Multi-scale analysis of carbon mineralization in lime-treated soils considering soil mineralogy

Mineral carbonation is emerging as a reliable CO_(2) capture technology that can mitigate climate change.In lime-treated clayey soils,mineral carbonation occurs through the carbonation of free lime and cementitious products derived from pozzolanic reactions.The kinetics of the reactions in lime-treated clayey soils are variable and depend primarily on soil mineralogy.The present study demonstrates the role of soil mineralogy in CO_(2) capture and the subsequent changes caused by carbon mineralization in terms of the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of lime-treated soils during their service life.Three clayey soils(kaolin,bentonite,and silty clay)with different mineralogical characteristics were treated with 4%lime content,and the samples were cured in a controlled environment for 7 d,90 d,180 d,and 365 d.After the specified curing periods,the samples were exposed to CO_(2) in a carbonation cell for 7 d.The non-carbonated samples purged with N2 gas were used as a benchmark to compare the mechanical,chemical-mineralogical,and microstructure changes caused by carbonation reactions.Experimental investigations indicated that exposure to CO_(2) resulted in an average increase of 10%in the UCS of limetreated bentonite,whereas the strength of lime-treated kaolin and silty clay was reduced by an average of 35%.The chemical and microstructural analyses revealed that the precipitated carbonates effectively filled the macropores of the treated bentonite,compared to the inadequate cementation caused by pozzolanic reactions,resulting in strength enhancement.In contrast,strength loss in lime-treated kaolin and silty clay was attributed to the carbonation of cementitious phases and partly to the tensile stress induced by carbonate precipitation.In terms of carbon mineralization prospects,lime-treated kaolin exhibited maximum carbonation due to the higher availability of unreacted lime.The results suggest that,in addition to the increase in compressive strength,adequate calcium-bearing phases and macropores determine the efficiency of carbon mineralization in lime-treated clayey soils.

Interaction of Trembling Aspen and Lodgepole Pine in a Young Sub-Boreal Mixedwood Stand in Central British Columbia

Strategies for managing mixed broadleaf-conifer stands in British Columbia (BC) have been under review in recent years as the benefits of mixedwood management have been recognized. More has been learned about the role of broadleaves in forest ecosystems however ecosystem-specific knowledge about the competitive interactions between mixed broadleaf-conifer stands is still scarce. Therefore a competitive interactions study was conducted to facilitate ecosystem-specific management for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud. Var. latifolia Engelm.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the sub-boreal spruce (SBS) zone of central BC. The experiment was a completely randomized block design with six different aspen densities replicated three times. Each replicate was sampled three times between ages 14 to 19 years. Pine diameter and height growth were influenced by aspen density. Our current quantitative findings suggest that lodgepole pine growth was not impacted when growing with aspen densities up to 2500 stems ha-1. Considering free growing (FTG) and not free growing (NFTG) pine at the time of trial establishment, an insignificant difference was found for DBH, height and crown volume responses. Leaf area index (LAI) and diffuse non-interceptance (DIFN) radiation were also not significantly different between FTG or NFTG trees suggesting our results exceed the current BC’s free growing standard. Further work is recommended to determine whether or not the current free growing standards are appropriate for producing the desired crop outcome.

Experimental study on instability mechanism and critical intensity of rainfall of high-steep rock slopes under unsaturated conditions

Two critical factors,namely intense precipitation and intricate excavation,can trigger rock mass disasters in mining operations.In this study,an indoor rainfall system was developed to precisely regulate the flow and intensity of precipitation.A large-scale model experiment was conducted on a self-designed physical simulation experiment platform to investigate the failure and instability of high-steep rock slopes under unsaturated conditions.The real-time reproduction of the progressive failure process in high-steep rock slopes enabled the determination of the critical rainfall intensity and revealed the mechanism underlying slope instability.Experiment results indicated that rainfall may be the primary factor contributing to rock mass instability,while continuous pillar mining exacerbates the extent of rock mass failure.The critical failure stage of high-steep rock slopes occurs at a rainfall intensity of 40 mm/h,whereas a rainfall exceeding 50 mm can induce critical instability and precipitation reaching up to 60 mm will result in slope failure.The improved region growing segmentation method(IRGSM)was subsequently employed for image recognition of rock mass deformation in underground mines.Herein an error comparison with the simple linear iterative cluster(SLIC)superpixel method and the original region growing segmentation method(ORGSM)showed that the average identification error in the X and Y directions by the method was reduced significantly(1.82%and 1.80%in IRGSM;4.70%and 6.26%in SLIC;9.45%and 12.40%in ORGSM).Ultimately,the relationship between rainfall intensity and failure probability was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method.Moreover,the stability assessment criteria of rock slope under unsaturated condition were quantitatively and accurately evaluated.

住院患者认知障碍识别和信息管理的整合性综述

目的旨在对目前提供急性照护的医院识别认知障碍患者以及在病历中记录和管理认知相关信息的实际情况及政策要求和推荐方法进行综述。方 法采用Whittemore和Knaf1的五步法,系统检索Medline,CINAHL和Scopus数据库,并检索了灰色文献来源。纳人了提供急性照护的医院已实施的患者认知障碍识别和认知信息管理相关的文献。采用混合方法评价工具和灰色文献质量评估清单对文章质量进行评价。采用主题分析法呈现和整合结果。该综述已在PROSPERO预注册(CRD42022343577)。结果 共22篇原始研究文献和10篇政府/行业文件被纳人分析。结果显示,实践和政策之间存在差距。尽管在政策层面上高度重视认知障碍的识别、认知相关信息的透明度,以及与患者、家属和照顾者(如适用)之间的互动,但有时在临床实践中,认知评估是非正式的,患者的认知相关信息未作记录,与患者、家属和照顾者的互动也存在不足。结 论.通过整合认知评估,利用信息技术开发信息管理综合系统,建立相关法律法规,提供教育与和培训,并采用国家层面的策略,有可能显著改善对认知障碍患者的识别和护理。

Planting density affected biomass and grain yield of maize for seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015 in an arid region of Northwest China to investigate the effects of planting density on plant growth, yield, and water use efficiency（WUE） of maize for seed production. Five planting densities of 6.75, 8.25, 9.75, 11.25 and 12.75 plants/m^2 were conducted in 2012, and a planting density of 14.25 plants/m^2 was added from 2013 to 2015. Through comparison with the Aqua Crop yield model, a modified model was developed to estimate the biomass accumulation and yield under different planting densities using adjustment coefficient for normalized biomass water productivity and harvest index. It was found that the modified yield model had a better performance and could generate results with higher determination coefficient and lower error. The results indicated that higher planting density increased the leaf area index and biomass accumulation, but decreased the biomass accumulation per plant. The total yield increased rapidly as planting density increased to 11.25 plants/m^2, but only a slight increase was observed when the density was greater than 11.25 plants/m^2. The WUE also reached the maximum when planting density was 11.25 plants/m^2, which was the recommended planting density of maize for seed production in Northwest China.

Influence of Aspect Ratio on Rolling Shear Properties of Fast-Grown Small Diameter Eucalyptus Lumber

Eucalyptus is a major fast-grown species in South China,which has the potential for producing structural wood products such as cross-laminated timber(CLT).Aspect ratio(board width vs.board thickness)of eucalyptus lumbers is small due to the small diameter of fast-grown eucalyptus wood.To evaluate its rolling shear modulus and strength for potential CLT applications,three-layer hybrid CLT shear block specimens with different aspect ratios(2,4,6),were tested by planar shear test method.Digital image correlation(DIC)was employed to measure the rolling shear strain distribution and development during the planar shear tests.The mean values of rolling shear modulus and strength of eucalyptus lamination were 260.3%and 88.2%higher than those of SPF(Spruce-pine-fir)lamination with the same aspect ratio of 4,respectively.The rolling shear properties of eucalyptus laminations increased as the aspect ratio increased.Aspect ratio had a significant influence on rolling shear modulus compared to rolling shear strength.The high shear strain regions were primarily found around the gaps between segments of cross layer.The quantity of high shear strain regions increased as the aspect ratio of lamination decreased.Other high shear strain regions also occurred around the pith and along the glue line.The sudden failure of specimen occurred in the high strain region.In conclusion,the rolling shear strength and modulus of fast-grown eucalyptus laminations exceed the respective characteristic values for softwoods in the current standard by roughly factors of 3 and 8,indicating great potential for fast-grown eucalyptus wood cross-layers in CLT.

Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Different Bamboo and Wood Materials in Bending Failure Process

The acoustic emission(AE)technique can perform non-destructive monitoring of the internal damage development of bamboo and wood materials.In this experiment,the mechanical properties of different bamboo and wood(bamboo scrimber,bamboo plywood and SPF(Spruce-pine-fir)dimension lumber)during four-point loading tests were compared.The AE activities caused by loadings were investigated through the single parameter analysis and K-means cluster analysis.Results showed that the bending strength of bamboo scrimber was 3.6 times that of bam-boo plywood and 2.7 times that of SPF dimension lumber,respectively.Due to the high strength and toughness of bamboo,the AE signals of the two bamboo products were more abundant than those of SPF dimension lumber.However,the AE evolution trend of the three materials was similar,which all experienced three stages,including gentle period,steady period and steep period,and the area of rupture precursor characteristics could be recognized before the specimen destroyed.Due to the bottom layer was first tensile failure,the main structure of bamboo plywood was destroyed after the stress redistribution.The rupture precursor characteristics could be observed before each peak.Findings put in evidence a good correlation between AE clusters of two bamboo products,while the amplitude and energy of wood signals were lower than those of bamboo.The amplitude and energy from the propagation and aggregation of cracks were greater than those related to micro-cracks initiation.

A new nudging scheme for the current operational climate prediction system of the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center of China

A new nudging scheme is proposed for the operational prediction system of the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center(NMEFC)of China,mainly aimed at improving El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)predictions.Compared with the origin nudging scheme of NMEFC,the new scheme adds a nudge assimilation for wind components,and increases the nudging weight at the subsurface.Increasing the nudging weight at the subsurface directly improved the simulation performance of the ocean component,while assimilating low-level wind components not only affected the atmospheric component but also benefited the oceanic simulation.Hindcast experiments showed that the new scheme remarkably improved both ENSO and IOD prediction skills.The skillful prediction lead time of ENSO was up to 11 months,1 month longer than a hindcast using the original nudging scheme.Skillful prediction of IOD could be made 4–5 months ahead by the new scheme,with a 0.2 higher correlation at a 3-month lead time.These prediction skills approach the level of some of the best state-of-the-art coupled general circulation models.Improved ENSO and IOD predictions occurred across all seasons,but mainly for target months in the boreal spring for the ENSO and the boreal spring and summer for the IOD.

A review of progress in coupled ocean-atmosphere model developments for ENSO studies in China

El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is the strongest interannual signal that is producedby basinscale processes in the tropical Pacific,with significant effects on weather and climate worldwide.In the past,extensive and intensive international efforts have been devoted to coupled model developments for ENSO studies.A hierarchy of coupled ocean-atmo sphere models has been formulated;in terms of their complexity,they can be categorized into intermediate coupled models(ICMs),hybrid coupled models(HCMs),and fully coupled general circulation models(CGCMs).ENSO modeling has made significant progress over the past decades,reaching a stage where coupled models can now be used to successfully predict ENSO events 6 months to one year in advance.Meanwhile,ENSO exhibits great diversity and complexity as observed in nature,which still cannot be adequately captured by current state-of-the-art coupled models,presenting a challenge to ENSO modeling.We primarily reviewed the long-term efforts in ENSO modeling continually and steadily made at different institutions in China;some selected representative examples are presented here to review the current status of ENSO model developments and applications,which have been actively pursued with noticeable progress being made recently.As ENSO simulations are very sensitive to model formulations and process representations etc.,dedicated efforts have been devoted to ENSO model developments and improvements.Now,different ocean-atmosphere coupled models have been available in China,which exhibit good model performances and have already had a variety of applications to climate modeling,including the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6).Nevertheless,large biases and uncertainties still exist in ENSO simulations and predictions,and there are clear rooms for their improvements,which are still an active area of researches and applications.Here,model performances of ENSO simulations are assessed in terms of advantages and disadvantages with these differently formulated coupled models,pinpointing to the areas where they need to be further improved for ENSO studies.These analyses provide valuable guidance for future improvements in ENSO simulations and predictions.

Comparison and combination of EAKF and SIR-PF in the Bayesian filter framework

Bayesian estimation theory provides a general approach for the state estimate of linear or nonlinear and Gaussian or non-Gaussian systems. In this study, we first explore two Bayesian-based methods： ensemble adjustment Kalman filter（EAKF） and sequential importance resampling particle filter（SIR-PF）, using a well-known nonlinear and non-Gaussian model（Lorenz ＇63 model）. The EAKF, which is a deterministic scheme of the ensemble Kalman filter（En KF）, performs better than the classical（stochastic） En KF in a general framework. Comparison between the SIR-PF and the EAKF reveals that the former outperforms the latter if ensemble size is so large that can avoid the filter degeneracy, and vice versa. The impact of the probability density functions and effective ensemble sizes on assimilation performances are also explored. On the basis of comparisons between the SIR-PF and the EAKF, a mixture filter, called ensemble adjustment Kalman particle filter（EAKPF）, is proposed to combine their both merits. Similar to the ensemble Kalman particle filter, which combines the stochastic En KF and SIR-PF analysis schemes with a tuning parameter, the new mixture filter essentially provides a continuous interpolation between the EAKF and SIR-PF. The same Lorenz ＇63 model is used as a testbed, showing that the EAKPF is able to overcome filter degeneracy while maintaining the non-Gaussian nature, and performs better than the EAKF given limited ensemble size.

Influence of Headland Breakwaters on Morphological Processes at Longfengtou Beach in Haitan Bay,Facing the Taiwan Strait

Breakwaters can be used as artificial headlands in beach nourishment to mitigate coastal erosion. Longfengtou Beach, located on the southwest coast of Haitan Bay facing the Taiwan Strait on the northeast, suffers severe erosion, where the monsoon causes significant season hydrodynamic variations. Headland breakwaters are intended to be employed to mitigate coastal erosion. A 2D sediment transport model is established using MIKE21 based on current-wave coupling and calibrated by measured data. Summer and winter wave conditions are chosen as characteristic weak and strong waves respectively. The numerical results of suspended sediment concentration and seasonal morphological evolution are compared under the conditions with and without the headland breakwaters. Sediment transport in summer can be regarded as mainly determined by current field, while in winter wave effect is strong enough to change current field. The northern breakwater, nearly perpendicular to the ebb current direction, obstructs the currents and decreases velocity of the ebb currents, and confines the water carrying sediments within the protection area during the flood period. The southern breakwater also breaks the waves in advance and significantly reduces the hydrodynamic effects during the flood period and maintains high suspended sediment concentration in the protection area. In general, two headland breakwaters decrease the erosion near the beach and enlarge the deposition area, which play a significant role in prevention of sediment loss in nearshore area and mitigate coastal erosion.

Investigating the ENSO prediction skills of the Beijing Climate Center climate prediction system version 2

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)ensemble prediction skills of the Beijing Climate Center(BCC)climate prediction system version 2(BCC-CPS2)are examined for the period from 1991 to 2018.The upper-limit ENSO predictability of this system is quantified by measuring its“potential”predictability using information-based metrics,whereas the actual prediction skill is evaluated using deterministic and probabilistic skill measures.Results show that:(1)In general,the current operational BCC model achieves an effective 10-month lead predictability for ENSO.Moreover,prediction skills are up to 10–11 months for the warm and cold ENSO phases,while the normal phase has a prediction skill of just 6 months.(2)Similar to previous results of the intermediate coupled models,the relative entropy(RE)with a dominating ENSO signal component can more effectively quantify correlation-based prediction skills compared to the predictive information(PI)and the predictive power(PP).(3)An evaluation of the signal-dependent feature of the prediction skill scores suggests the relationship between the“Spring predictability barrier(SPB)”of ENSO prediction and the weak ENSO signal phase during boreal spring and early summer.

Evaluation of the Out-of-Plane Shear Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber

The out-of-plane shear properties of cross-laminated timber(CLT)substantially influence the overall mechanical properties of CLT.Various testing methods and theories related to these properties have recently been developed.The effects of the number of layers(three and five layers)and testing method(short-span three-and four-point bending tests)on the out-of-plane shear properties of CLT were evaluated.The out-of-plane shear strength values were calculated based on different theories for comparison.The failure mode in the short-span four-point bending(FPB)method was mainly the rolling shear(RS)failure in the cross layers,indicating that the FPB method was appropriate to evaluate the RS strength of CLT.The out-of-plane shear capacity obtained using the three-point bending(TPB)method was higher than that tested by the FPB method.The testing methods significantly influenced the out-of-plane shear capacity of the three-layer specimens but not that of the five-layer specimens.With an increase in the number of layers,the out-of-plane shear strength of the specimens decreased by 24%.A linear correlation was found among the shear strength values obtained from different theories.

Parental Awareness and Perception of Their Children’s Body Size

Objective: To investigate parents’ misperception of their active children’s size. Subjects: One hundred and forty male or female parents and their children from a youth soccer league participated. Actual Child Body Mass Index (BMI) percentiles and BMI categories were compared to the results of a Body Size Estimation Task and lifestyles questionnaire results. Results: Parents underestimated the body size of their children and placed them in a lower BMI category than the children actually belonged in. As was the case in other studies children in the unhealthy or at risk to become overweight category where seen as a healthy weight. Unlike other studies, many healthy weight children were seen as underweight. Conclusions: An explanation of body size misperception and underestimation of body size may be “change blindness”. The growing prevalence of obesity in children may be better addressed by focusing on the parents’ apparent lack of concern about excess childhood weight and the parents’ identification of excess childhood weight as “just normal” rather than seeing excess weight as a potential problem.

Comparison of Three Commonly Used Equations for Calculating Local Scour Depth around Bridge Pier under Ice Covered Flow Condition

A precise prediction of maximum scour depth around bridge foundations under ice covered condition is crucial for their safe design because underestimation may result in bridge failure and over-estimation will lead to unnecessary construction costs. Compared to pier scour depth predictions within an open channel, few studies have attempted to predict the extent of pier scour depth under ice-covered condition. The present work examines scour under ice by using a series of clear-water flume experiments employing two adjacent circular bridge piers in a uniform bed were exposed to open channel and both rough and smooth ice covered channels. The measured scour depths were compared to three commonly used bridge scour equations including Gao’s simplified equation, the HEC-18/Jones equation, and the Froehlich Design Equation. The present study has several advantages as it adds to the understanding of the physics of bridge pier scour under ice cover flow condition, it checks the validity and reliability of commonly used bridge pier equations, and it reveals whether they are valid for the case of scour under ice-covered flow conditions. In addition, it explains how accurately an equation developed for scour under open channel flow can predict scour around bridge piers under ice-covered flow condition.

Criteria for Submergence of Ice Blocks in Front of Ice Cover

During winter, ice jams develop when floating ice blocks accumulate in rivers. Ice jams can dramatically decrease in the capacity of flow in a river and can cause ice flooding due to increase in water level. Submergence of floating ice blocks in front of ice cover is critical for the development of an ice jam. In this study, the effect of the rotation angle of ice blocks on the submergence of ice block was assessed. The impacts of both the drag force caused by the flow and the hydraulic pressure force on the rotation of ice block were studied. Considering both the maximum moment for anti-overturn of an ice block, and the associated rotation angle θ1, equations for describing the criteria for ice block entrainment in front of ice cover have been derived. On the basis of the theorem for moment equilibrium, relating the moment acting on a horizontal ice block with the maximum anti-overturn moment of an ice block, the criteria for assessing the overturn-and-submergence of an ice block have been proposed. To verify results using the derived equations for calculating the critical flow velocity for ice block submergence in front of ice cover, data was collected from flume experiments in the laboratory. Experiments have been conducted using different sizes of ice block under different flow conditions in a flume which is 26.68 m long, 0.40 m wide, and 0.6 m deep. Model ice blocks were made of polypropylene and have nearly the same as the mass density of the natural ice. Using proposed method for assessing ice block submergence in front of ice cover, calculated critical flow velocities agree well with those of experiments.

Deep learning:Applications,architectures,models,tools,and frameworks:A comprehensive survey

Deep Learning(DL)is a subfield of machine learning that significantly impacts extracting new knowledge.By using DL,the extraction of advanced data representations and knowledge can be made possible.Highly effective DL techniques help to find more hidden knowledge.Deep learning has a promising future due to its great performance and accuracy.We need to understand the fundamentals and the state‐of‐the‐art of DL to leverage it effectively.A survey on DL ways,advantages,drawbacks,architectures,and methods to have a straightforward and clear understanding of it from different views is explained in the paper.Moreover,the existing related methods are compared with each other,and the application of DL is described in some applications,such as medical image analysis,handwriting recognition,and so on.

全方位健康照护国家标准在医院内的实施和影响:整合性综述

目的基于现有证据,综合评述在提供急性期照护的医院实施全方位健康照护国家标准的方法、挑战和促进因素及影响。方法采用Whittemore和Knafl的五步法,系统检索Medline、CINAHL Cochrane图书馆、Scopus和Web of Science数据库,并检索灰色文献,包括政府文件和网页,文献发布时间限定为2000年1月1日至2023年1月31日。对纳人研究进行JBI质量审查和定性内容分析。结果该综述共纳入16篇文献,包括5篇原始研究、5篇政府报告和6个政府官方网页。澳大利亚、挪威和英国均有全面护理国家标准。澳大利亚和英国有明确的标准实施框架,澳大利亚标准包含减少患者伤害的特别组成部分。有限的研究表明,在医院实施全方位健康照护国家标准的挑战包括:实施流程化、临终关怀行动.减少患者伤害及多学科团队制定全方位健康照护计划方面的困难,缺乏标准化照护计划和以患者为中心目标的文件,以及繁重的文书工作。实施的促进因素包括:创建使用标准化沟通框架进行交接的照护计划模板,提高文书工作、临床决策和直接患者护理的效率,以及患者和专业人员之间的主动协作。澳大利亚引人全方位健康照护国家标准显示对患者预后有积极的影响。结论澳大利亚、挪威和英国的全方位健康照护国家标准的组成和实施方法略有不同。需要进行更多相关研究,评估在提供急性期照护的医院实施全方位健康照护国家标准的挑战和促进因素,以及实施效果。

基于磁性纳米粒子固定技术的漆酶传感器用于垃圾堆肥中邻苯二酚的检测

以邻苯二酚为检测目标,研究了一种基于核/壳磁性纳米粒子固定漆酶的邻苯二酚生物传感器制备方法及其在城市生活垃圾堆肥中的应用.制备Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒,使用正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）和氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷（APTMS）将其功能化并利用戊二醛将漆酶共价固定,借助磁场吸附在磁性碳糊电极上,检测邻苯二酚.固定在电极表面的漆酶保持了很好的活性.该生物传感器的检测线性范围为7.5×107～2.75×10-4mol/L,检测下限达到7.5×10^-7 mol/L,达到稳态电流95%所需时间大概为70 s.将该传感器检测堆肥浸出液中酚的含量的结果与高效液相色谱法对比,两者非常接近.

线粒体控制区在鱼类种内遗传分化中的意义

线粒体DNA(mtDNA)作为分子标记已被广泛应用于各物种系统发生的研究。mtDNA控制区序列(D-loop)以其较高的突变积累对于研究物种种内的遗传分化具有重要价值。鱼类是脊椎动物中最原始但在种属数量上又最占优势的类群,其物种繁多,分布广泛,起源复杂,研究其系统发生历来是令人饶有兴趣的课题。D-loop在研究鱼类种内遗传分化中具有多方面的重要意义。近年来,已有越来越多的研究工作将D-loop作为分子标记来探讨各种鱼类的种内遗传分化,并且获得了许多有启发性的结果。青海湖是我国内陆最大的咸水湖,湖中主要鱼类为青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii),D-loop分析初步结果显示青海湖及其周围河流中的裸鲤似乎没有新的种内遗传分化现象。