The Impact of pH and Air on the Phospholipid Nanostructure Surface

Phospholipids (PLs) in the form of nanostructures are widely employed as a lubricant and antimicrobial agent. The cartilage (AC) surface was characterized using wettability test fresh and depleted AC samples. Cartilage wet surface exposure to air causes increase in surface wettability from 0 to 104 degrees. Effect is explained by flip-flop of the PLs molecules in membrane. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic character of cartilage was determined. Microscopic image of PLs bilayers adsorbed on the surface of pleural tissues and human stomach will be compared with cartilage tissue.

On the Reasons and Strategies about the Expansion of Present China＇s Income Distribution Gap

In recent years, the disparity of Chinese people＇s income has been unsteadily expanding. The reasons lie in many aspects, among which there are mainly income disparity between the rural and the urban and the disparity between regions, including the disparity between people both in the city and in the countryside. Therefore the corresponding strategies should be put into effect .

A Psychological Approach to the Heroine of Gone with the Wind

Abstract This paper is a psychological approach to the heroine of Gone with the Wind written by Margaret Mitchell.It attempts an analysis of Scarlett's character from the different social roles she plays,and explains how her complex character affects her life.Scarlett,an electrifying character with a changeable temper,displays her vanity,selfishness,responsibility,courage and intelligence during different stages of her life,thus leaving an ever-lasting deep impression on the reader.

利用增生算子理论研究一类椭圆边值问题解的存在性(英文)

利用Calvert和Gupta关于非线性增生算子值域的扰动结果 ,研究了当 2≤ p <+∞时 ,一类非线性黎曼边值问题在Lp(Ω)空间中解的存在的充分条件 .所讨论的方程与Gupta Hess相比更一般化 ,而且把解的存在性的研究由L2 (Ω)空间推广到LP(Ω) (2≤ p <+∞ )空间中 .

IR Studies in China over the past Thirty Years

In this paper,the author has systematically summed up the history and current status of international relation theory studies in China.The call for build international relation theory with Chinese characteristics is also introduced and analyzed.

Cartilage Wear in Healthy and Osteoarthritis Joints

This study is designed to determine whether the outermost layer of articular cartilage is deficient in Osteoarthritis (OA). Phospholipids present in healthy and osteoarthritis (OA) synovial fluid show significant differences in their concentration. While examining the surface properties of OA joints, we found that OA PLs molecules cannot support lubrication, and increased friction was observed. Our lubrication mechanism was based on a surface active phospholipids (SAPL) multibilayer which in OA condition was deactivated and removed from the cartilage surface under OA conditions. Cartilage wettability study clearly demonstrated a significant decrease in hydrophobicity, the contact angle, θ (theta), dropping from 103° from bovine healthy cartilage to 65° in surface partially depleted and 35.1° for completely depleted surface. These results are discussed in the context that surface active phospholipid (SAPL) and lubricin, each has specific roles in a lamellar-repulsive lubrication system. However, deactivated phospholipid molecules are major indicator of cartilage wear (model) introduced in this study.

Commentary on the Lamellar-Repulsive-Slippage Lubrication

In this article, we evaluated surface topographical images of the bovine (cartilage/cartilage) pair friction. In healthy joints, the cartilage (AC) surface coated with phospholipid multi-bilayers is activated by the lamellar-repulsive-slippage lubrication mechanism. Hydrophilic and negatively charged (--) natural cartilage surface is covered by phospholipid bilayers. These phospholipids have been demonstrated to exert highly desirable characteristics on the surface of articular cartilage such as efficient lubrication, load processing, and semi-permeability for nutrient transport. We attempt to demonstrate phospholipids involvement in boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by: 1) the surface amorphous layer (SAL);2) negatively charged surface;3) lamellar-repulsive lubrication;and 4) lamellar-slippage mechanism in (cartilage/cartilage) pair lubrication. The secret of the super low friction and wear between the cartilage-bearing surfaces is lamellar-repulsive and slippage mechanism of lubrication. We also present the evidence that the superficial phospholipid bilayer covering the articular surface of cartilage has a primary function of creating a hydrophilic surface with wetting properties, and hence, of controlling interfacial properties under 7.4 pH values. We conclude that lamellar bilayers slippage, as well as the short-range repulsion between the interfaces of the negatively charged (-) cartilage surfaces, is a primary determinant of the low frictional properties of the joint.

Acupuncture for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized, Sham-controlled Clinical Trial

Objective： To assess the clinical effects of acupuncture in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Methods： Seventy patients fulfilled at least 4 items of the diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis of the American College of Rheumatology （ACR）. All patients were instructed not to receive other relevant therapies during research. Patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group by computer generated assigned codes to receive real acupuncture and sham acupuncture respectively. The codes of randomization were hidden from doctors and patients. Patients were studied before and after the whole acupuncture treatment sessions （36 treatments）.The results were assessed according to changes of ESR mm/h, CRP mg/L, rheumatoid factor （RF）, the radiological changes （the erosion and osteoporosis of hand or wrist joint）, the intensity of pain by visual analogue scale （VAS）, the modified questionnaire according to Laitinen and Zytkowski （the intensity of pain, frequency of pain, medicines, limitation of motive activity）. Results： No significant differences in comparison of any parameters were shown before treatment. After treatment, the results of VAS and modified questionnaire were far better in the treatment group than in the control. Conclusion： Acupuncture can achieve a positive result compared with the sham, and it is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis.