Whether or not sexually selected traits consistently exhibit positive allometry(i.e.are disproportionately large in larger individuals)is an ongoing debate.Multiple models and exceptions to this rule suggest that the ...Whether or not sexually selected traits consistently exhibit positive allometry(i.e.are disproportionately large in larger individuals)is an ongoing debate.Multiple models and exceptions to this rule suggest that the underlying drivers of sexual trait allometry are nuanced.Here,we compare allometries of sexual and non-sexual traits of a species(Anolis aquaticus)within a well-studied lizard genus to test the competing hypotheses that sexual traits are,or are not,defined by positive allometry.We further consider the relationships of trait functions,which are relatively well understood in the genus Anolis,and allometry to identify potential drivers of allometric patterns.In particular,we explore how trait allometries interact to influence total organism function and generate sexual dimorphism.We quantified size(of targeted traits)and color of a sexual signal(the dewlap)in Anolis aquaticus in the field.The dewlap conveyed information relevant to intra-sexual combat and exhibited positive allometry.Overall,our results suggest that using single-trait allometries as indicators of past selection provides only an incomplete understanding of trait evolution.Although the function of positive allometry in some individual sexual signals(e.g.those conveying“super-honest”information)may be straightforward,we illustrate how scaling relationships interact synergistically to influence the function of phenotypes and propose avenues for future research.展开更多
The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved i...The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats.Yet,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging.In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels.Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,respectively.This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental stud-ies.In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences.On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.展开更多
Background:Non-native wild pigs(Sus scrofa)threaten sensitive flora and fauna,cost billions of dollars in economic damage,and pose a significant human–wildlife conflict risk.Despite growing interest in wild pig resea...Background:Non-native wild pigs(Sus scrofa)threaten sensitive flora and fauna,cost billions of dollars in economic damage,and pose a significant human–wildlife conflict risk.Despite growing interest in wild pig research,basic life history information is often lacking throughout their introduced range and particularly in tropical environments.Similar to other large terrestrial mammals,pigs possess the ability to shift their range based on local climatic conditions or resource availability,further complicating management decisions.The objectives of this study were to(i)model the distribution and abundance of wild pigs across two seasons within a single calendar year;(ii)determine the most important environmental variables driving changes in pig distribution and abundance;and(iii)highlight key differences between seasonal models and their potential management implications.These study objectives were achieved using zero-inflated models constructed from abundance data obtained from extensive field surveys and remotely sensed environmental variables.Results:Our models demonstrate a considerable change in distribution and abundance of wild pigs throughout a single calendar year.Rainfall and vegetation height were among the most influential variables for pig distribution during the spring,and distance to adjacent forest and vegetation density were among the most significant for the fall.Further,our seasonal models show that areas of high conservation value may be more vulnerable to threats from wild pigs at certain times throughout the year,which was not captured by more traditional modeling approaches using aggregated data.Conclusions:Our results suggest that(i)wild pigs can considerably shift their range throughout the calendar year,even in tropical environments;(ii)pigs prefer dense forested areas in the presence of either hunting pressure or an abundance of frugivorous plants,but may shift to adjacent areas in the absence of either of these conditions;and(iii)seasonal models provide valuable biological information that would otherwise be missed by common modeling approaches that use aggregated data over many years.These findings highlight the importance of considering biologically relevant time scales that provide key information to better inform management strategies,particularly for species whose ranges include both temperate and tropical environments and thrive in both large continental and small island ecosystems.展开更多
The intricate microarchitecture of tissues–the“tissue microenvironment”–is a strong determinant of tissue function.Microfluidics offers an invaluable tool to precisely stimulate,manipulate,and analyze the tissue m...The intricate microarchitecture of tissues–the“tissue microenvironment”–is a strong determinant of tissue function.Microfluidics offers an invaluable tool to precisely stimulate,manipulate,and analyze the tissue microenvironment in live tissues and engineer mass transport around and into small tissue volumes.Such control is critical in clinical studies,especially where tissue samples are scarce,in analytical sensors,where testing smaller amounts of analytes results in faster,more portable sensors,and in biological experiments,where accurate control of the cellular microenvironment is needed.Microfluidics also provides inexpensive multiplexing strategies to address the pressing need to test large quantities of drugs and reagents on a single biopsy specimen,increasing testing accuracy,relevance,and speed while reducing overall diagnostic cost.Here,we review the use of microfluidics to study the physiology and pathophysiology of intact live tissues at sub-millimeter scales.We categorize uses as either in vitro studies–where a piece of an organism must be excised and introduced into the microfluidic device–or in vivo studies–where whole organisms are small enough to be introduced into microchannels or where a microfluidic device is interfaced with a live tissue surface(e.g.the skin or inside an internal organ or tumor)that forms part of an animal larger than the device.These microfluidic systems promise to deliver functional measurements obtained directly on intact tissue–such as the response of tissue to drugs or the analysis of tissue secretions–that cannot be obtained otherwise.展开更多
Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original a...Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original article has been corrected.展开更多
文摘Whether or not sexually selected traits consistently exhibit positive allometry(i.e.are disproportionately large in larger individuals)is an ongoing debate.Multiple models and exceptions to this rule suggest that the underlying drivers of sexual trait allometry are nuanced.Here,we compare allometries of sexual and non-sexual traits of a species(Anolis aquaticus)within a well-studied lizard genus to test the competing hypotheses that sexual traits are,or are not,defined by positive allometry.We further consider the relationships of trait functions,which are relatively well understood in the genus Anolis,and allometry to identify potential drivers of allometric patterns.In particular,we explore how trait allometries interact to influence total organism function and generate sexual dimorphism.We quantified size(of targeted traits)and color of a sexual signal(the dewlap)in Anolis aquaticus in the field.The dewlap conveyed information relevant to intra-sexual combat and exhibited positive allometry.Overall,our results suggest that using single-trait allometries as indicators of past selection provides only an incomplete understanding of trait evolution.Although the function of positive allometry in some individual sexual signals(e.g.those conveying“super-honest”information)may be straightforward,we illustrate how scaling relationships interact synergistically to influence the function of phenotypes and propose avenues for future research.
基金Estonian Science Foundation grants PSG136,PRG632,PUT1170the University of Tartu(PLTOM20903)the European Regional Development Fund(Centre of Excellence EcolChange).
文摘The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats.Yet,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging.In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels.Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,respectively.This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental stud-ies.In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences.On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.
基金supported with a grant from the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resource’s Division of Forestry and Wildlife(Grant/Award Number:C01290)。
文摘Background:Non-native wild pigs(Sus scrofa)threaten sensitive flora and fauna,cost billions of dollars in economic damage,and pose a significant human–wildlife conflict risk.Despite growing interest in wild pig research,basic life history information is often lacking throughout their introduced range and particularly in tropical environments.Similar to other large terrestrial mammals,pigs possess the ability to shift their range based on local climatic conditions or resource availability,further complicating management decisions.The objectives of this study were to(i)model the distribution and abundance of wild pigs across two seasons within a single calendar year;(ii)determine the most important environmental variables driving changes in pig distribution and abundance;and(iii)highlight key differences between seasonal models and their potential management implications.These study objectives were achieved using zero-inflated models constructed from abundance data obtained from extensive field surveys and remotely sensed environmental variables.Results:Our models demonstrate a considerable change in distribution and abundance of wild pigs throughout a single calendar year.Rainfall and vegetation height were among the most influential variables for pig distribution during the spring,and distance to adjacent forest and vegetation density were among the most significant for the fall.Further,our seasonal models show that areas of high conservation value may be more vulnerable to threats from wild pigs at certain times throughout the year,which was not captured by more traditional modeling approaches using aggregated data.Conclusions:Our results suggest that(i)wild pigs can considerably shift their range throughout the calendar year,even in tropical environments;(ii)pigs prefer dense forested areas in the presence of either hunting pressure or an abundance of frugivorous plants,but may shift to adjacent areas in the absence of either of these conditions;and(iii)seasonal models provide valuable biological information that would otherwise be missed by common modeling approaches that use aggregated data over many years.These findings highlight the importance of considering biologically relevant time scales that provide key information to better inform management strategies,particularly for species whose ranges include both temperate and tropical environments and thrive in both large continental and small island ecosystems.
基金L.F.H.and A.F received funding from the National Cancer Institute(R01 CA181445)L.F.H.was supported by a University of Washington CoMotion Gap Innovation FundA.D.R.was supported by an International Scholars award from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México.
文摘The intricate microarchitecture of tissues–the“tissue microenvironment”–is a strong determinant of tissue function.Microfluidics offers an invaluable tool to precisely stimulate,manipulate,and analyze the tissue microenvironment in live tissues and engineer mass transport around and into small tissue volumes.Such control is critical in clinical studies,especially where tissue samples are scarce,in analytical sensors,where testing smaller amounts of analytes results in faster,more portable sensors,and in biological experiments,where accurate control of the cellular microenvironment is needed.Microfluidics also provides inexpensive multiplexing strategies to address the pressing need to test large quantities of drugs and reagents on a single biopsy specimen,increasing testing accuracy,relevance,and speed while reducing overall diagnostic cost.Here,we review the use of microfluidics to study the physiology and pathophysiology of intact live tissues at sub-millimeter scales.We categorize uses as either in vitro studies–where a piece of an organism must be excised and introduced into the microfluidic device–or in vivo studies–where whole organisms are small enough to be introduced into microchannels or where a microfluidic device is interfaced with a live tissue surface(e.g.the skin or inside an internal organ or tumor)that forms part of an animal larger than the device.These microfluidic systems promise to deliver functional measurements obtained directly on intact tissue–such as the response of tissue to drugs or the analysis of tissue secretions–that cannot be obtained otherwise.
文摘Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original article has been corrected.
