In a commentary paper in the Journal of Sport and Health Science,world-renowned physical activity researchers,Barbara Ainsworth and James Sallis,discussed the opportunities arising from the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter...In a commentary paper in the Journal of Sport and Health Science,world-renowned physical activity researchers,Barbara Ainsworth and James Sallis,discussed the opportunities arising from the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games for increasing physical activity in youth.1 Moreover,a clarion call from the Asia-Pacific Society for Physical Activity has been made concerning the physical activity legacy that could arise from the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Brisbane,Australia(see:ASPA vision for Olympic legacy-ASPA(aspactivity.org)).展开更多
Background:Emerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment.However,the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown.We aimed to investigate the effect of exer...Background:Emerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment.However,the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown.We aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on(a)blood biomarkers selected based on previous evidence(brainderived neurotrophic factor,β-hydroxybutyrate(BHB),cathepsin B(CTSB),kynurenine,fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21),soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1));and(b)a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins(discovery analysis).We also investigated whether changes in these biomarkers mediate the effects of exercise on brain health(hippocampal structure and function,cognitive performance,and mental health).Methods:We randomized 81 overweight/obese children(10.1±1.1 years,41%girls)into 2 groups:either 20 weeks of aerobic plus resistance exercise or control.Candidate biomarkers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for kynurenine,FGF21,and CTSB;colorimetry forβ-hydroxybutyrate;and XMap for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.The92 neurology-related proteins were analyzed by an antibody-based proteomic analysis.Results:Our intervention had no significant effect on candidate biomarkers(all p>0.05).In the discovery analysis,a reduction in circulating macrophage scavenger receptor type-I was observed(standardized differences between groups=-0.3,p=0.001).This effect was validated using ELISA methods(standardized difference=-0.3,p=0.01).None of the biomarkers mediated the effects of exercise on brain health.Conclusions:Our study does not support a chronic effect of exercise on candidate biomarkers.We observed that while chronic exercise reduced the levels of macrophage scavenger receptor type-Ⅰ,it did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health.Future studies should explore the implications of this novel biomarker for overall health.展开更多
Background: Scenario analyses that evaluate management effects on the long-term provision and sustainability of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity(ESB) also need to account for disturbances. The objectives of ...Background: Scenario analyses that evaluate management effects on the long-term provision and sustainability of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity(ESB) also need to account for disturbances. The objectives of this study were to reveal potential trade-offs and synergies between ESB provision and disturbance predisposition at the scale of a whole country.Methods: The empirical scenario model MASSIMO was used to simulate forest development and management from years 2016 to 2106 on 5086 sample plots of the Swiss National Forest Inventory(NFI). We included a businessas-usual(BAU) scenario and four scenarios of increased timber harvesting. Model output was evaluated with indicators for 1) ESB provision including a) timber production, b) old-growth forest characteristics as biodiversity proxies and c) protection against rockfall and avalanches and 2) for a) storm and b) bark beetle predisposition.Results: The predisposition indicators corresponded well(AUC: 0.71–0.86) to storm and insect(mostly bark beetle)damage observations in logistic regression models. Increased timber production was generally accompanied with decreased predisposition(storm: >-11%, beetle: >-37%, depending on region and scenario), except for a scenario that promoted conifers where beetle predisposition increased(e.g. + 61% in the Southern Alps). Decreased disturbance predisposition and decreases in old-growth forest indicators in scenarios of increased timber production revealed a trade-off situation. In contrast, growing stock increased under BAU management along with a reduction in conifer proportions, resulting in a reduction of beetle predisposition that in turn was accompanied by increasing old-growth forest indicators. Disturbance predisposition was elevated in NFI plots with high avalanche and rockfall protection value.Conclusions: By evaluating ESB and disturbance predisposition based on single-tree data at a national scale we bridged a gap between detailed, stand-scale assessments and broader inventory-based approaches at the national scale. We discuss the limitations of the indicator framework and advocate for future amendments that include climate-sensitive forest development and disturbance modelling to strengthen decision making in national forest policy making.展开更多
This study indicated that by applying an improved classification system to decayed large-diameter Norway spruce(Picea abies)wood,its use as raw material for kraft pulping without loss of pulp quality could be essentia...This study indicated that by applying an improved classification system to decayed large-diameter Norway spruce(Picea abies)wood,its use as raw material for kraft pulping without loss of pulp quality could be essentially increased.This is based on the fact that although the cooking yield of decayed spruce material which has been sorted according to these new recommendations is somewhat lower and Kappa number higher than those of sound wood material,the greatest part of the decayed stem(the outer part of the stem)contains long-fiber wood material which produces pulp of good quality.Therefore,large-diameter spruce logs can also be separately used,for example,in the manufacture of reinforcement pulp.展开更多
Pyrogenic organic matter(PyOM)is formed during wildfires and prescribed burnings or produced intentionally in the form of biochar for soil amendment purposes.It is attracting a growing scientific and practical interes...Pyrogenic organic matter(PyOM)is formed during wildfires and prescribed burnings or produced intentionally in the form of biochar for soil amendment purposes.It is attracting a growing scientific and practical interest due to its important role in the global carbon cycle and agronomic applications as a soil enhancer.Most of the studies on the physicochemical properties of PyOM have been conducted using fresh biochars even though the characteristics of PyOM are expected to alter due to aging processes in soil environment.In this paper,we report the results of a study that utilized X-ray microtomography and elemental analysis to investigate the chemical and structural changes in the PyOM formed during prescribed burning events and aged thereafter for 1–71 years in a boreal forest soil.Our results indicate that changes in elemental composition occurred at decadal timescales,and an apparent steady state was reached ca.30 years after PyOM formation and exposure to the environment.At such timescales,PyOM was able to retain its porous structure originating from the cellular structure of the initial wood tissues.However,structural analysis revealed several effects of aging on the pore structure,such as the formation of surface coating layers,pore fillings,and fractures.These changes may alter pore size distribution and accessibility of the pores and further alter the influence of PyOM on soil functions,such as the transfer and retention of water and nutrients in PyOM pores.展开更多
We study R^(d)-valued mean-field stochastic differential equations with a diffusion coefficient that varies in a discontinuous manner on the L_(p)-norm of the process.We establish the existence of a unique global stro...We study R^(d)-valued mean-field stochastic differential equations with a diffusion coefficient that varies in a discontinuous manner on the L_(p)-norm of the process.We establish the existence of a unique global strong solution in the presence of a robust drift,while also investigating scenarios where the presence of a global solution is not assured.展开更多
Purpose Whether elite athletes,who have been exposed to vigorous-intensity exercise combined with other stressors,have elevated systemic low-grade inflammation,remains largely unclear.To address this question,we studi...Purpose Whether elite athletes,who have been exposed to vigorous-intensity exercise combined with other stressors,have elevated systemic low-grade inflammation,remains largely unclear.To address this question,we studied the levels of six inflammatory cytokines as potential biomarkers of a low-grade inflammatory state in elite athletes after an 11-month train-ing and competition season.Methods We collected sera from 27 Finnish elite cross-country skiers and 27 gender-and age-matched,moderately-exer-cising controls.The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin 6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),glycoprotein acetyls(GlycA),interleukin 10(IL-10),and interferon gamma(IFN-γ)cytokines were quantified as surrogate markers of low-grade inflammation.Results The athletes were found to have significantly lower concentrations of CRP(P=0.0232)and higher concentrations of IL-10,TNF-α,and IFN-γ(P=0.0097,P=0.0256,and P=0.0185,respectively)than the controls.No significant differences between athletes and controls were detected in the concentrations of IL-6 and GlycA.The inflammatory score(IS)did not differ significantly between athletes and controls.Conclusion The results of this study argued against the hypothesis of a significant chronic low-grade inflammation in response to prolonged high-performance exercise among elite endurance athletes.展开更多
Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species,but they have also been shown to alter behavioral,life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects.Here,we tested the fungicide effects on fe...Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species,but they have also been shown to alter behavioral,life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects.Here,we tested the fungicide effects on feeding behavior,survival and physiology of the nontarget pest insect,the Colorado potato beetle(CPB)(Leptinotarsa decemlineata).Feeding behavior was studied by a choice test of adult beetles,which were allowed to choose between a control and a fungicide(fluazinam)treated potato leaf.Larval survival was recorded after 24 and 72 h exposure to control and fungicide-treated leaves with 2 different concentrations.The adults did not show fungicide avoidance behavior.Similarly,survival of the larvae was not affected by the exposure to fungicides.Finally,to understand the effects of fungicides at the physiological level(gene expression),we tested whether the larval exposure to fungicide alter the expression of 5 metabolic pathway and stress associated genes.Highest concentration and 72-h exposure caused upregulation of 1 cytochrome P450(CYP9Z14v2)and 1 insecticide resistance gene(Ldace1),whereas metabolic detoxification gene(Ugt1)was downregulated.At 24-h exposure,highest concentration caused downregulation of another common detoxification gene(Gs),while both exposure times to lowest concentration caused upregulation of the Hsp70 stress tolerance gene.Despite these overall effects,there was a considerable amount of variation among different families in the gene expression levels.Even though the behavioral effects of the fungicide treatments were minor,the expression level differences of the studied genes indicate changes on the metabolic detoxifications and stress-related pathways.展开更多
Climate change,habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats for populations and a challenge for individual behavior,interactions and survival.Predator-prey interactions are modified by climate processes.In the nor...Climate change,habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats for populations and a challenge for individual behavior,interactions and survival.Predator-prey interactions are modified by climate processes.In the northern latitudes,strong seasonality is changing and the main predicted feature is shortening and instability of winter.Vole populations in the boreal Fennoscandia exhibit multiannual cycles.High amplitude peak numbers of voles and dramatic population lows alternate in 3-5-year cycles shortening from North to South.One key factor,or driver,promoting the population crash and causing extreme extended lows,is suggested to be predation by the least weasel.We review the arms race between prey voles and weasels through the multiannual density fluctuation,affected by climate change,and especially the changes in the duration and stability of snow cover.For ground-dwelling small mammals,snow provides thermoregulation and shelter for nest sites,and helps them hide from predators.Predicted increases in the instability of winter forms a major challenge for species with coat color change between brown summer camouflage and white winter coat.One of these is the least weasel,Mustela nivalis nivalis.Increased vulnerability of wrong-colored weasels to predation affects vole populations and may have dramatic effects on vole dynamics.It may have cascading effects on other small rodent-predator interactions and even on plant-animal interactions and forest dynamics.展开更多
Recently,the LHCb and BESⅢCollaborations provided results for two Z_(cs)tetraquarks and a P_(cs)pentaquark.These are hiddencharm four-and five-quark states,characterized by ccsn(ccns)and ccnns quark structures,respec...Recently,the LHCb and BESⅢCollaborations provided results for two Z_(cs)tetraquarks and a P_(cs)pentaquark.These are hiddencharm four-and five-quark states,characterized by ccsn(ccns)and ccnns quark structures,respectively,where the notation n indicates a u or d quark.展开更多
Nonnegative tensor decomposition has become increasingly important for multiway data analysis in recent years. The alternating proximal gradient(APG) is a popular optimization method for nonnegative tensor decompositi...Nonnegative tensor decomposition has become increasingly important for multiway data analysis in recent years. The alternating proximal gradient(APG) is a popular optimization method for nonnegative tensor decomposition in the block coordinate descent framework. In this study, we propose an inexact version of the APG algorithm for nonnegative CANDECOMP/PARAFAC decomposition, wherein each factor matrix is updated by only finite inner iterations. We also propose a parameter warm-start method that can avoid the frequent parameter resetting of conventional APG methods and improve convergence performance.By experimental tests, we find that when the number of inner iterations is limited to around 10 to 20, the convergence speed is accelerated significantly without losing its low relative error. We evaluate our method on both synthetic and real-world tensors.The results demonstrate that the proposed inexact APG algorithm exhibits outstanding performance on both convergence speed and computational precision compared with existing popular algorithms.展开更多
Dissimilar vulnerabilities of different prey types and preferences of predators are factors likely to contribute to community dynamics.This may happen via differential individual properties of prey animals(e.g.vigilan...Dissimilar vulnerabilities of different prey types and preferences of predators are factors likely to contribute to community dynamics.This may happen via differential individual properties of prey animals(e.g.vigilance,escape)or via habitat effects making hunting by a predator easier and more rewarding in some habitats,or both.Furthermore,community dynamics may be influenced by predator mediated apparent competition,in which an increase in one prey type has negative effects on another prey type indirectly via the shared predator.We summarize the current knowledge from the field in a model predator–prey system consisting of sympatric boreal vole species and their common specialist predator and review field studies using predator manipulation and studies on the responses of individuals in the laboratory and in outdoor enclosures.The vole species studied represent different prey types that are thought to have different vulnerabilities.Our observations on the main resident specialist predator,the least weasel(Mustela nivalis nivalis L.),show that it hunts according to prey availability and suitability of the hunting habitat.Prey voles respond to the presence of the predator behaviorally in various ways to avoid predation.We conclude that even if the least weasel is a specialized predator of small rodents it acts like a generalist predator within the small rodent guild and may facilitate the coexistence of prey species via predator switching.This may lead to interspecific synchrony between prey populations,which has often been observed.We suggest that the processes determining the community impact of predator–prey interactions are driven by the behavioral arms race between the predator and the prey,together with the habitat-dependent density of prey and net gain for the predator.展开更多
This article explores what kind of a role‘the rise of China’plays in negotiation and searches for common ground between Finnish and Chinese representatives in the context of Chinese investment,trade and cooperation ...This article explores what kind of a role‘the rise of China’plays in negotiation and searches for common ground between Finnish and Chinese representatives in the context of Chinese investment,trade and cooperation facilitation initiatives in Finland.The study predominantly builds on the positioning theory,and the data collection methods of this study are interviewing and observation.Five styles of positioning regarding power and common ground are found–adjustment,use of existing common ground,autonomy,‘soft’power and pressure/hedging,the character of which corresponds to phases of Chinese five elements theory(wu xing).While data suggest that both Finnish and Chinese representatives use all these strategies,the trend is that Finnish representatives use active responses such as adjustment and pressure/hedging more,while Chinese representatives more often resort to autonomy stance.A variety of both external and internal factors influencing positioning could also be traced,such as organisational roles in situation,place of meeting,discourses about countries and considerations of‘face’.展开更多
We present an algebraic version of an iterative multigrid method for obstacle problems,called projected algebraic multigrid(PAMG)here.We show that classical algebraic multigrid algorithms can easily be extended to dea...We present an algebraic version of an iterative multigrid method for obstacle problems,called projected algebraic multigrid(PAMG)here.We show that classical algebraic multigrid algorithms can easily be extended to deal with this kind of problem.This paves the way for efficient multigrid solution of obstacle problems with partial differential equations arising,for example,in financial engineering.展开更多
Malware analysis is a task of utmost importance in cyber-security.Two approaches exist for malware analysis:static and dynamic.Modern malware uses an abundance of techniques to evade both dynamic and static analysis t...Malware analysis is a task of utmost importance in cyber-security.Two approaches exist for malware analysis:static and dynamic.Modern malware uses an abundance of techniques to evade both dynamic and static analysis tools.Current dynamic analysis solutions either make modifications to the running malware or use a higher privilege component that does the actual analysis.The former can be easily detected by sophisticated malware while the latter often induces a significant performance overhead.We propose a method that performs malware analysis within the context of the OS itself.Furthermore,the analysis component is camouflaged by a hypervisor,which makes it completely transparent to the running OS and its applications.The evaluation of the system’s efficiency suggests that the induced performance overhead is negligible.展开更多
Temporal Blind Source Separation(TBSS)is used to obtain the true underlying processes from noisy temporal multivariate data,such as electrocardiograms.TBSS has similarities to Principal Component Analysis(PCA)as it se...Temporal Blind Source Separation(TBSS)is used to obtain the true underlying processes from noisy temporal multivariate data,such as electrocardiograms.TBSS has similarities to Principal Component Analysis(PCA)as it separates the input data into univariate components and is applicable to suitable datasets from various domains,such as medicine,finance,or civil engineering.Despite TBSS’s broad applicability,the involved tasks are not well supported in current tools,which offer only text-based interactions and single static images.Analysts are limited in analyzing and comparing obtained results,which consist of diverse data such as matrices and sets of time series.Additionally,parameter settings have a big impact on separation performance,but as a consequence of improper tooling,analysts currently do not consider the whole parameter space.We propose to solve these problems by applying visual analytics(VA)principles.Our primary contribution is a design study for TBSS,which so far has not been explored by the visualization community.We developed a task abstraction and visualization design in a user-centered design process.Task-specific assembling of well-established visualization techniques and algorithms to gain insights in the TBSS processes is our secondary contribution.We present TBSSvis,an interactive web-based VA prototype,which we evaluated extensively in two interviews with five TBSS experts.Feedback and observations from these interviews show that TBSSvis supports the actual workflow and combination of interactive visualizations that facilitate the tasks involved in analyzing TBSS results.展开更多
文摘In a commentary paper in the Journal of Sport and Health Science,world-renowned physical activity researchers,Barbara Ainsworth and James Sallis,discussed the opportunities arising from the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games for increasing physical activity in youth.1 Moreover,a clarion call from the Asia-Pacific Society for Physical Activity has been made concerning the physical activity legacy that could arise from the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Brisbane,Australia(see:ASPA vision for Olympic legacy-ASPA(aspactivity.org)).
基金supported primarily by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness((MINECO),DEP2017-91544-EXP)the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation+13 种基金supported by additional grants from MINECO(DEP2013-47540,DEP2016-79512-R,PID2020-120249RB-I00)the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF,FEDER in Spanish)the European Commission(No.667302)Further funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported by the ERDF(B-CTS-355-UGR18,B-CTS-500-UGR18 and A-CTS-614-UGR20)partially funded by the University of Granada,Plan Propio de Investigación 2016,Excellence actions:Units of ExcellenceUnit of Excellence on Exercise and Health(UCEES)and by the Regional Government of Andalusia,Regional Ministry of Knowledge,Science,and Universities and the ERDF(SOMM17/6107/UGR)supported by the School of Medicine,Complutense University of Madrid,Mother-Child Health and Development Network(Red SAMID)Ⅲnetwork,Redes temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud(RETICS),funded by the PN I+D+I 20172021(Spain)funded by the Ramón Areces Foundation.AMG is supported by FPU16/03653supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(RYC2019-027287-I)supported by a grant from Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo(No.72180543)from Chilethrough a Margarita Salas grant from the Spanish Ministry Universitiessupported by MINECO and ERDF(grants RYC-2016-21199 and SAF2017-87526-R)the Junta de Andalucia(PAIDI P20_00158,PAIDI P20_00124)supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education,Culture and Sport(FPU 16/02760)。
文摘Background:Emerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment.However,the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown.We aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on(a)blood biomarkers selected based on previous evidence(brainderived neurotrophic factor,β-hydroxybutyrate(BHB),cathepsin B(CTSB),kynurenine,fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21),soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1));and(b)a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins(discovery analysis).We also investigated whether changes in these biomarkers mediate the effects of exercise on brain health(hippocampal structure and function,cognitive performance,and mental health).Methods:We randomized 81 overweight/obese children(10.1±1.1 years,41%girls)into 2 groups:either 20 weeks of aerobic plus resistance exercise or control.Candidate biomarkers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for kynurenine,FGF21,and CTSB;colorimetry forβ-hydroxybutyrate;and XMap for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.The92 neurology-related proteins were analyzed by an antibody-based proteomic analysis.Results:Our intervention had no significant effect on candidate biomarkers(all p>0.05).In the discovery analysis,a reduction in circulating macrophage scavenger receptor type-I was observed(standardized differences between groups=-0.3,p=0.001).This effect was validated using ELISA methods(standardized difference=-0.3,p=0.01).None of the biomarkers mediated the effects of exercise on brain health.Conclusions:Our study does not support a chronic effect of exercise on candidate biomarkers.We observed that while chronic exercise reduced the levels of macrophage scavenger receptor type-Ⅰ,it did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health.Future studies should explore the implications of this novel biomarker for overall health.
基金funded as part of the Swiss NFI program by the Federal Office of Environment FOEN and the Federal Institute for Forest,Snow and Landscape research WSL。
文摘Background: Scenario analyses that evaluate management effects on the long-term provision and sustainability of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity(ESB) also need to account for disturbances. The objectives of this study were to reveal potential trade-offs and synergies between ESB provision and disturbance predisposition at the scale of a whole country.Methods: The empirical scenario model MASSIMO was used to simulate forest development and management from years 2016 to 2106 on 5086 sample plots of the Swiss National Forest Inventory(NFI). We included a businessas-usual(BAU) scenario and four scenarios of increased timber harvesting. Model output was evaluated with indicators for 1) ESB provision including a) timber production, b) old-growth forest characteristics as biodiversity proxies and c) protection against rockfall and avalanches and 2) for a) storm and b) bark beetle predisposition.Results: The predisposition indicators corresponded well(AUC: 0.71–0.86) to storm and insect(mostly bark beetle)damage observations in logistic regression models. Increased timber production was generally accompanied with decreased predisposition(storm: >-11%, beetle: >-37%, depending on region and scenario), except for a scenario that promoted conifers where beetle predisposition increased(e.g. + 61% in the Southern Alps). Decreased disturbance predisposition and decreases in old-growth forest indicators in scenarios of increased timber production revealed a trade-off situation. In contrast, growing stock increased under BAU management along with a reduction in conifer proportions, resulting in a reduction of beetle predisposition that in turn was accompanied by increasing old-growth forest indicators. Disturbance predisposition was elevated in NFI plots with high avalanche and rockfall protection value.Conclusions: By evaluating ESB and disturbance predisposition based on single-tree data at a national scale we bridged a gap between detailed, stand-scale assessments and broader inventory-based approaches at the national scale. We discuss the limitations of the indicator framework and advocate for future amendments that include climate-sensitive forest development and disturbance modelling to strengthen decision making in national forest policy making.
基金The authors wish to thank Mittaportti Oy for the log classification,Metsäteho Oy for the rot determinations,and Western Laboratories Inc.for the pulp strength analyses.
文摘This study indicated that by applying an improved classification system to decayed large-diameter Norway spruce(Picea abies)wood,its use as raw material for kraft pulping without loss of pulp quality could be essentially increased.This is based on the fact that although the cooking yield of decayed spruce material which has been sorted according to these new recommendations is somewhat lower and Kappa number higher than those of sound wood material,the greatest part of the decayed stem(the outer part of the stem)contains long-fiber wood material which produces pulp of good quality.Therefore,large-diameter spruce logs can also be separately used,for example,in the manufacture of reinforcement pulp.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Culture,Finland,under project Carbon 4.0:AnalysisUtilization of Biological Data in Complex Carbon Ecosystems for JH and HL and project Bioproduct and Clean Bioeconomy—RDI FlagShip in Xamk for RK and KR。
文摘Pyrogenic organic matter(PyOM)is formed during wildfires and prescribed burnings or produced intentionally in the form of biochar for soil amendment purposes.It is attracting a growing scientific and practical interest due to its important role in the global carbon cycle and agronomic applications as a soil enhancer.Most of the studies on the physicochemical properties of PyOM have been conducted using fresh biochars even though the characteristics of PyOM are expected to alter due to aging processes in soil environment.In this paper,we report the results of a study that utilized X-ray microtomography and elemental analysis to investigate the chemical and structural changes in the PyOM formed during prescribed burning events and aged thereafter for 1–71 years in a boreal forest soil.Our results indicate that changes in elemental composition occurred at decadal timescales,and an apparent steady state was reached ca.30 years after PyOM formation and exposure to the environment.At such timescales,PyOM was able to retain its porous structure originating from the cellular structure of the initial wood tissues.However,structural analysis revealed several effects of aging on the pore structure,such as the formation of surface coating layers,pore fillings,and fractures.These changes may alter pore size distribution and accessibility of the pores and further alter the influence of PyOM on soil functions,such as the transfer and retention of water and nutrients in PyOM pores.
文摘We study R^(d)-valued mean-field stochastic differential equations with a diffusion coefficient that varies in a discontinuous manner on the L_(p)-norm of the process.We establish the existence of a unique global strong solution in the presence of a robust drift,while also investigating scenarios where the presence of a global solution is not assured.
基金Open Access funding provided by University of Turku(UTU)including Turku University Central Hospital.Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation.
文摘Purpose Whether elite athletes,who have been exposed to vigorous-intensity exercise combined with other stressors,have elevated systemic low-grade inflammation,remains largely unclear.To address this question,we studied the levels of six inflammatory cytokines as potential biomarkers of a low-grade inflammatory state in elite athletes after an 11-month train-ing and competition season.Methods We collected sera from 27 Finnish elite cross-country skiers and 27 gender-and age-matched,moderately-exer-cising controls.The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin 6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),glycoprotein acetyls(GlycA),interleukin 10(IL-10),and interferon gamma(IFN-γ)cytokines were quantified as surrogate markers of low-grade inflammation.Results The athletes were found to have significantly lower concentrations of CRP(P=0.0232)and higher concentrations of IL-10,TNF-α,and IFN-γ(P=0.0097,P=0.0256,and P=0.0185,respectively)than the controls.No significant differences between athletes and controls were detected in the concentrations of IL-6 and GlycA.The inflammatory score(IS)did not differ significantly between athletes and controls.Conclusion The results of this study argued against the hypothesis of a significant chronic low-grade inflammation in response to prolonged high-performance exercise among elite endurance athletes.
基金supported by the National Priorities Research Program from the Qatar National Research Fund(a member of Qatar Foundation)(NPRP7-227-1-034)the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education(STINT,CH2015-6232)the Academy of Finland,and the Program of Study Abroad for Young Teachers by Agricultural University of Hebei
基金supported by the Finish Cultural foundation and the Academy of Finland(Grant NO.308302 to LL and 322980 to MK).
文摘Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species,but they have also been shown to alter behavioral,life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects.Here,we tested the fungicide effects on feeding behavior,survival and physiology of the nontarget pest insect,the Colorado potato beetle(CPB)(Leptinotarsa decemlineata).Feeding behavior was studied by a choice test of adult beetles,which were allowed to choose between a control and a fungicide(fluazinam)treated potato leaf.Larval survival was recorded after 24 and 72 h exposure to control and fungicide-treated leaves with 2 different concentrations.The adults did not show fungicide avoidance behavior.Similarly,survival of the larvae was not affected by the exposure to fungicides.Finally,to understand the effects of fungicides at the physiological level(gene expression),we tested whether the larval exposure to fungicide alter the expression of 5 metabolic pathway and stress associated genes.Highest concentration and 72-h exposure caused upregulation of 1 cytochrome P450(CYP9Z14v2)and 1 insecticide resistance gene(Ldace1),whereas metabolic detoxification gene(Ugt1)was downregulated.At 24-h exposure,highest concentration caused downregulation of another common detoxification gene(Gs),while both exposure times to lowest concentration caused upregulation of the Hsp70 stress tolerance gene.Despite these overall effects,there was a considerable amount of variation among different families in the gene expression levels.Even though the behavioral effects of the fungicide treatments were minor,the expression level differences of the studied genes indicate changes on the metabolic detoxifications and stress-related pathways.
文摘Climate change,habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats for populations and a challenge for individual behavior,interactions and survival.Predator-prey interactions are modified by climate processes.In the northern latitudes,strong seasonality is changing and the main predicted feature is shortening and instability of winter.Vole populations in the boreal Fennoscandia exhibit multiannual cycles.High amplitude peak numbers of voles and dramatic population lows alternate in 3-5-year cycles shortening from North to South.One key factor,or driver,promoting the population crash and causing extreme extended lows,is suggested to be predation by the least weasel.We review the arms race between prey voles and weasels through the multiannual density fluctuation,affected by climate change,and especially the changes in the duration and stability of snow cover.For ground-dwelling small mammals,snow provides thermoregulation and shelter for nest sites,and helps them hide from predators.Predicted increases in the instability of winter forms a major challenge for species with coat color change between brown summer camouflage and white winter coat.One of these is the least weasel,Mustela nivalis nivalis.Increased vulnerability of wrong-colored weasels to predation affects vole populations and may have dramatic effects on vole dynamics.It may have cascading effects on other small rodent-predator interactions and even on plant-animal interactions and forest dynamics.
基金supported by the Academy of Finland(Project No.320062)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN),Italy。
文摘Recently,the LHCb and BESⅢCollaborations provided results for two Z_(cs)tetraquarks and a P_(cs)pentaquark.These are hiddencharm four-and five-quark states,characterized by ccsn(ccns)and ccnns quark structures,respectively,where the notation n indicates a u or d quark.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91748105)the National Foundation in China(Grant Nos.JCKY2019110B009 and 2020-JCJQ-JJ-252)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.DUT20LAB303 and DUT20LAB308)in Dalian University of Technology in Chinathe scholarship from China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201600090043)。
文摘Nonnegative tensor decomposition has become increasingly important for multiway data analysis in recent years. The alternating proximal gradient(APG) is a popular optimization method for nonnegative tensor decomposition in the block coordinate descent framework. In this study, we propose an inexact version of the APG algorithm for nonnegative CANDECOMP/PARAFAC decomposition, wherein each factor matrix is updated by only finite inner iterations. We also propose a parameter warm-start method that can avoid the frequent parameter resetting of conventional APG methods and improve convergence performance.By experimental tests, we find that when the number of inner iterations is limited to around 10 to 20, the convergence speed is accelerated significantly without losing its low relative error. We evaluate our method on both synthetic and real-world tensors.The results demonstrate that the proposed inexact APG algorithm exhibits outstanding performance on both convergence speed and computational precision compared with existing popular algorithms.
基金We are grateful to the Academy of Finland(projects 52045,44887 and 208478)for funding our research.Konnevesi Research Station has provided facilities for experimentation and thinking,as has Helsinki.
文摘Dissimilar vulnerabilities of different prey types and preferences of predators are factors likely to contribute to community dynamics.This may happen via differential individual properties of prey animals(e.g.vigilance,escape)or via habitat effects making hunting by a predator easier and more rewarding in some habitats,or both.Furthermore,community dynamics may be influenced by predator mediated apparent competition,in which an increase in one prey type has negative effects on another prey type indirectly via the shared predator.We summarize the current knowledge from the field in a model predator–prey system consisting of sympatric boreal vole species and their common specialist predator and review field studies using predator manipulation and studies on the responses of individuals in the laboratory and in outdoor enclosures.The vole species studied represent different prey types that are thought to have different vulnerabilities.Our observations on the main resident specialist predator,the least weasel(Mustela nivalis nivalis L.),show that it hunts according to prey availability and suitability of the hunting habitat.Prey voles respond to the presence of the predator behaviorally in various ways to avoid predation.We conclude that even if the least weasel is a specialized predator of small rodents it acts like a generalist predator within the small rodent guild and may facilitate the coexistence of prey species via predator switching.This may lead to interspecific synchrony between prey populations,which has often been observed.We suggest that the processes determining the community impact of predator–prey interactions are driven by the behavioral arms race between the predator and the prey,together with the habitat-dependent density of prey and net gain for the predator.
文摘This article explores what kind of a role‘the rise of China’plays in negotiation and searches for common ground between Finnish and Chinese representatives in the context of Chinese investment,trade and cooperation facilitation initiatives in Finland.The study predominantly builds on the positioning theory,and the data collection methods of this study are interviewing and observation.Five styles of positioning regarding power and common ground are found–adjustment,use of existing common ground,autonomy,‘soft’power and pressure/hedging,the character of which corresponds to phases of Chinese five elements theory(wu xing).While data suggest that both Finnish and Chinese representatives use all these strategies,the trend is that Finnish representatives use active responses such as adjustment and pressure/hedging more,while Chinese representatives more often resort to autonomy stance.A variety of both external and internal factors influencing positioning could also be traced,such as organisational roles in situation,place of meeting,discourses about countries and considerations of‘face’.
文摘We present an algebraic version of an iterative multigrid method for obstacle problems,called projected algebraic multigrid(PAMG)here.We show that classical algebraic multigrid algorithms can easily be extended to deal with this kind of problem.This paves the way for efficient multigrid solution of obstacle problems with partial differential equations arising,for example,in financial engineering.
文摘Malware analysis is a task of utmost importance in cyber-security.Two approaches exist for malware analysis:static and dynamic.Modern malware uses an abundance of techniques to evade both dynamic and static analysis tools.Current dynamic analysis solutions either make modifications to the running malware or use a higher privilege component that does the actual analysis.The former can be easily detected by sophisticated malware while the latter often induces a significant performance overhead.We propose a method that performs malware analysis within the context of the OS itself.Furthermore,the analysis component is camouflaged by a hypervisor,which makes it completely transparent to the running OS and its applications.The evaluation of the system’s efficiency suggests that the induced performance overhead is negligible.
基金supported by the Austrian Science Fund(FWF)under grant P31881-N32.
文摘Temporal Blind Source Separation(TBSS)is used to obtain the true underlying processes from noisy temporal multivariate data,such as electrocardiograms.TBSS has similarities to Principal Component Analysis(PCA)as it separates the input data into univariate components and is applicable to suitable datasets from various domains,such as medicine,finance,or civil engineering.Despite TBSS’s broad applicability,the involved tasks are not well supported in current tools,which offer only text-based interactions and single static images.Analysts are limited in analyzing and comparing obtained results,which consist of diverse data such as matrices and sets of time series.Additionally,parameter settings have a big impact on separation performance,but as a consequence of improper tooling,analysts currently do not consider the whole parameter space.We propose to solve these problems by applying visual analytics(VA)principles.Our primary contribution is a design study for TBSS,which so far has not been explored by the visualization community.We developed a task abstraction and visualization design in a user-centered design process.Task-specific assembling of well-established visualization techniques and algorithms to gain insights in the TBSS processes is our secondary contribution.We present TBSSvis,an interactive web-based VA prototype,which we evaluated extensively in two interviews with five TBSS experts.Feedback and observations from these interviews show that TBSSvis supports the actual workflow and combination of interactive visualizations that facilitate the tasks involved in analyzing TBSS results.
