Microstructure and Hot Tearing Sensitivity Simulation and Parameters Optimization for the Centrifugal Casting of Al-Cu Alloy

Four typical theories on the formation of thermal tears:strength,liquid film,intergranular bridging,and solidifica-tion shrinkage compensation theories.From these theories,a number of criteria have been derived for predicting the formation of thermal cracks,such as the stress-based Niyama,Clyne,and RDG(Rapaz-Dreiser-Grimaud)criteria.In this paper,a mathematical model of horizontal centrifugal casting was established,and numerical simulation analysis was conducted for the centrifugal casting process of cylindrical Al-Cu alloy castings to investigate the effect of the centrifugal casting process conditions on the microstructure and hot tearing sensitivity of alloy castings by using the modified RDG hot tearing criterion.Results show that increasing the centrifugal rotation and pouring speeds can refine the microstructure of the alloy but increasing the pouring and mold preheating temperatures can lead to an increase in grain size.The grain size gradually transitions from fine grain on the outer layer to coarse grain on the inner layer.Meanwhile,combined with the modified RDG hot tearing criterion,the overall distribution of the castings’hot tearing sensitivity was analyzed.The analysis results indicate that the porosity in the middle region of the casting was large,and hot tearing defects were prone to occur.The hot tearing tendency on the inner side of the casting was greater than that on the outer side.The effects of centrifugal rotation speed,pouring temperature,and preheating temperature on the thermal sensitivity of Al-Cu alloy castings are summarized in this paper.This study revealed that the tendency of alloy hot cracking decreases with the increase of the centrifugal speed,and the maximum porosity of castings decreases first and then increases with the pouring temperature.As the preheating temperature increases,the overall maximum porosity of castings shows a decreasing trend.

Does Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Relay Improve OFDM/OFDMA Ergodic Capacity？

The ergodic information rate for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing/ Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access with amplify-and-forward(AF)relaying systems in the presence of frequency offsets is evaluated.Unlike previous work,per-subcarrier adaptive power allocation is performed on each relay to optimize the system ergodic information rate.For a given frequency offset and total number of relays M,the AF ergodic information rate is proven to be a monotonically increasing function of a(the ratio of the power allocated to the source node and the total transmit power),implying that the maximum ergodic information rate can be obtained at α=1(i.e.,there is no cooperative relay).Furthermore,the proof of "cooperative relays cannot improve the AF ergodic information rate in a quasi-static wireless channel" is also provided in this letter.

Research on the comprehensive performance of PrFeB magnets for synchrotron radiation and free electron laser

PrFeB magnets, which possess excellent magnetic properties at low temperatures, have important application value as cryogenic permanent magnet undulators for synchrotron radiation sources and free electron lasers. In this research study, several high-performance PrFeB magnets(P42H, P48SH, and P48UH) were prepared, and their performance was comprehensively examined, including evaluations of their magnetic properties,microstructures, uniformity, and stability. Next,their application prospects were analyzed and discussed. In China, the first cryogenic permanent magnet undulators(CPMUs) with P48SH magnets with 18 mm cycle lengths have been developed. When the temperature is 80 K and the gap is 6.0 mm,the magnetic field measurement results of the CPMU showed that the effective magnetic field peak was approximately 0.92 T, yielding an increase of 11.76% relative to operation at 300 K, with an RMS phase error of about 4.99°.

First-principles study of structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of W alloying with Zr

The structural, mechanical and electronic properties of W_(1-x)Zr_x(x=0.0625, 0.125, 0.1875, 0.25, 0.5) are systematically investigated by means of first-principles calculation. The total-energy calculations demonstrate that the W–Zr binary substitutional solid solution remaining bcc structure can be formed at an atom level. In addition, the derived bulk modulus(B), shear modulus(G), Young's modulus(E) for each of W–Zr alloys decrease gradually with the increase of Zr concentration, suggesting that W alloying with higher Zr concentration becomes softer than pure W metal. Based on the mechanical characteristic B/G ratio, Poisson's ratio υ and Cauchy pressure C, all W_(1-x)Zr_x alloys are regarded as ductile materials. The ductility for each of those materials is improved with the increase of Zr concentration. The calculated density of states indicates that the ductility of W_(1-x)Zr_x is due to the fact that the bonding in the alloy becomes more metallic through increasing the Zr concentration in tungsten. These results provide incontrovertible evidence for the fact that Zr has a significant influence on the properties of W.

Large scale and controllable preparation of W2C nanorods or WC nanodots with peroxidase-like catalytic activity

WC nanorods or WC nanodots are prepared via an easy,shape-controllable and large-scale preparation technique.Results reveal that each of the WC nanorods and WC nanodots has a peroxidase-like activity.Besides,the peroxidase-like activity of WC is the first time to be demonstrated.The catalytic efficiency of WC nanorods is much higher than that of WC nanodots and chemical condition range of WC can be wider than that of WC,which indicates that WC is likely to be used as artificial mimetic peroxidase or in-situ amplified colorimetric immunoassay.

Effect of electromagnetic stirrer centered outside the mold on steel flow field of bloom continuous casting

Mold electromagnetic stirring technology for optimizing the flow of molten steel is now widely used in the continuous casting production process of high-quality steels.However,studies on the case that the center of the electromagnetic stirrer is located outside the mold have not been reported.Herein,the effect of the electromagnetic stirrer centered outside the mold on the steel flow field was studied in detail by means of numerical simulations.A Gauss meter was used to measure the magnetic induction intensity at different positions,currents,and frequencies.The test results were compared with the simulation results of electromagnetic stirring to calibrate and verify the accuracy of the electromagnetic model.Then,electromagnetic force was introduced into the flow field model as a source term to study its effect on the flow field under anomalous conditions.The results show that when the center of the electromagnetic stirrer is located outside the mold,the magnetic field strength is about twice as strong as that located inside the mold.This also leads to an increase in the flow velocity near the electromagnetic stirrer.As a result,the optimal electromagnetic stirring parameters(200 A,2.5 Hz)were specified when the center of the electromagnetic stirrer is located outside the mold.

Federated Learning Security and Privacy-Preserving Algorithm and Experiments Research Under Internet of Things Critical Infrastructure

The widespread use of the Internet of Things(IoTs)and the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies have enabled applications to cross commercial and industrial band settings.Within such systems,all participants related to commercial and industrial systems must communicate and generate data.However,due to the small storage capacities of IoT devices,they are required to store and transfer the generated data to third-party entity called“cloud”,which creates one single point to store their data.However,as the number of participants increases,the size of generated data also increases.Therefore,such a centralized mechanism for data collection and exchange between participants is likely to face numerous challenges in terms of security,privacy,and performance.To address these challenges,Federated Learning(FL)has been proposed as a reasonable decentralizing approach,in which clients no longer need to transfer and store real data in the central server.Instead,they only share updated training models that are trained over their private datasets.At the same time,FL enables clients in distributed systems to share their machine learning models collaboratively without their training data,thus reducing data privacy and security challeges.However,slow model training and the execution of additional unnecessary communication rounds may hinder FL applications from operating properly in a distributed system.Furthermore,these unnecessary communication rounds make the system vulnerable to security and privacy issues,because irrelevant model updates are sent between clients and servers.Thus,in this work,we propose an algorithm for fully homomorphic encryption called Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song(CKKS)to encrypt model parameters for their local information privacy-preserving function.The proposed solution uses the impetus term to speed up model convergence during the model training process.Furthermore,it establishes a secure communication channel between IoT devices and the server.We also use a lightweight secure transport protocol to mitigate the communication overhead,thereby improving communication security and efficiency with low communication latency between client and server.

Strengthening and control of second-phase particle precipitation in ferritic/austenitic/martensitic heat-resistant alloys:a review

Heat-resistant alloys with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in various fields,and further improvement in their properties is essential to meet the requirements in new-generation advanced supercritical boilers,nuclear reactors,superheaters,and other new materials applications.To effectively enhance the comprehensive performance of heat-resistant alloys,second-phase particle strengthening has been widely studied,and in the face of different service envi-ronments of advanced heat-resistant steels,the selection of suitable second-phase particles is essential to maximize the performance of these alloys.To this end,three major types of reinforcing phases in heat-resistant alloys such as carbides,rare earth oxides,and intermetallic compounds are summarized.A comparative analysis of the precipitation behavior of the reinforcing phases with different types as well as the risks and means of controlling their use in service,is presented.Key parameters for the application of various types of second-phase particles in heat-resistant alloys are provided to support the design and preparation of new ultrahigh-performance heat-resistant alloys.

Water modeling on fluid flow and mixing phenomena in a BOF steelmaking converter

A 1∶8 physical water model was constructed to investigate the fluid flow and mixing phenomena in the basic oxygen furnace(BOF)converter.The particle image velocimetry was employed to measure the velocity distribution of the bath and the high-speed camera was applied to capture the cavity shape in the combined blowing BOF converter.The mixing time for varied operating conditions was measured by the stimulus-response approach.The cavity depth increased with the decrease in the lance height and the increase in the top gas flow rate while the bottom blowing gas had little influence on the cavity depth.The minimum cavity depth was obtained under the condition of a 69.8 m^(3)/h top gas flow rate,a 287.5 mm lance height and a 0.93 m^(3)/h bottom blowing gas flow rate,which was 161.2 mm.The mixing time decreased as the lance height decreased and the top blowing gas flow rate increased.The mixing time was first decreased and then increased with the increase in the bottom gas flow rate.With the condition of 69.8 m^(3)/h gas flow rate of top blowing,the 287.5 mm lance height and the 0.93 m^(3)/h gas flow rate of bottom blowing,the mixing time in the converter was 48.65 s.The empirical formula between the stirring power and the mixing time in the converter was calculated.

Occurrence and vertical distribution of aluminum and rare earths in weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore:Effect of soil solution pH and clay minerals

Weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore is crucial source of medium and heavy rare earths,with in-situ leaching being the most common mining method.The high contents of impurity of aluminum in the leach solution are a significant challenge for the subsequent enrichment process of rare earths.A comprehensive understanding of the occurrences and vertical distribution of aluminum and rare earths within typical vertical profiles can provide valuable insights into entire design of the in-situ leaching.This paper improves a five-step sequential extraction method to analyze the occurrence and vertical distribution of rare earths and aluminum in vertical profiles from Chongzuo and Longyan.Experimental results demonstrate that soil solution pH is the main factor affecting the vertical distribution of ionexchangeable rare earths.Both samples have distinct areas of enrichment for ion-exchangeable rare earths or aluminum.Ion-exchangeable rare earths are primary concentrated in the middle and lower parts of the ore layer(4-13 m in Chongzuo,14-22 m in Longyan),while the ion-exchangeable aluminum is mainly enriched in the upper part of the ore layer(1-5 m in Chongzuo,and 2-14 m in Longyan).The vertical distribution of inorganic hydroxy aluminum is likely influenced by the micromorphology and particle size of the clay minerals.The inorganic hydroxy aluminum concentration in Chongzuo samples decreases continuously from 415.65 to 120.95 mg/kg with increasing sampling depth,whereas the concentration in Longyan samples(110.55-171.27 mg/kg)is almost independence with sampling depth.These results provide direct guidance for the entire design of the injection well depth and the leaching parameters,thereby inhibiting the leaching of impurity of aluminum and lower the consumption of leaching agent.

Innovations in metallurgical and materials processes:advancing liquid theory and honoring Prof.Han-jie Guo's contributions to physical chemistry in metallurgy

Spanning three decades,Prof.Han-jie Guo's research group has dedicated itself to exploring the fundamental theories and practical applications of physical chemistry within the realm of metallurgy.Operating under the assumption that molecular entities and complexes persist in liquid states,the team has unearthed pivotal insights.

Consecutive induction melting of nickel-based superalloy in electrode induction gas atomization

The crucible-free electrode induction melting gas atomization（EIGA） technology is an advanced technology for preparing ultra-clean nickel-based superalloy powders. One of the key issues for fabricating powders with high quality and yield is the consecutive induction melting of a superalloy electrode. The coupling of a superalloy electrode and coil,frequency, output power, and heat conduction are investigated to improve the controllable electrode induction melting process. Numerical simulation results show that when the coil frequency is 400 kHz, the output power is 100 kW, superalloy liquid flow with a diameter of about 5 mm is not consecutive. When the coil frequency is reduced to 40 kHz, the output power is 120 kW, superalloy liquid flow is consecutive, and its diameter is about 7 mm.

Optimizational 6-bit all-optical quantization with soliton self-frequency shift and pre-chirp spectral compression techniques based on photonic crystal fiber

In this paper, we optimize a proposed all-optical quantization scheme based on soliton self-frequency shift(SSFS)and pre-chirp spectral compression techniques. A 10m-long high-nonlinear photonic crystal fiber(PCF) is used as an SSFS medium relevant to the power of the sampled optical pulses. Furthermore, a 10m-long dispersion flattened hybrid cladding hexagonal-octagonal PCF(6/8-PCF) is utilized as a spectral compression medium to further enhance the resolution. Simulation results show that 6-bit quantization resolution is still obtained when a 100m-long dispersion-increasing fiber(DIF)is replaced by a 6/8-PCF in spectral compression module.

Design of diamond-shape photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based on surface plasma resonance effect

A novel plasmonic polarization filter based on the diamond-shape photonic crystal fiber(PCF) is proposed. The resonant coupling characteristics of the PCF polarization filter are investigated by the full-vector finite-element method. By optimizing the geometric parameters of the PCF, when the fiber length is 5 mm, the polarization filter has a bandwidth of 990 nm and an extinction ratio(ER) of lower than -20 dB. Moreover, a single wavelength polarization filter can also be achieved, along with an ER of -279.78 dB at wavelength 1.55 μm. It is believed that the proposed PCF polarization filter will be very useful in laser and optical communication systems.

MULTI-HOP RELAYING IN 5G： FROM RESEARCH TO SYSTEMS, STANDARDS, AND APPLICATIONS

In recent years,the demands of high traffic transmission motivate the rapid development of wireless access techniques,and it becomes promising to design the fifth generation(5G)wireless networks.Essential requirements for 5G involve higher traffic volume,indoor or hotspot traffic,and spectrum,energy,and cost efficien-

Effect of magnetic properties of soft magnetic phase on the energy product of an exchange-spring magnet

Research on exchange-spring magnets has focused on the microstructures of the materials.However,research has seldom been concerned with the effect of magnetic properties of soft magnetic phase on the energy product of an exchangespring magnet.In this paper,a simple one-dimensional numerical simulation is used to investigate this effect in a Nd2Fe14Bbased exchange-spring magnet.The results reveal that the larger the anisotropy constant,the stronger the exchange coupling,and the higher the magnetization of the soft magnetic4 phase,the larger the energy product of an exchange-spring magnet.This provides evidence for choosing a soft magnetic phase in an exchange-spring magnet.

OFDMA Uplink Frequency Offset Estimation with Multi-Access Interference Mitigation

In this paper, we consider the frequency offset estimation for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OF-DMA) uplink (UL) transmissions. We first analyze the negative effect of Multi-Access-Interference (MAI) on OFDMA UL, and then propose two interference reduction/elimination methods, i.e., the Reduced-Rank-Projector (RRP) and Shift-Sampling-Projector (SSP) methods, to eliminate/reduce the heavy MAI due to the frequency offsets. Finally, we propose a new training sequence group named the Round-Robin Training Sequence Group (RRTSG), which has a high interference mitigation capabilities for OFDMA UL transmission. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for an unbiased frequency offset estimator in a Multiple Access (MA) system is also derived. Numerical results show that the proposed methods are suitable to eliminate/mitigate the effect of the frequency offset on OFDMA UL transmission.

Robust Cultivated Land Extraction Using Encoder-Decoder

Cultivated land extraction is essential for sustainable development and agriculture.In this paper,the network we propose is based on the encoder-decoder structure,which extracts the semantic segmentation neural network of cultivated land from satellite images and uses it for agricultural automation solutions.The encoder consists of two part:the first is the modified Xception,it can used as the feature extraction network,and the second is the atrous convolution,it can used to expand the receptive field and the context information to extract richer feature information.The decoder part uses the conventional upsampling operation to restore the original resolution.In addition,we use the combination of BCE and Loves-hinge as a loss function to optimize the Intersection over Union(IoU).Experimental results show that the proposed network structure can solve the problem of cultivated land extraction in Yinchuan City.

Oxidation and internal nitridation behaviors of a Ni-based superalloy Rene 65 during high-temperature homogenization

Homogenization heat treatment is a key process to remove the micro-segregation and re-dissolve the undesired phases for wrought superalloy.The oxidation behavior of the wrought superalloy during the high-temperature homogenization process,however,was rarely studied.The oxidation film evolution and growth kinetics of an as-cast superalloy Rene 65 during the homogenization were systematically studied.The oxide film consists of Cr_(2)O_(3) external oxidation layer and dendritic TiO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3) internal oxidation layer.And the growth kinetics of the oxide film followed a parabolic law.Internal nitridation occurs during the oxidation process,and TiN is apparently formed at the tip of internal oxidation layer.The originally formed TiN can be transformed into TiO_(2) or retained with the progress of oxidation.Meanwhile,the TiN is newly formed in the deeper matrix at the new oxidation-layer tip.Thermodynamic analyses revealed that there is a competition between the oxidation and nitridation.Nitridation can occur when the partial pressure of nitrogen exceeds the threshold of nitridation and the critical partial pressure ratio of nitrogen and oxygen.

Effect of cerium on microstructure,eutectic carbides and Laves phase in electroslag remelted 15Cr-22Ni-1Nb austenitic heat-resistant steel

The dendrites,eutectic carbides,Laves phase and microsegregation of alloying element in electroslag remelted 15Cr-22Ni-1Nb austenitic heat-resistant steel with varying cerium contents were studied.The liquidus and solidus temperatures of the steel were determined to reveal the effect of cerium on solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel.The secondary dendrite arm spacing decreases from 57.10 to 40.18μm with increasing the cerium content from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%.The eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots exhibit blocky and honeycomb morphology,respectively.The area fractions and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots decrease with the increase in cerium content.The atomic percentage of Laves phase-forming element(Ni,Nb,Cr,Mo and Si)decreases with the increase in cerium content of the steel.The microsegregation of Mo,Ni,Si,Cr and Nb decreases with increasing the cerium content,which is favorable to reducing both the amount and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots.The solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel decrease as the cerium content is increased from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%,which inhibits the growth of dendrites,eutectic NbC and Laves phase.