Influence of Cross-Inoculation on Groundnut and Bambara Groundnut-<i>Rhizobium</i>Symbiosis: Contribution to Plant Growth and Yield in the Field at Sarh (Chad) and Ngaoundere (Cameroon)

In the context of sustainable research aiming at improving seed yield and maintaining soil fertility, a study on cross-inoculation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verd.) with rhizobia strains from four crop legumes was carried out at Sarh (Chad) and Ngaoundere (Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in each site following a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments known as the control, and 5 cross-inoculation formulations (RA, RN, RS, RV and MR), each of which was replicated thrice. Results obtained show that cross-inoculation contributed to the improvement of growth (plant sizes and biomasses) of the two crop legumes, as well as their seed yield at harvest. The enhanced yield expressed in kg/ha varied from 9.83% to 63.73% for groundnut and 72.71% for Bambara groundnut. These findings suggest that groundnut and Bambara groundnut do have a symbiotic affinity with rhizobia from other crop legumes. Whereas Groundnut, Cowpea, Soybean, Bambara groundnut rhizobia (GR, CR, SR, BR) alone, and the fourth in a mixture (RM) could be used to help improving groundnut seed yields;this mixture would not be indicated for intensive cultivation of Bambara groundnut later.

Recharge and Groundwater Quality of an Alluvial Aquifer： Case of the City of N＇djamena （Chad）

Isotopic tracers and water quality indicators （TDS （Total Dissolved Solid）, Cl^- and NO3^-contents） were used to characterize the recharge and control of the quality of groundwater in the alluvial aquifer beneath of the N＇djamena city. For this study, a total of 92 waters samples were taken and this included 67 wells, 21 pumps and 4 surface waters. Some groundwater has 6180 and 62H values close to those of the city of N＇djamena and/or the Chad river rains. However, all sampled points are below the Global Meteoric Water Line reflecting their evaporated characters. The interpretation of the isotopic tracers highlights that the recharge of the analyzed ground waters may result from two major mechanisms： （1） direct infiltration of local precipitation; （2） lateral inflow of river waters. The upper aquifer is the most vulnerable to pollution, especially during the recharge period. This pollution is due to the leaching of soils during the rainy season and the rise of the groundwater level which accompanies the overflowing of the Chad and causes the leaching of the polluted horizons of the unsaturated zone. In contrast, the lower aquifer has acceptable concentrations of solutes.

Social Services for Mobile Pastoralists： Cross-sector Strategy Based on ＂One Health＂

Mobile pastoralist communities in Sahel countries have serious problems of access to social services. Classic strategies for social services were always based on a single sector, focused on settled populations, and hardly reached mobile communities. This paper aims to show a cross-sector approach as a part of solutions to provide social services for mobile pastoralist communities and describes the ongoing scaling-up process. The method used is based on a transdisciplinary approach which involves target communities and authorities in all processes through workshops and site visits. Interventions adopted the concept of ＂one health＂ benefiting of an added value of closer cooperation between human and animal health. This approach was tested with joint interventions between human and animal health, which provided access to health services for unreached communities and saved resource when compared with single sector intervention. Such approaches could be extended to other social services within cross-sector interventions such as the delivery of basic education in nomadic areas. Such a strategy was validated by the communities and authorities and was further transformed into a national programme after a series of six national stakeholders＇ seminars. The cross-sector intervention will provide a minimum package of services （MPS） without compromising the structural services.

Petrogenesis of Jurassic Granitoids on Liaodong Peninsula,Northeast China:Constraints on the Evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk and Pacific Tectonic Regimes

The tectonic setting of Jurassic magmatism in the Northeast China(NE China)is unclear.Here,we present new petrological,whole-rock geochemical,zircon U-Pb geochronological,and zircon Lu-Hf isotope data for Jurassic granitoids of the Wulong region,Liaodong Peninsula,NE China.Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)zircon U-Pb data indicate that these granitoids were emplaced at 165-156 Ma.The biotite monzogranite,two-mica monzogranite,monzogranite,granodiorite,biotite granodiorite,and syenogranite are strongly peraluminous(A/CNK=1.09-1.29),contain peraluminous minerals such as muscovite,have high normative corundum abundances(1.26 wt.%-3.28 wt.%),and have high K2_(O)/Na2O ratios(0.76-1.48),all of which indicate an S-type granite affinity.However,the biotite granodiorite and syenogranite have high Sr(391 ppm-570 ppm)and low Y(3.06 ppm-5.94 ppm)contents,with high Sr/Y(65.8-185.9)ratios,and the two-mica monzogranite,monzogranite,and granodiorite have relatively high Sr(138 ppm-379 ppm)and low Y(3.38 ppm-8.71 ppm)contents,with high Sr/Y ratios(19.1-77.9).All of the analyzed samples have negative zircon eHf(t)values(-41.4 to-20.6)with old two-stage Hf model ages(TDM2(Hf)=2.50-3.76 Ga).Therefore,we infer that the biotite monzogranite is the typical feature of S-type granite that was derived by partial melting of metagraywacke.The monzogranite,two-mica monzogranite,granodiorite,biotite granodiorite,and syenogranite exhibit geochemical characteristics of S-type granite with K-rich adakitic features,and were possibly derived by mixing of melts from clastic crustal materials and ada-kitic magmas.There are voluminous Jurassic igneous rocks in the NE China.By combining our study with the previous researches,this paper infers that the Jurassic magmatism within the Erguna-Xing'an Massif was related to the southward subduction and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean;the Early Jurassic magmatism to the east of the Songliao Basin and in the northern North China Cra-ton(NCC)was related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate;however,the Middle-Late Jurassic igne-ous rocks to the west of the Songliao Basin were related to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and,in the northern NCC,were related to closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean with an influence from flat-slab subduction of the Pacific Plate.