Organization has recommended intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) to prevent malaria-related complications in pregnant women. Ten years following these recommendations, we conducted this study to estimate the coverage for three doses of IPT-SP (IPT3) as well as the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW), and its associated factors in Lomé (Togo) in 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2021. An exhaustive recruitment of women and their newborns was carried out in the maternity wards of the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital Center. Data from antenatal consultations and clinical data of the newborns were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to determine factors associated with LBW. Results: A total of 252 mother-child pairs were included in this study. Median age of the mothers was 27 years, IQR [24-31]. More than a third (35.3%) of the mothers were primigravida. IPT3 coverage was 66.7% and 14.7% of newborns had a LBW. The prevalence of LBW was 33.3% [23.3-43.4] in women who had received fewer than 3 doses of IPT-SP and 5.4% [2.0-8.8] in those who had received at least 3 doses of IPT-SP (p Conclusion: Ten years following recommendations of the WHO on IPT-SP, malaria prevention based on IPT-SP is not optimal among pregnant women in Lomé, and the proportion of LBW children remains high. Actions to strengthen the three-dose IPT-SP policy are needed to prevent malaria and its consequences among newborns in Togo.

Regulating Learning Within a Sport Education Program of Physical Education

This study adopts a historical and cultural approach to interactions(Bernié,2012)in order to propose a comparative analysis of the work of physical education(PE)teachers,focusing on team sport specialists and non-specialists and their teaching of handball in a school environment.Our goal is to understand the modes of language employed by teachers in the regulatory phase of the learning process.Our hypothesis is that the sporting specialization of teachers influences their use of language in terms of both form(speech acts)and content.The aim of this study is to use linguistic analysis as a means of better understanding the regulating actions deployed by PE teachers when teaching handball in a French middle school.

Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis B among Women of Childbearing Age in the Kara Region of Togo in 2022

Introduction: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Few up-to-date data on this disease are available in developing countries, including Togo. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B among women of childbearing age in the Kara region of Togo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 23 to 25 September 2022 during a fairground campaign. Data were collected using a standardised questionnaire. HBV screening was performed using “SD-BIOLINE HBsAg WB” rapid immunochromatographic tests. HBV prevalence was reported with its 95% confidence interval (CI). Regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with HBV infection. Results: A total of 327 women were enrolled, with a median age of 34 years and an interquartile range of [25 - 43]. Nearly half (49.5%) of the women had had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 18 and 2.1% had at least 2 sexual partners at the time of the survey. The majority (91.7%) had not used a condom the last time they had sex. The prevalence of hepatitis B was 10.4% (95% CI: 7.5 - 14.2]). In multivariable analysis, having had sexual intercourse for the first time after the age of 18 (ORa = 0.17;95% CI [0.06 - 0.43];p Conclusion: The results of this study underline the importance of monitoring the prevalence of hepatitis B in women of childbearing age, and of implementing targeted prevention and screening measures to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HBV.

Screening for Precancerous Cervical Lesions in Women of Reproductive Age in the Kara Region of Togo in 2022

Introduction: Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women and is a public health problem. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions and to describe its associated factors among women of reproductive age in the Kara region of Togo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 6 to 14, 2022 in 11 health centers in Kara. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and screening for precancerous cervical lesions was performed by visual inspection of the cervix, after application of 5% acetic acid and Lugol’s. Logistic regression analysis was performed to describe factors associated with precancerous lesions. Results: A total of 728 women with a median age of 36, interquartile range [31 - 41] were enrolled. The prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions was 3.9%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI: [2.6 - 5.4]. Factors associated with the presence of precancerous lesions were age at first sexual intercourse ≥ 18 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR = 3.67;95% CI [1.17 - 18.4]) and being a sex worker (aOR = 8.14;95% CI [1.96 - 27.1]). HIV infection was not associated with the presence of precancerous lesions. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the importance of intensifying cervical cancer screening efforts in resource-limited countries for better management. These efforts should prioritize vulnerable populations such as female sex workers.

Novel insights into D-Pinitol based therapies:a link between tau hyperphosphorylation and insulin resistance

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the amyloid accumulation in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is mainly mediated by the phosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein.Among the multiple causes of tau hyperphosphorylation,brain insulin resistance has generated much attention,and inositols as insulin sensitizers,are currently considered candidates for drug development.The present narrative review revises the interactions between these three elements:Alzheimer’s disease-tau-inositols,which can eventually identify targets for new disease modifiers capable of bringing hope to the millions of people affected by this devastating disease.

COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Severe Outcomes among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 in West Africa, Togo, 2021

Objectives: More than a year after its introduction, COVID-19 vaccination coverage was low in the Togolese population and little data were available on its benefits for hospitalized patients. This study aimed to describe the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the prognosis of hospitalized patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the Centre Hospitalier Régional Lomé Commune (Togo) between June 1, 2021 and May 31, 2022. Primary outcomes (admission to the intensive care unit and death) were presented with frequency and proportion. Mortality rates were presented by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and compared by appropriate statistical tests. Factors associated with inpatient death were described by performing a Cox proportional hazard regression. Results: A total of 604 patients were hospitalized (50.0% women). The mean age was 54.03 ±17.1 years. Only 55 patients were fully vaccinated (9.1%). ICU admission was significantly more frequent in unvaccinated patients than in vaccinated ones (63.0% vs. 38.2%;p Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination had a significant benefit for patients with COVID-19 infection in terms of reducing the risk of death. Based on real-world data from sub-Saharan Africa, this information can help optimize the benefit of COVID-19 vaccination by raising community awareness and increasing vaccine coverage while reducing hesitancy.

Optimizing laser coupling,matter heating,and particle acceleration from solids using multiplexed ultraintense lasers

Realizing the full potential of ultrahigh-intensity lasers for particle and radiation generation will require multi-beam arrangements due to technology limitations.Here,we investigate how to optimize their coupling with solid targets.Experimentally,we show that overlapping two intense lasers in a mirror-like configuration onto a solid with a large preplasma can greatly improve the generation of hot electrons at the target front and ion acceleration at the target backside.The underlying mechanisms are analyzed through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations,revealing that the self-induced magnetic fields driven by the two laser beams at the target front are susceptible to reconnection,which is one possible mechanism to boost electron energization.In addition,the resistive magnetic field generated during the transport of the hot electrons in the target bulk tends to improve their collimation.Our simulations also indicate that such effects can be further enhanced by overlapping more than two laser beams.

Assessment of Ecotoxicity of Topsoils from a Wood Treatment Site

A series of 9 soil samples were taken at a timber treatment site in SW France where Cu sulphate and chromated copper arsenate （CCA） have been used as wood preservatives （Sites P1 to P9） and one soil sample was collected at an adjacent site on the same soil type （Site P10）. Copper was a major contaminant in all topsoils, varying from 65 （Soil P5） to 2600 mg Cu kg^-1 （Soil P7）, exceeding background values for French sandy soils. As and Cr did not accumulate in soil, except at Site P8 （52 mg As kg^-1 and 87 mg Cr kg^-1） where CCA-treated posts were stacked. Soil ecotoxicity was assessed with bioassays using radish, lettuce, slug Arion rufus L., and earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra （Savigny）. There were significantly differences in lettuce germination rate, lettuce leaf yield, radish root and leaf yields, slug herbivory, and earthworm avoidance. An additional bioassay showed higher negative impacts on bean shoot and root yields, Rhizobium nodule counts on Bean roots, and guaiacol peroxidase activity in primary Bean leaves for soil from Site PT, with and without fertilisation, than for soil from Site P10, despite both soils having a similar value for computed free ion Cu2＋ activity in the soil solution （pCu^2＋）. Beans grown in soil from Site P7 that had been fertilised showed elevated foliar Cu content and phytotoxic symptoms. Soils from Sites P7 （treatment plant） and P6 （storage of treated utility poles） had the highest ecotoxicity, whereas soil from Site P10 （high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity） had the lowest. Except at Site P10, the soil factor pCu^2＋ computed with soil pH and total soil Cu could be used to predict soil ecotoxicity.

The importance of depression and alcohol use in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients：risk factors for delirium and poorer quality of life

ObjectiveToinvestigate whether depression, anxiety and stress increase the risk for delirium and poor quality of life （QOL） after co-ronary artery bypass （CABG） surgery.MethodsA total of 180 CABG patients （mean age of 63.5 ± 10.1 years, 82.2% males） completed baseline and postoperative self-report questionnaires to assess distress and QOL. Incident delirium was diagnosed postoperatively with a structured clinical interview and patients were monitored every day post-operatively for confusion and disturbance in consciousness.Results Delirium developed in 63 persons （35% of sample）. After adjustment for covariates, delirium was significantly associated with depression [odds ratio （OR）： 1.08; 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.03-1.13,P = 0.003], anxiety （OR： 1.07; 95% CI： 1.02-1.13,P= 0.01） and stress （OR： 1.05; 95% CI： 1.00-1.09,P= 0.03）. Preoperative depression scores were associated with poorer QOL including bodily pain （β =-0.39,P = 0.013）, vitality （β=-0.32,P = 0.020）, social functioning （β=-0.51,P≤0.001）, emotional role function （β=-0.44,P = 0.003） and general health （β=-0.33,P = 0.038）. Among the covariates, harmful levels of alcohol use was consistently associated with poorer QOL.Conclusions Depression and harmful levels of alcohol use were consistently associated with poorer QOL whereas depression, anxiety and stress were associated with delirium risk. These findings point to further research examining depression and harmful levels of alcohol use in coronary heart disease populations undergoing coronary revascularization.

Femtosecond-laser sharp shaping of millimeter-scale geometries with vertical sidewalls

As femtosecond(fs)laser machining advances from micro/nanoscale to macroscale,approaches capable of machining macroscale geometries that sustain micro/nanoscale precisions are in great demand.In this research,an fs laser sharp shaping approach was developed to address two key challenges in macroscale machining(i.e.defects on edges and tapered sidewalls).The evolution of edge sharpness(edge transition width)and sidewall tapers were systematically investigated through which the dilemma of simultaneously achieving sharp edges and vertical sidewalls were addressed.Through decreasing the angle of incidence(AOI)from 0◦to−5◦,the edge transition width could be reduced to below 10µm but at the cost of increased sidewall tapers.Furthermore,by analyzing lateral and vertical ablation behaviors,a parameter-compensation strategy was developed by gradually decreasing the scanning diameters along depth and using optimal laser powers to produce non-tapered sidewalls.The fs laser ablation behaviors were precisely controlled and coordinated to optimize the parameter compensations in general manufacturing applications.The AOI control together with the parameter compensation provides a versatile solution to simultaneously achieve vertical sidewalls as well as sharp edges of entrances and exits for geometries of different shapes and dimensions.Both mm-scale diameters and depths were realized with dimensional precisions below 10µm and surface roughness below 1µm.This research establishes a novel strategy to finely control the fs laser machining process,enabling the fs laser applications in macroscale machining with micro/nanoscale precisions.

Tunica albuginea allograft： a new model of LaPeyronie＇s disease with penile curvature and subtunical ossification

The pathophysiology of LaPeyronie＇s disease （PD） is considered to be multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, trauma, inflammation and altered wound healing. However, these factors have not yet been validated using animal models. In this study, we have presented a new model obtained by tunica albuginea allograft. A total of 40, 16-week-old male rats were used. Of these, 8 rats served as controls and underwent a 10 × 2-mm-wide tunical excisionwith subsequent autografting, whereas the remaining 32 underwent the same excision with grafting of the defect with another rat＇s tunica. Morphological and functional testing was performed at 1, 3, 7 and 12 weeks after grafting. Intracavernous pressure, the degree of penile curvature and elastic fiber length were evaluated for comparison between the allograft and control groups. The tissues were obtained for histological examination. The penile curvature was significantly greater in the allografted rats as compared with the control rats. The erectile function was maintained in all rats, except in those assessed at 12 weeks. The elastin fiber length was decreased in the allografted tunica as compared to control. SMAD2 expression was detected in the inner part of the allograff, and both collagen-Ⅱ- and osteocalcin-positive cells were also noted. Tunica albuginea （TA） allograft in rats is an excellent model of PD. The persistence of curvature beyond 12 weeks and the presence of ossification in the inner layer of the TA were similar to those observed in men with PD. Validation studies using this animal model would aid understanding of the PD pathophysiology for effective therapeutic interventions.

Thermal characterization of bio-based phase changing materials in decorative wood-based panels for thermal energy storage

Decorative wood panels containing pouches of bio-based phase changing materials(PCMs) were prepared. Three different PCM mixtures were used: a blend of capric and lauric acids as well as two commercial products, Puretemp?20 and Puretemp?23(Puretemp). The panels consist of engraved Medium Density Fiberboard(MDF) filled with a plastic pouch filled with PCM. High density fiberboard(HDF) was used on top of the panels to enclose the PCM pouches. PCM mixtures were first tested by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Phase change temperature and total heat storage of the panels were measured for both fusion and solidification with a Dynamic Heat-Flow Meter Apparatus(DHFMA). DSC and DHFMA results were compared, allowing a better understanding of results gathered from these two techniques. DSC calibration has been revealed important when assessing PCMs. The panels present a phase change temperature and a latent heat storage suitable for buildings applications. The panel made with Puretemp?23 presented the highest energy, with 57.1 J g^(-1). Thermal cycling was conducted on the panels to investigate thermal reliability, which revealed small modifications of thermal properties for two products. For all cases, latent heat was found stable. Hygro-mechanical behavior of the panels was also evaluated as these where designed to be esthetic decorative panels. This study exposes the potential of a new type of wood-based panels loaded with PCM for thermal energy storage and brings overall knowledge about PCM products thermal characterization.

Studies of laser-plasma interaction physics with low-density targets for direct-drive inertial confinement schemes

Comprehensive understanding and possible control of parametric instabilities in the context of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) remains achallenging task. The details of the absorption processes and the detrimental effects of hot electrons on the implosion process require as mucheffort on the experimental side as on the theoretical and simulation side. This paper describes a proposal for experimental studies on nonlinearinteraction of intense laser pulses with a high-temperature plasma under conditions corresponding to direct-drive ICF schemes. We propose todevelop a platform for laser-plasma interaction studies based on foam targets. Parametric instabilities are sensitive to the bulk plasma temperatureand the density scale length. Foam targets are sufficiently flexible to allow control of these parameters. However, investigationsconducted on small laser facilities cannot be extrapolated in a reliable way to real fusion conditions. It is therefore necessary to performexperiments at a multi-kilojoule energy level on medium-scale facilities such asOMEGAor SG-III. An example of two-plasmon decay instabilityexcited in the interaction of two laser beams is considered.

Biology and Physiology of <I>Colletotrichum acutatum</I>Strains Causing Strawberry’s Anthracnose

Seven Colletotrichum acutatum strains isolated from strawberries were cultivated on various culture media and tested in vitro and in vivo on Fragaria x ananassa for anthracnose symptoms. PDA caused an optimum growth of all isolates, MEA, ML and Strawberry allowed a good but not optimal growth. Czapeck, Sabouraud and the organic medium from potato gave the lowest growth rate of all isolates. PDA allowed a good sporulation of isolates follow-up by strawberry, MEA;in contrast, ML, Czapeck and Sabouraud gave a low sporulation. The fungal development is maximal at 25&degC and 27&degC for all the isolates studied. No growth was observed at 5&degC and 37&degC. The studied strains developed at all pH values. They didn’t develop at 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7 aw but mycelial growth was perfect at 1 and 0.95 aw. The in vitro test of the pathogenicity caused by C. acutatum strains on strawberry’s leaves showed an increasing percentage of infection with time and different infection rates among C. acutatum strains, strain Ca6 having a pathogenic power very high compared to the other isolates. After in vivo inoculation and incubation of the seedlings, all isolates caused severe symptoms related to anthracnose on leaflets and petioles of the studied strawberry plants.

Prediction of genetic value for sweet cherry fruit maturity among environments using a 6K SNP array

The timing of fruit maturity is an important trait in sweet cherry production and breeding.Phenotypic variation for phenology of fruit maturity in sweet cherry appears to be under strong genetic control,but that control might be complicated by phenotypic instability across environments.Although such genotype-by-environment interaction(G×E)is a common phenomenon in crop plants,knowledge about it is lacking for fruit maturity timing and other sweet cherry traits.In this study,1673 genome-wide SNP markers were used to estimate genomic relationships among 597 weakly pedigree-connected individuals evaluated over two seasons at three locations in Europe and one location in the USA,thus sampling eight‘environments’.The combined dataset enabled a single meta-analysis to investigate the environmental stability of genomic predictions.Linkage disequilibrium among marker loci declined rapidly with physical distance,and ordination of the relationship matrix suggested no strong structure among germplasm.The most parsimonious G×E model allowed heterogeneous genetic variance and pairwise covariances among environments.Narrow-sense genomic heritability was very high(0.60–0.83),as was accuracy of predicted breeding values(>0.62).Average correlation of additive effects among environments was high(0.96)and breeding values were highly correlated across locations.Results indicated that genomic models can be used in cherry to accurately predict date of fruit maturity for untested individuals in new environments.Limited G×E for this trait indicated that phenotypes of individuals will be stable across similar environments.Equivalent analyses for other sweet cherry traits,for which multiple years of data are commonly available among breeders and cultivar testers,would be informative for predicting performance of elite selections and cultivars in new environments.

Clozapine is strongly associated with the risk of pneumonia and inflammation

Clinicians need to remember that(1)systemic inflammations can increase clozapine level;(2)clozapine,by itself,can cause inflammation,particularly during titration that is too rapid for that patient;(3)clozapine may increase the risk of infection;and(4)more specifically,clozapine may be particularly strongly associated with the risk of pneumonia.Pneumonia appears to be associated with high mortality in clozapine patients around the world.Clinicians who are alert to the risk of pneumonia in clozapine patients may significantly decrease mortality in clozapine patients.There is no data on COVID-19 infections in clozapine patients,but based on what we know about clozapine pharmacology,we can hypothesise that clozapine,possibly by impairing immunological mechanisms,may increase the risk of pneumonia in infected patients.More importantly,once fever and/or pneumonia develops,the clozapine dose should be cut in half to decrease the risk of clozapine intoxication.If there is any doubt that in spite of halving the dose there are still signs of clozapine intoxication,completely stopping clozapine may be indicated.Once the signs of inflammation and fever have disappeared,the clozapine dose can be increased to the prior dosage level.

Valorization of AZ91 by the hydrolysis reaction for hydrogen production(Electrochemical approach)

The hydrolysis of Mg-based materials appears to be an ideal solution for clean energy production.Green hydrogen was produced by the hydrolysis reaction of a"standard"AZ91 alloy(called AZ91 in the following)in"model"seawater solution.Two milling speeds(i.e.250 rpm and 350 rpm)were tested to enhance the reactivity of AZ91.Graphite and AlCl_(3)were used as ball milling additives.Milling at higher rotational speed is more energetic,hence it ameliorates the most the hydrolysis performance of AZ91.Comparing both milling additives,AlCl_(3)enhances the most the hydrolysis of AZ91 with a generation of 65%of its theoretical H_(2)generation capacity.The best material was obtained by milling AZ91 at 350 rpm with graphite for 2 h followed by a further milling with AlCl_(3)for 2h-a yield of 75%of its theoretical H_(2)generation capacity was reached within a few minutes.The corrosion behavior of milled AZ91 was investigated by anodic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The calculated electrochemical parameters from EIS fitting of two materials milled under different conditions but with the same milling additive are approximately the same.This suggests that,in order to fully evaluate the reactivity of AZ91,hydrolysis,anodic polarization and EIS must be considered.

Limitations of On-Wafer Calibration and De-Embedding Methods in the Sub-THz Range

This paper investigates frequency limitations of calibration and de-embedding techniques for S parameter measurements. First, the TRL calibration methods are analysed and the error due to the probe movement when measuring the different line lengths is quantified, next the coupling between the probe-heads and the wafer surface is investigated and finally an upper frequency validity limit for the standard Open-Short de-embedding method is given. The measured results have been confirmed thanks to the use of an electro-magnetic simulator.