Application of Small-World Measures to Multichannel Event-Related Potential Activity during Generation of Global and Local Imagery

The Small world model has been successfully used to explore the abnormal pattern of brain information processing in some neuropsychiatric diseases, but not engaged in the study of cognitive functions. We apply the small-world measures： the clustering coefficient and average path length, to evaluate multi-channel event-related potential activity during the generation of global and local imagery. Results show that the brain functional networks of the global and local imagery generation are both small-world ones. In addition, the local imagery generation has a larger clustering coefficient, while the global imagery generation has a shorter average path length. These results support the global precedence in the global-local imagery generation, and reflect the different processing modes in which global imagery emphasizes particularly on global integration, while local imagery on local specialization. Our results indicate that small-world measures could be applied to quantify the difference of brain activities in different cognitive tasks, and further provide some explanations for cognitive behavior.

From Martial Arts to Practice： A Philosophical Examination of the Term Martial Art

The term martial art is used as a heading to discuss a wide range of combative styles; however, the term is deployed in ways that exposes a disconnection between the term and the styles to which it is referring. In this paper, I explore the disconnection between the martial arts and posit that martial art is an oxymoron as described by Michel de Certeau. As an alternative to the oxymoronic use of martial art, I examine two conceptions of practice： the first advanced by Alasdair Maclntyre and applied to martial arts by Charles Hackney; the second advanced by Todd May and amended with ideas from Noel Carroll. The latter conception of practice begins to establish a new way to consider the relationships among the combative styles and how these can be incorporated into the term martial arts, thereby quelling the disconnection between the term and the styles.

Efficacy of haptic sutured in-the-bag intraocular lens for intraocular lens-capsule complex stability:a comparison of three insertion methods

·AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and stability of haptic sutured in-the-bag intraocular lens(IOL)in eyes with zonular instability.·METHODS:A total 60 eyes of 60 patients were included in this retrospective cohort study.Postoperative stability in three groups[haptic sutured IOL in the bag,IOL in the bag insertion with haptics oriented toward areas of zonulysis,IOL with capsular tension ring(CTR)in the bag insertion]were compared according to the IOL insertion methods.To evaluate the IOL stability,the changes of anterior chamber depth(ACD),refraction,contraction of anterior continuous curvilinear capsulotomy(CCC)area,and tilt of IOL were compared.·RESULTS:There was no significant difference in change of ACD(-0.04±0.01 mm in group of haptic sutured IOL,-0.07±0.01 mm in group of CTR insertion)and refraction(0.05±0.05 D in group of haptic sutured IOL,0.37±015 D in group of CTR insertion)between the group of haptic sutured IOL in the bag and CTR insertion group.But in comparison of CCC contraction and IOL tilt,CTR insertion group showed less contraction(1.00%±0.52%)and less IOL tilt(2.66°±0.11°)than the group of haptic sutured IOL in the bag(6.32%±1.36%,3.47°±0.11°,respectively).The CTR insertion group showed the least CCC contraction and the least tilt.·CONCLUSION:In eyes with zonular instability,the method of haptic sutured IOL in-the-bag shows comparable stability in ACD and refraction in comparison with IOL with CTR in the bag insertion.The method of IOL only in-thebag insertion shows the largest contraction of CCC and the largest tilt of IOL.

Long-Term Electrophysiological and Behavioral Analysis on the Improvement of Visual Working Memory Load, Training Gains, and Transfer Benefits

Recent evidence demonstrates that with training, one can enhance visual working memory (VWM) capacity and attention over time in the near transfer tasks. Not only do these studies reveal the characteristics of VWM load and the influences of training, they may also provide insights into developing effective rehabilitation for patients with VWM deficiencies. However, few studies have investigated VWM over extended periods of time and evaluated transfer benefits on non-trained tasks. Here, we combined behavioral and electroencephalographical approaches to investigate VWM load, training gains, and transfer benefits. Our results reveal that VWM capacity is directly correlated to the difference of event-related potential waveforms. In particular, the “magic number 4” can be observed through the contralateral delay amplitude and the average capacity is 3.25-item over 15 participants. Furthermore, our findings indicate that VWM capacity can be improved through training;and after training exercises, participants from the training group are able to dramatically improve their performance. Likewise, the training effects on non-trained tasks can also be observed at the 12th week after training. Therefore, we conclude that participants can benefit from training gains, and augmented VWM capacity sustained over long periods of time on specific variety of tasks.

The Efficiency of a Small-World Functional Brain Network

We investigate whether the small-world topology of a functional brain network means high information processing efficiency by calculating the correlation between the small-world measures of a functional brain network and behavioral reaction during an imagery task.Functional brain networks are constructed by multichannel eventrelated potential data,in which the electrodes are the nodes and the functional connectivities between them are the edges.The results show that the correlation between small-world measures and reaction time is task-specific,such that in global imagery,there is a positive correlation between the clustering coefficient and reaction time,while in local imagery the average path length is positively correlated with the reaction time.This suggests that the efficiency of a functional brain network is task-dependent.

Trace Metal Analysis of Karuk Traditional Foods in the Klamath River

This study evaluates the presence of trace metals in Klamath Riverwater and three important Karuk traditional foods: freshwater mussels (Gonidea angulata), Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Samples of these traditional foods together with water samples were collected from the Klamath River and measured for the total chromium (Chromium), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that cultural-use species in the Klamath and its tributaries are accumulating higher levels of lead, cadmium and tin downstream of a known Superfund site. Neither water, fish, nor mussel samples exceeded maximum intake levels of metal doses mandated by state or federal agencies for consumption intakes of1.4 Lper day of water,0.5 kgper meal per day for fish, and0.043 kgper meal for 30 meals per year1.

库车冲断带新生代地壳缩短与扩展及对天山盆山作用过程的启示

造山带-前陆盆地系统中前陆盆地内同造山沉积和变形记录为理解相邻造山带隆升、扩展及侵蚀过程提供了重要依据。前陆褶皱冲断带广泛发育于中亚天山山脉周缘,为进一步理解新生代天山隆升扩展过程中前陆冲断带地壳缩短分布及变形前锋向盆地扩展过程与机制,基于库车冲断带东部3条高分辨率地震反射剖面分析冲断带新生代地壳缩短空间分布特征。结合冲断带内主要逆冲断层及背斜变形启动时间,进一步厘定库车冲断带变形前锋向盆地扩展过程及速率。结果表明:(1)库车冲断带总地壳缩短向西增大;(2)冲断带内发育于区域性滑脱层上次级逆冲褶皱带累积的地壳缩短,具向盆地方向减小特征,符合由“缩进”机制控制下的地壳缩短分布模式;(3)晚新生代以来库车冲断带变形前锋向盆地幕式扩展,该扩展过程在~12Ma后显著加速。天山周缘其他前陆冲断带观察到类似幕式扩展过程,扩展阶段及速率存在显著时空差异。研究成果有助于进一步认识新生代以来中亚地区远离板块碰撞边界大型造山带隆升扩展中前陆冲断带地壳缩短变形累积扩展过程及相关机制。

Colombian Migration and the Body Mass Index: The Relationship between Migration and Weight Gain among Colombian Migrants

The Latin American Migration Project-Colombia is used to study the Body Mass Index (BMI) of Colombian migrants to determine whether their BMI score increased the longer they were abroad. The study contributes to the literature on BMI by studying Colombian migrants, an understudied migrant group. Duration of trip is used as a measure of acculturation. The study also evaluates the claim that trip duration is a measure of acculturation using data specific to migrants, which shows that trip duration is an adequate proxy measure of acculturation. The study includes current migrants, returned migrants and non-migrants. The study accounts for the selectivity of migration by comparing migrants to non-migrants, as some studies highlight the health selectivity of migration. The study uses multinomial regression to test whether the probability of being overweight and/or obese is associated with spending more time abroad. Consistent with studies conducted within the receiving countries, the study finds that increased duration of trip is positively and significantly associated with the probability of being overweight and obese. Furthermore, the study also shows that among return migrants there is a negative relationship between time they had remained in Colombia and probability of being obese. The findings show that migrants put on weight while abroad and lose that weight the longer they remain in Colombia. The findings show that place has an indelible impact on health through migrant’s weight.

Power-law patterns in the Phanerozoic sedimentary records of carbon, oxygen, sulfur,and strontium isotopes

Power-law patterns appear in a variety of natural systems on the modern Earth;nevertheless,whether such behaviors appeared in the deep-time environment has rarely been studied. Isotopic records in sedimentary rocks, which are widely used to reconstruct the geological/geochemical conditions in paleoenvironments and the evolutionary trajectories of biogeochemical cycles, offer an opportunity to investigate power laws in ancient geological systems. In this study, I focus on the Phanerozoic sedimentary records of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and strontium isotopes, which have well documented and extraordinarily comprehensive datasets. I perform statistical analyses on these datasets and show that the variations in the sedimentary records of the four isotopes exhibit power-law behaviors. The exponents of these power laws range between 2.2 and 2.9;this narrow interval indicates that the variations in carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and strontium isotopes likely belong to the same universality class, suggesting that these systematic power-law patterns are governed by universal, scale-free mechanisms. I then derive a general form for these power laws from a minimalistic model based on basic physical principles and geosystem-specific assumptions, which provides an interpretation for the power-law patterns from the perspective of thermodynamics. The fundamental mechanisms regulating such patterns might have been ubiquitous in paleoenvironments, implying that similar power-law behaviors may exist in the sedimentary records of other isotopes.

Tanaka Formula and Local Time for a Class of Interacting Branching Measure-valued Diffusions

We construct superprocesses with dependent spatial motion(SDSMs)in Euclidean spaces R^(d)with d≥1 and show that,even when they start at some unbounded initial positive Radon measure such as Lebesgue measure on R^(d),their local times exist when d≤3.A Tanaka formula of the local time is also derived.

中国西南天山山前的晚新生代构造与地震活动

天山是研究现今陆内造山作用及过程、陆内变形、陆内强震及其预测等大陆动力学问题的理想实验场。西南天山和塔里木之间的新生代褶皱 -逆断裂带基本上由一南冲弧形推覆构造系统和一向北反冲的构造系统组成 ,由北而南主要由以下 4个运动学单元组成 :(1)新生代复活的喀拉铁热克山 -天山南脉古生代造山带 ,其快速变形和抬升可能起始于 2 3～ 2 6Ma前 ,持续至 13～ 16Ma前。 (2 )向南逆冲的西南天山前陆薄皮主冲断带 ,包括木兹杜克弧形薄皮推覆体和依柯冲断带 ,前者代表了向南薄皮逆掩的天山型岩系 ,地表主要表现为一系列的飞来峰群 ,在 14Ma前曾有过大规模活动 ,最小缩短量约为 2 0～ 35km ,最小缩短速率约为 1.4～ 2 .7mm a ;后者代表了向南叠瓦状薄皮逆冲推覆的前陆古生代基底 (塔里木地台型沉积岩系 )卷入构造 ,其西段在距今 14Ma时曾有过强烈活动。两者共同组成了一复杂的双重构造 ;新生代地层也卷入变形。 (3)喀什 -阿图什弧形反冲褶皱 -逆断裂带 ,由 3排向北 (天山 )反冲的左阶雁列展布的第四纪地表滑脱褶皱组成 ,仅在大山口以西发育。该构造带形成于距今约 1.4Ma以后。依什拉克喀拉乌尔断裂以南 ,博古孜河剖面的最小缩短速率约为 5 .8mm a ,翁库尔剖面的最小缩短速率约为 8.6mm a。 (4 )塔里木克拉?

利用河流阶地限定活动褶皱的类型和生长机制:运动学模型

与生长地层类似,在活动褶皱生长发育过程中形成的河流阶地堆积、阶地面与褶皱陡坎记录了褶皱发育的详细过程,其基本几何结构主要受控于下伏褶皱生长的机制与类型。文中讨论了简单膝折带迁移(恒定翼间角)生长断弯褶皱与断展褶皱、翼旋转(恒定翼长)滑脱褶皱、膝折带迁移滑脱褶皱、膝折带迁移-翼旋转联合作用以及弧形弯曲枢纽膝折带迁移褶皱作用下河流阶地的几何结构以及阶地面与下伏基座岩层间的角度关系,提出了这几类褶皱生长与河流阶地相互关系的运动学模型,同时考虑了河流加积和下切侵蚀作用对河流阶地最终几何结构的影响。在这些模型中,变形河流阶地和褶皱陡坎的基本几何结构既具有相似之处,也有截然不同之处。因此,通过对河流阶地和褶皱陡坎的细致填图、测量和测年,不仅可推断其下伏活动褶皱的生长变形机制,而且可以估算褶皱的隆升速率和控制褶皱生长的断层的滑动速率。

白垩纪钙质古土壤的发生学特征及古环境意义

古土壤形成于过去环境,是揭示环境变化历史的重要材料。新近纪(23.03 M a)以前形成的古土壤,年代久远、埋藏深、受成岩作用改造强烈,其发生学特征研究是古环境重建的基础。本文通过对白垩纪时期不同地点的钙质古土壤的发生学研究,拟恢复研究区域古环境。研究表明,古土壤剖面中的A层和B层形态分别产生变化,但层次差异依然明显,且表层土壤有机质含量一般高于表下层,钙积层(Bk)普遍发生并富含碳酸盐结核。可以观察到古土壤中方解石沿根孔淀积特征以及具滑擦面。钙质古土壤质地偏粗,为壤质砂土和砂质壤土。古土壤Bk层中的Ca、Mn、Sr相对富集,其余常量元素与Ba、Sc、Nb、Th、U、Cr、V、Co、N i等元素降低;δCe和δEu负异常以及相对富集重稀土元素。分别按照中国土壤分类系统和美国土壤系统分类两种分类体系进行了古土壤分类。由古土壤类型和特征可以推断白垩纪不同时期,在四川盆地梓潼—巴中地区、辽宁金岭寺—羊山盆地和松辽盆地出现过半湿润至半干旱的气候环境。

西南天山明尧勒背斜的第四纪滑脱褶皱作用

通过对明尧勒活动背斜喀浪勾律克河剖面生长前地层和翼部生长地层几何结构的填图以及变形河流阶地的系统测量,结合磁性地层及释光年代学研究,认为该背斜的滑脱褶皱作用起始于距今约1·6Ma,其总体几何结构形成于褶皱作用的早期,但其生长扩展并不完全遵从自相似性特征。持续的缩短作用部分被褶皱翼部陡倾膝折带的加长所吸收(由此导致背斜波幅的增加),另一部分可能是通过不同时期褶皱翼部不同膝折带组的旋转和迁移来实现的。明尧勒背斜的持续构造抬升是背斜区河流下切形成多级基座阶地的主因。晚第四纪褶皱的生长以背斜的垂直抬升为主,主要集中在北翼近核部,背斜宽度变化不大。背斜不同时期的抬升量和抬升速率均大于其缩短量和缩短速率,表明明尧勒背斜的变形以翼旋转为主(Pobletet al.,1996)。背斜自形成以来缩短速率和抬升速率均有减小的趋势。

乌珠穆沁草原饲养黑安格斯肉牛肌内脂肪酸组成的分析研究

试验旨在分析研究乌珠穆沁草原饲养澳大利亚黑安格斯肉牛肌内脂肪酸含量和组成,为今后该品种的饲养改良、杂交繁育及肉品质的提高提供科学的基础数据。试验采集7头体重为(500±38)kg澳大利亚黑安格斯肉牛的里脊、臀肉、肩肉、眼肉、上脑、胸肉和米龙等不同部位肉样,采用简单高效脂肪酸提取方法,用气相色谱仪测定脂肪酸组成与含量,并与FAO/WHO推荐值比较,进行脂肪酸营养价值分析。结果表明黑安格斯肉牛不同部位牛肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量由多到少顺序为里脊、上脑、眼肉、肩肉、胸肉、臀肉及米龙,皆以棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量为主;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中油酸含量最高;检出的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)多为亚油酸和亚麻酸;臀肉P/S和M/S最高,n-3/n-6PUFAs比值达到0.85,接近FAO/WHO推荐值。以上结果表明乌珠穆沁草原饲养的黑安格斯肉牛的肉质风味良好,有较高的营养价值。

动物性油脂和植物油的安全性分析与评价

长期以来,动物性油脂被认为是造成血清中高胆固醇和引起动脉硬化的主要原因,因此,用植物油替代动物性油脂作为主要食用油脂渐成趋势。植物油的大量食用导致畜产品的加工销售受到了巨大的冲击。然而,当癌症、心血管疾病和过敏症等疾病逐渐威胁到人体健康时,人们开始关注食用油脂,寻找真正的致病凶手。作者通过对比分析动、植物油中n-6系和n-3系脂肪酸及其比值的生理作用,发现植物油含有微量有害因子,而且植物油经过氢化作用后形成环境激素和反式脂肪酸,环境激素引起雄性动物精子数量减少和神经系统异常,而反式脂肪酸可造成心脑血管疾病;动物油脂不含微量有害因子,不产生类似激素的物质。低热能饮食条件下饱和脂肪酸不会引起疾病。因此,动物性油脂的安全性要比植物油高,在人类正常食用油摄取量范围内选择动物性油脂更安全。

带移民的非临界分枝相依空间运动超过程

通过对一列带正跳跃的超过程取极限,本文构造了带移民的相依空间运动超过程.在此基础上,利用 Dawson型的Girsanov变换得到了相应的非临界分枝,此变换同时给出依赖于整体状态的空间漂移.

婴儿气质的追踪研究——中美跨文化比较

近年来,国际上对婴儿个体差异研究的兴趣正在增长。由于对父母一孩子相互关系问题的探讨导致了对婴儿气质追踪研究的浓厚兴趣。1982年,美国心理学家Goldmith和Cam pos根据七十年代十多位发展心理学家的研究成果,把婴儿气质的研究综合鉴别,分为四类:行为的模式;时间恒定、遗传与适应性行为的发展;新生的特征;以及社会对身心特征的重要作用。

圣安德烈斯断层南段大地震发生的准周期性

圣安德烈斯断层（美国加州）南段最后一次大地震距今已有153年了，而其平均震间间隔却仅为～100年。如果大地震的复发具有周期性，而并非随机发生或群集发生，则这个时间长度是很值得关注的，而且通常意味着概率意义上的地震危险性增大。遗憾的是，多数地震记录都很简单，这就限制了对单条断层上地震复发的分布特征的描述。本文利用加州Wrightwood3000年冲29次有地面破裂的地震的综合记录进行统计检验。结果表明此处地震的复发远比依据泊松分布预测的结果更具规律性，而且也不呈群集分布，由此，我们推断地震的复发具有准周期性。基于观测的敏感性分析对可供选择的地质记录解释进行严格检验，结果揭示出持续的单峰时间依从特征。这一结果为利用更新模型来正式预测圣安德烈斯断层南段未来地震概率提供了有力的支持。根据记录，仅有4个间隔（15％）长于目前的开放间隔，由此凸显了该断层当前地震形势的严峻性。

旅游停滞与中美地缘政治危机

2020年6月7日,国务院新闻办公室发布《抗击新冠肺炎疫情的中国行动》白皮书,强调:“新型冠状病毒肺炎是近百年来人类遭遇的影响范围最广的全球性大流行病,对全世界是一次严重危机和严峻考验。人类生命安全和健康面临重大威胁”。从地缘政治的角度而言,COVID-19是一种典型的非传统安全挑战,各个国家实施隔离来切断病毒传播,导致全球旅游业停滞。非传统安全挑战涵盖范围颇广,包括气候变化、跨国犯罪集团、疾病和细菌传播、毒品走私,以及跨境民族冲突等等,都会影响政权和社会的安全。这些非传统安全挑战具有以下特征:超越国家边界。