Pigs receiving daily tailored diets using precision-feeding techniques have different threonine requirements than pigs fed in conventional phase-feeding systems

Background: There is large variation in amino acids requirements among pigs,hence feeding pigs individually with daily tailored diets or in groups with a single feed may require different levels of nutrients.Thus,the response to different threonine levels(70%,85%,100%,115%,and 130% of the ideal threonine:lysine protein ratio of 0.65) was studied in growing pigs raised in a conventional group phase-feeding(GPF) system or fed individually using individual precision-feeding(IPF) techniques.In a 21-day trial,110 barrows(25 ± 0.80 kg body weight) were housed in the same room and fed using electronic feeders.Five pigs per treatment were slaughtered at the end of the trial.Results: Threonine intake increased linearly for the IPF and GPF pigs(P < 0.05).Lysine intake was similar across the treatments.Average daily gain,gain:feed ratio,and protein deposition were affected linearly by threonine level(P < 0.05)in both feeding systems.Protein deposition in the GPF pigs was maximized at 150 g/d and a 0.65 threonine:lysine ratio,whereas protein deposition increased linearly in the IPF pigs.Plasma Met and serine levels were 11 and 7% higher,respectively,in the IPF pigs than in the GPF pigs(P < 0.05).Dietary threonine increased(P < 0.05)threonine concentration in the longissimus dorsi in a quadratic manner in the IPF pigs,whereas there was no effect in the GPF pigs.Longissimus dorsi collagen decreased as dietary threonine increased in the IPF and GPF pigs(P < 0.10).Carcass muscle crude protein was 2% higher in the GPF pigs than in the IPF pigs(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Individual pigs are able to modulate growth and the composition of growth according to threonine intake.The average amino acid ratio value that is currently used for GPF cannot be used for IPF.

Women＇s Representation in ＂Trimalchio＇s Feast＂ and The Great Gatsby

The aim of this paper is to show the interesting intertextual relation between The Great Gatsby and the episode ＂Trimalchio＇s Feast＂--inserted in Petronius＇ Satyricon-regarding to the construction of female characters. The characters with the nearest resemblance are Fortunata （Trimalchio＇s wife） and Myrtle （Tom Buchanan＇s mistress）. Fortunata＇s presentation stands out several elements which mark her by degradation, the same sort of elements which is possible to observe in Myrtle＇s description. Among these qualities, there are the violence and the ugliness shown in their physical and psychological portrayal, exhibited on the way they dress and behave in the social gatherings in which they take part. These features are also showed in the manner they are treated by their men. Fitzgerald also shows his characters--male or female in a very similar manner. The women, in both books, are not presented in a flattering way, for sure, but they are not also presented as inferior beings. Wherefore the ancient piece can be once more approximate from modern narratives and this fact reflects in its reception and on the clear, and timeless, influence it has on literature in general as in the case of Fitzgerald＇s novel.

Derivation Method for Determining Sorbitol in Fruit Trees

The goal of this study is to describe a methodology for the analysis of D-sorbitol using benzyl alcohol as derivatizing agent and liquid chromatography equipped with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD). The study was performed at the University of S&atildeo Paulo State (UNESP), Ilha Solteira Campus, Brazil. The axillary buds of fruit trees were collected from the UNESP Teaching and Research Farm. Benzyl alcohol was used as derivatizing agent to extract D-sorbitol from the buds. Next, the D-sorbitol underwent solid phase extraction (SPE) using C18 cartridges and was then analyzed by liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). The HPLC-DAD derivatization method proposed showed excellent chromatography resolution and high accuracy in the separation of D-sorbitol (derivatized) for the axillary buds of avocado, black mulberry, Japanese pear and peach and also enabled eliminating the use of hazardous derivatizing agents.