Use of an immunocapture device to detect cytokine release in discrete brain regions

Production of proinflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system is a key process in the neuroinflammatory response to trauma,infection,and neurodegenerative diseases(Kumar,2019).These intercellular signaling molecules play multiple roles in the immune response in the central nervous system including the orchestration of the sickness response to innate immune perturbations in the brain(Dantzer et al.,2008).

Morphological comparison and molecular marker screening of three Skeletonema species found in Changjiang(Yangtze)River Basin

In our recent investigations of diatom diversity,we studied three species,namely,Skeletonema costatum,Skeletonema subsalsum,and Skeletonema potamos.Although they have been found frequently in Changjiang(Yangtze)River Basin,their morphological and molecular identification is difficult in taxonomy.Therefore,to integrate morphological and molecular biological approaches,we compared systematically their morphological characters and performed phylogenetic analysis.Twelve strains of Skeletonema were collected and isolated from Shanghai and Jiangsu,China,and their morphological characteristics were examined by light microscopy(LM)and the scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Based on morphological comparison,we determined that S.potamos is easy to distinguish from the other two species.The heavily silicified areolae,undulated or cleft distal ends of terminal fultoportula processes(TFPPs),absence of basal pores of fultoportula processes(FPPs),the rootlike protrusions of FPPs,and no interlocking connection are the stable characteristics that can be used to identify S.potamos.However,there are only two features that can distinguish S.costatum from S.subsalsum,namely the location of terminal rimoportulae(TRPs)and the distal shape of TFPPs.In addition,we amplified and sequenced nine common genetic markers from the strains,from which 101 sequences were obtained,constructed phylogenetic trees based on the nine genes and evaluated that seven genes can be used to identify S.potamos,and revealed that S.subsalsum is the closest known relative of S.costatum,and only ATP synthetase beta-subunit gene(atp B)is able to distinguish them from each other,which strongly support that it is an effective molecular marker for Skeletonema.This work provided a theoretical basis for the taxonomic study of Skeletonema.

A new diatom genus Spargeria gen.nov.(Bacillariophyceae)from Xizang,China,and the description of two new species

During our investigation of diatom biodiversity in Xizang,two species exhibited unique morphological features discriminative from all previously known genera.Herein we describe these two species and describe as new the genus,Spargeria gen.nov.The new genus features narrow to wide rectangular valves,narrow valve mantles,filiform raphe branches that occur on the valve face only,terminal raphe fissures straight or slightly deflected to same side,bow-tie shaped central areas,chambered striae present on the valve face only,being absent from the mantle,wider striae near the axial area and very narrow near the margin,multiseriate striae with small and round areolae that are occluded externally.Comparatively,Spargeria zhuii sp.nov.has larger and robust valves,radiate striae,with one divergent stria near the apices,while Spargeria chenia sp.nov.is smaller,with narrow valves,striae slightly radiate in the middle,becoming convergent or parallel near apices.This new genus belongs to the family Pinnulariaceae,and it was compared and contrasted with other genera of this family.Our work suggests the need for continued studies to document the biodiversity of diatoms in Xizang.

In memory of Professor David Alexander Yuen

David Alexander Yuen was born on June 14,1948,in Shanghai during the Chinese Civil War.His family moved to Hong Kong the following year.Thanks to the help of Senator Mike Mansfield,a Democrat from Montana,who met Dave's father during World War II,the entire family of seven moved to New York City in 1956.Dave showed much enthusiasm as a student,graduating from Xavier High School in Lower Manhattan in 1965,along with other successful Americans such as Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia.Dave proceeded to Caltech to study chemical physics and then moved to the chemistry department at the University of California,Berkeley in 1969,where the beginning of the plate tectonics revolution inspired him to change his focus to geophysics.

Glacial Cover Assessment from 1993 to 2021 Using Normalized Difference Snow Index with Landsat Imagery in the Colorado Front Range, USA

Cirque glaciers found on the Colorado Front Range, USA are sensitive to climate change and are important for water supply and the delivery of water downstream. These glaciers are shrinking at a rapid rate in response to the global climate change, and thus it is important to track and analyze them. One of the ways to monitor these glaciers is by using multispectral satellite imagery (Landsat imagery). In this article, the feasibility of tracking glacial area via Landsat satellites has been discussed and the trend of 13 glaciers in the Colorado Front Range Region has been analyzed from 1993 to 2021. In this period, the total glacial area across 13 glaciers in the Colorado Front Range Region has decreased by 63.6%, and a significant correlation (p-value p < 0.05) found with the annual global average temperature indicates that the retraction of glaciers is likely a response to the global warming.

Stories of Coping with Sickness:Illness Narratives in Early Medieval Chinese Anecdotal Literature

As basic facts of life,illness and healing occur frequently and in a variety of patterns in Chinese non-medical literature,starting from the earliest sources inscribed on oracle bones and continuing throughout literary history up to the present day.This article looks at illness narratives in early medieval anecdotal literature(3rd to 6th century CE)to understand how the experience of being sick or of attending to the sick was reflected in these socio-literary environments and what rhetorical and ideological roles these narratives played in their larger narrative contexts.By focusing on the experiences of the sick and those around them,this article aims at“Honoring the Stories of Illness,”in Rita Charon’s words,that are hiding in plain sight in much of Chinese non-medical literature.

Effect of kinetic ions on the toroidal double-tearing modes

We investigate the effects of kinetic ions on double-tearing modes(DTMs) using the gyrokinetic particle-in-cell simulation code GEM with a gyrokinetic ion/fluid electron hybrid model. It is found that the ion kinetic effects can decrease the growth rate of the DTMs. This effect is more significant for stronger coupling of DTMs with smaller distance between the rational surfaces. Kinetic ions can also enhance the coupling effect between the two rational surfaces. Energy transfer analyses between particles and wave fields show that the stabilizing effect of kinetic ions comes mainly from the perpendicular magnetic drift of ions in the coupling region and around the outer rational surface.

The Character Construction of American TV Series and Its Enlightenment to Domestic TV——Taking the“Better Call Saul”as an Example

“Better Call Saul”is an excellent American television series.As a spin-off of“Breaking Bad”,it continues its excellent character design and intriguing plot development,giving audiences around the world a treat to talk about.However,while“Breaking Bad”has a huge audience and the film and television industry has done a lot of research on it,“Better Call Saul”has not been studied in domestic academic circles.This paper takes several main characters of the play as the research object,analyzes how their characters are designed,and how they complement each other with the dramatic conflict of the plot,so as to explore a new angle of character design.Through the study of the characters in this American drama,this paper can provide a reference for the Chinese film and television industry.The results show that Chinese TV dramas can learn from this American drama to improve the depth of character design and avoid designing stereotyped and labeled characters.This may ultimately improve their artistic literacy and bring more excellent works to Chinese audiences.

The Advent of Wide Bandgap Green-Synthesized Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanoparticles for Applications in Optical and Electronic Devices

Power-electronic devices are widely used in various applications, such as voltage and frequency control for transmitting and converting electric power. As these devices are becoming increasingly important, there is a need to reduce their losses and improve their performance to reduce electric power consumption. Current power semiconductor devices, such as inverters, are made of silicon (Si), but the performance of these Si power devices is reaching its limit due to physical properties and energy bandgap. To address this issue, recent developments in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), offer the potential for a new generation of power semiconductor devices that can perform significantly better than silicon-based devices. In this research, a green synthesized copper-zinc-tin-sulfide (CZTS) nanoparticle is proposed as a new WBG semiconductor material that could be used for optical and electronic devices. Its synthesis, consisting of the production methods and materials used, is discussed. The characterization is also discussed, and further research is recommended in the later sections to enable the continual advancement of this technology.

Influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the Winter Climate of East China

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation （AMO）, the multidecadal variation of North Atlantic sea surface temperature （SST）, exhibits an oscillation with a period of 65-80 years and an amplitude of 0.4℃. Observational composite analyses reveal that the warm phase AMO is linked to warmer winters in East China, with enhanced precipitation in the north of this region and reduced precipitation in the south, on multidecadal time scales. The pattern is reversed during the cold phase AMO. Whether the AMO acts as a forcing of the multidecadal winter climate of East China is explored by investigating the atmospheric response to warm AMO SST anomalies in a large ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） experiments. The results from three AGCMs are consistent and suggest that the AMO warmth favors warmer winters in East China. This influence is realized through inducing negative surface air pressure anomalies in the hemispheric-wide domain extending from the midlatitude North Atlantic to midlatitude Eurasia. These negative surface anomalies favor the weakening of the Mongolian Cold High, and thus induce a weaker East Asian Winter Monsoon.

Three dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China from ambient noise surface wave tomography

We determine the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in China using Green＇s functions obtained from seismic ambient noise cross-correlation. The data we use are from the China National Seismic Network, global and regional networks and PASSCAL stations in the region. We first acquire cross-correlation seismograms between all possible station pairs. We then measure the Rayleigh wave group and phase dispersion curves using a frequency-time analysis method from 8 s to 60 s. After that, Rayleigh wave group and phase velocity dispersion maps on 1°by 1°spatial grids are obtained at different periods. Finally, we invert these maps for the 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China at each grid node. The inversion results show large-scale structures that correlate well with surface geology. Near the surface, velocities in major basins are anomalously slow, consistent with the thick sediments. East-west contrasts are striking in Moho depth. There is also a fast mid-to-lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the major basins surrounding the Tibetan plateau （TP） and Tianshan （Junggar, Tarim, Ordos, and Sichuan）. These strong blocks, therefore, appear to play an important role in confining the deformation of the TP and constraining its geometry to form its current triangular shape. In northwest TP in Qiangtang, slow anomalies extend from the crust to the mantle lithosphere. Meanwhile, widespread, a prominent low-velocity zone is observed in the middle crust beneath most of the central, eastern and southeastern Tibetan plateau, consistent with a weak （and perhaps mobile） middle crust.

Crustal structure of the northeastern Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin from ambient noise tomography

We apply ambient noise tomography to significant seismic data resources in a region including the northeastern Tibetan plateau, the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin. The seismic data come from about 160 stations of the provincial broadband digital seismograph networks of China. Ambient noise cross-correlations are performed on the data recorded between 2007 and 2009 and high quality inter-station Rayleigh phase velocity dispersion curves are obtained between periods of 6 s to 35 s. Resulting Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps possess a lateral resolution between 100 km and 200 kin. The phase velocities at short periods （〈20 s） are lower in the Sichuan basin, the northwest segment of the Ordos block and the Weihe graben, and outline sedimentary deposits. At intermediate and long periods （〉25 s）, strong high velocity anomalies are observed within the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin and low phase velocities are imaged in the northeastern Tibetan plateau, reflecting the variation of crustal thickness from the Tibetan plateau to the neighboring regions in the east. Crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocities vary strongly between the Tibetan plateau, the Sichuan basin and the Ordos block. The Ordos block and the Sichuan basin are dominated by high shear wave velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle. There is a triangle-shaped low velocity zone located in the northeastern Tibetan plateau, whose width narrows towards the eastern margin of the plateau. No low velocity zone is apparent beneath the Qinling orogen, suggesting that mass may not be able to flow eastward through the boundary between the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin in the crust and uppermost mantle.

CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL SYSTEMS WITH CRITICAL EXPONENTS

We classify all positive solutions for the following integral system：{ui（x）=∫Rn1/│x-y│^n-α fi（u（y））dy,x∈R^n,i=1,…,m,0〈α〈n,and u（x）=（u1（x）,u2（x）…,um（x））.Here fi（u）, 1 ≤ i ≤m, monotone nondecreasing are real-valued functions of homogeneous degree n＋α/n-α and are monotone nondecreasing with respect to all the independent variables U1, u2, ..., urn.In the special case n ≥ 3 and α = 2. we show that the above system is equivalent to thefollowing elliptic PDE system：This system is closely related to the stationary SchrSdinger system with critical exponents for Bose-Einstein condensate

Transient response of a concrete tunnel in an elastic rock with imperfect contact

The two-dimensional transient response of an imperfect bonded circular lined pipeline lying in an elastic infinite medium is investigated.Imperfect boundary conditions between the surrounding elastic rock and the tunnel are modelled with a two-linear-spring design.The novelty of the manuscript consists in studying at the same time transient regimes and imperfect bonded interfaces for simulating the dynamic response of a tunnel embedded in an elastic infinite rock.Wave propagation fields in tunnel and rock are expressed in terms of infinite Bessel and Hankel series.To solve the transient problem,the Laplace transform and the associated Durbin’s algorithm are performed.To exhibit the dynamic responses,influences of various parameters such as the quality of the interface conditions and the thickness of the lining are presented.The dynamic hoop stresses and the solid displacements of both the tunnel and the rock are also proposed.

Interpretable deep learning for roof fall hazard detection in underground mines

Roof falls due to geological conditions are major hazards in the mining industry,causing work time loss,injuries,and fatalities.There are roof fall problems caused by high horizontal stress in several largeopening limestone mines in the eastern and midwestern United States.The typical hazard management approach for this type of roof fall hazards relies heavily on visual inspections and expert knowledge.In this context,we proposed a deep learning system for detection of the roof fall hazards caused by high horizontal stress.We used images depicting hazardous and non-hazardous roof conditions to develop a convolutional neural network(CNN)for autonomous detection of hazardous roof conditions.To compensate for limited input data,we utilized a transfer learning approach.In the transfer learning approach,an already-trained network is used as a starting point for classification in a similar domain.Results show that this approach works well for classifying roof conditions as hazardous or safe,achieving a statistical accuracy of 86.4%.This result is also compared with a random forest classifier,and the deep learning approach is more successful at classification of roof conditions.However,accuracy alone is not enough to ensure a reliable hazard management system.System constraints and reliability are improved when the features used by the network are understood.Therefore,we used a deep learning interpretation technique called integrated gradients to identify the important geological features in each image for prediction.The analysis of integrated gradients shows that the system uses the same roof features as the experts do on roof fall hazards detection.The system developed in this paper demonstrates the potential of deep learning in geotechnical hazard management to complement human experts,and likely to become an essential part of autonomous operations in cases where hazard identification heavily depends on expert knowledge.Moreover,deep learning-based systems reduce expert exposure to hazardous conditions.

AN EXTENSION OF THE HARDY-LITTLEWOOD-PóLYA INEQUALITY

The Hardy-Littlewood-PSlya （HLP） inequality [1] states that if a ∈ lp, b ∈ 1q and In this article, we prove the HLP inequality in the case where A = 1,p = q = 2 with a logarithm correction, as conjectured by Ding [2]：In addition, we derive an accurate estimate for the best constant for this inequality.

RADIAL SYMMETRY FOR SYSTEMS OF FRACTIONAL LAPLACIAN

In this paper, we consider systems of fractional Laplacian equations in ]I^n with nonlinear terms satisfying some quite general structural conditions. These systems were categorized critical and subcritical cases. We show that there is no positive solution in the subcritical cases, and we classify all positive solutions ui in the critical cases by using a direct method of moving planes introduced in Chen-Li-Li [11] and some new maximum principles in Li-Wu-Xu [27].

Stress-rupture measurements of cast magnesium strengthened by in-situ production of ceramic particles

We have introduced a polymer precursor into molten magnesium and then in-situ pyrolyzed to produce castings of metal matrix composites(P-MMCs)containing silicon-carbonitride(SiCNO)ceramic particles.Stress-rupture measurements of as-cast P-MMCs was performed at 350 ℃(0.69TM)to 450 ℃(0.78TM)under dead load condition corresponding to tensile stress of 2.5 MPa to 20 MPa.The time-to-fracture data were analyzed using the classical Monkman–Grant equation.The time-to-fracture is thermally activated and follows a power-law stress exponent exhibiting dislocation creep.Fractography analysis revealed that while pure magnesium appears to fracture by dislocation slip,the P-MMCs fail from the nucleation and growth of voids at the grain boundaries.

Spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth in 1950s–2007 over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth （MSFD） over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960-2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960 2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of 4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature （MAAT）, winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST）, degree days of thawing for the air （DDTa） as well as for the surface （DDTs）, and degree days of freezing for the surface （DDFs）. While there was significantly positive correlation between DDF,. and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003-2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air （DDFa） in 1960-2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 ℃-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.

Geoacoustic Inversion Using Time Reversal of Ocean Noise

We present a passive geoacoustic inversion method using two hydrophones, which combines noise interferometry and time reversal mirror （TRM） techniques. Numerical simulations are firstly performed, in which strong fo- cusing occurs in the vicinity of one hydrophone when Green＇s function （GF） is back-propagated from the other hydrophone, with the position and strength of the focus being sensitive to sound speed and density in the bottom. We next extract the GF from the noise cross-correlation function measured by two hydrophones with 8025-m distance in the Shallow Water ＇06 experiment. After realizing the TRM process, sound speed and density in the bottom are inverted by optimizing focusing of the back-propagated GF. The passive inversion method is inherently environmentally friendly and low-cost.