Let X be a Banach space and let P:X→X be a bounded linear operator.Using an algebraic inequality on the spectrum of P,we give a new sufficient condition that guarantees the existence of(I-P)^(-1) as a bounded linear ...Let X be a Banach space and let P:X→X be a bounded linear operator.Using an algebraic inequality on the spectrum of P,we give a new sufficient condition that guarantees the existence of(I-P)^(-1) as a bounded linear operator on X,and a bound on its spectral radius is also obtained.This generalizes the classic Banach lemma.We apply the result to the perturbation analysis of general bounded linear operators on X with commutative perturbations.展开更多
We compared subgroup differences in COVID-19 case and mortality and investigated factors associated with case and mortality rate(MR)measured at the county level in Mississippi.Findings were based on data published by ...We compared subgroup differences in COVID-19 case and mortality and investigated factors associated with case and mortality rate(MR)measured at the county level in Mississippi.Findings were based on data published by the Mississippi State Department of Health between March 11 and July 16,2020.The COVID-19 case rate and case fatality rate(CFR)differed by gender and race,while MR only differed by race.Residents aged 80 years or older and those who live in a non-metro area had a higher case rate,CFR,and MR.After controlling for selected factors,researchers found that the percent of residents who are obese,low income,or with certain chronic conditions were associated with the county COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and/or MR,though some were negatively related.The findings may help the state to identify counties with higher COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and MR based on county demographics and the degree of its chronic conditions.展开更多
Landscape ecology and landscape pattern analysis are important components of national-scale programs to identify trends in land cover change because: 1) Statistics on changes in land cover prop...Landscape ecology and landscape pattern analysis are important components of national-scale programs to identify trends in land cover change because: 1) Statistics on changes in land cover proportions are not spatial. A change matrix derived from GIS provides useful information, but it does not show the spatial form of change in the landscape. Landscape pattern metrics reveal spatial pattern. 2) A growing body of literature has shown that a change in landscape pattern might indicate important changes in ecological functions: forest connectivity and species movements, number and size of farm patches, effects on water quality. Spatial pattern is important in structuring ecological communities and in maintaining existence of competitors. Spatial pattern may be determined by disturbance and may in turn, determine how disturbances propagate through the system. 3) Sometimes landscape pattern may not significantly change, even though land cover proportions do change. Or, vice-versa, sometimes landscape pattern can significantly change, even though land cover proportions don't significantly change. 4) Landscape pattern is an inherent and important part of describing landscapes: based on the literature, one of the most important descriptive characteristics of a landscape is its texture. The objectives of this paper are to: 1) Explain the importance of the role of landscape ecology and landscape pattern analysis in land cover change studies; 2) Review the literature that specifically incorporates landscape ecology into land cover change studies; and 3) List the theoretical and technical issues involved and suggest solutions for them.展开更多
In their ranges on east and south coasts of the Americas as well as their established invasions in the Adriatic and Baltic,blue crabs,Callinectes sapidus,inhabit estuaries,sounds and coastal oceans and are commerciall...In their ranges on east and south coasts of the Americas as well as their established invasions in the Adriatic and Baltic,blue crabs,Callinectes sapidus,inhabit estuaries,sounds and coastal oceans and are commercially and ecologically important.How crabs move in response to physical variables is important to management.We monitored life stages at canal control structures,assessed gender ratios with recreational crabbing,learned from crabbers,and studied movements of tagged crabs in a canal connecting Lake Mattamuskeet to the Pamlico sound.Juveniles enter the lake through two of 4 canals connecting to the sounds.Females migrate out through one canal.The lake standing population is about 70% male.Movements of 240 crabs in August 2012 and 102 crabs in October 2014 were quantified using RFID tags with co-located meteorological and oceanographic devices.Non-spawning females and males are nomadic.Crabs released in the canal move in response to changes in water depth and go with the flow,toward the Pamlico Sound(summer 76% and fall 78%).What crabbers describe as a fall migration appears to be concentration of crabs in warmer deeper canals and then southern movement with flow generated by strong north winds.To be effective,management strategies like migratory corridors require understanding of crab movements.展开更多
Background:Developing appropriate concussion prevention and management paradigms in middle school(MS)settings requires understanding parents’general levels of concussion-related knowledge and attitudes.This study exa...Background:Developing appropriate concussion prevention and management paradigms in middle school(MS)settings requires understanding parents’general levels of concussion-related knowledge and attitudes.This study examined factors associated with concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes among parents of MS children(aged 10-15 years).Methods:A panel of 1224 randomly selected U.S.residents,aged ≥18 years and identifying as parents of MS children,completed an online questionnaire capturing parental and child characteristics.The parents’concussion-symptom knowledge was measured using 25 questions,with possible answers being“yes”,“maybe”,and“no”.Correct answers earned 2 points,“maybe”answers earned 1 point,and incorrect answers earned 0 point(range:0-50;higher scores=better knowledge).Concussion care-seeking attitudes were also collected using five 7-point scale items(range:5-35;higher scores=more positive attitudes).Multivariable ordinal logistic regression models identified predictors of higher scores.Models met proportional odds assumptions.Adjusted odds ratios(aORs)with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)(excluding 1.00)were deemed statistically significant.Results:Median scores were 39(interquartile range:32-44)for symptom knowledge and 32(interquartile range:28-35)for care-seeking attitude.In multivariable models,odds of better symptom knowledge were higher in women vs.men(aOR=2.28;95%CI:1.71-3.05),white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.88;95%CI:1.42-2.49),higher parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.47;95%CI:1.26-1.71),and greater competitiveness(10%-scale-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.13-1.36).Odds of more positive care-seeking attitudes were higher in white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.45;95%CI:1.06-1.99)and in older parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.05-1.47).Conclusion:Characteristics of middle school children’s parents(e.g.,sex,race or ethnicity,age)are associated with their concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes.Parents’variations in concussion knowledge and attitudes warrant tailored concussion education and prevention.展开更多
Objective:Parents may use various information sources to obtain information about sport-related concussions(SRC).This study examined SRCrelated information sources used by parents of United States middle school childr...Objective:Parents may use various information sources to obtain information about sport-related concussions(SRC).This study examined SRCrelated information sources used by parents of United States middle school children(age:10-15 years).Methods:A panel of 1083 randomly selected U.S.residents,aged≥18 years and identifying as parents of middle school children,completed an online questionnaire capturing parental and child characteristics,and utilization and perceived trustworthiness of various sources of SRC-related information.Multivariable logistic regression models identified factors associated with utilizing each source.Adjusted odds ratios(OR)with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)excluding 1.00 were deemed significant.Results:Doctors/healthcare providers(49.9%)and other healthcare-related resources(e.g.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,WebMD)(37.8%)were common SRC-related information sources;64.0%of parents utilized≥1 of these sources.Both sources were considered“very”or“extremely”trustworthy for SRC-related information among parents using these sources(doctors/healthcare providers:89.8%;other healthcare-related resources:70.9%).A 10-year increase in parental age was associated with higher odds of utilizing doctors/healthcare providers(adjusted odd ratio(OR_(adjusted))=1.09,95%CI:1.02-1.16)and other healthcare-related resources(OR_(adjusted)=1.11,95%CI:1.03-1.19).The odds of utilizing doctors/healthcare providers(OR_(adjusted)=0.58,95%CI:0.40-0.84)and other healthcare-related resources(OR_(adjusted)=0.64,95%CI:0.44-0.93)were lower among parents whose middle school children had concussion histories versus the parents of children who did not have concussion histories.Conclusion:One-third of parents did not report using doctors/healthcare providers or other healthcare-related resources for SRC-related information.Factors associated with underutilization of these sources may be targets for future intervention.Continuing education for healthcare providers and educational opportunities for parents should highlight accurate and up-to-date SRC-related information.展开更多
The Bering Sea circulation is derived as a variational inverse of hydrographic profiles( temperature and salinity) , atmospheric climatologies and historical observation of ocean curents. The important result of thi...The Bering Sea circulation is derived as a variational inverse of hydrographic profiles( temperature and salinity) , atmospheric climatologies and historical observation of ocean curents. The important result of this study is estimate of the mean climatological sea surface height (SSH) that can be used as a reference for satellite altimetry sea level anomaly data in the Bering Sea region. Numerical experiments reveal that, when combined with satellite altimetry, the obtained reference SSH effectively constrains a realistic reconstruction of the Amukta Pass circulation.展开更多
The Salton Sea is a closed-basin, 980 km<sup>2</sup> salt lake in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. Three marine species, bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus)...The Salton Sea is a closed-basin, 980 km<sup>2</sup> salt lake in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. Three marine species, bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), and sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), established from introductions of over 34 species beginning in 1929. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis hornorum) invaded the Salton Sea and became dominant by number and weight. Recent surveys show a precipitous decline of all four species above starting sometime between 2001 and 2002. Declines were more evident in nearshore than in estuarine habitats. Corvina has probably declined the soonest, followed by Gulf croaker. Tilapia declines were followed by more recent increases in population numbers. The tilapia rebound observed are probably only sustainable if a curb in Salton Sea salinity levels is realized. The marine species will likely need restocking to reach historic levels, if the salinity of the lake is managed at 40 g•L<sup>–</sup>1 or below. Restoration alternatives for the Salton Sea must take into consideration estuarine areas as essential fish habitats and fish refuge against high salinities.展开更多
Background:Participation in sports is associated with many benefits to all aspects of health;however,it also comes with the risk of injury,particularly concussions.Self-disclosure and care seeking following a concussi...Background:Participation in sports is associated with many benefits to all aspects of health;however,it also comes with the risk of injury,particularly concussions.Self-disclosure and care seeking following a concussion are especially important because of the lack of outwardly visible signs and/or symptoms.Although recent research has explored factors affecting concussion disclosure,use of isolated methodologies limits the ability to contextualize how disclosure or nondisclosure occurs.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to describe the factors and expectations of National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)athletes that may influence concussion disclosure.Methods:This mixed-methods convergent parallel research study included 25 NCAA Division I athletes representing 13 sports,all of whom completed a concussion-education session with pre-/post-test surveys and a semistructured interview.Eligible athletes were at least 18 years old and on an NCAA roster.The surveys focused on previous concussion-related disclosure behaviors,knowledge,attitudes,beliefs,norms,and intentions about disclosing concussion.Interviews focused on the athletes’experiences related to concussion disclosure.Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests.Interviews were analyzed using a Consensual Qualitative Research tradition.Results:Participants had good concussion knowledge(median=46.0),positive attitudes(median=38.0),strong beliefs(median=13.0),and strong intentions to disclose concussion symptoms(median=7.0).None of the constructs differed by participants’gender.Although quantitative findings were mostly positive,interview data highlighted factors that may explain why some participants are successful in disclosing concussions and why others may find disclosure difficult.Educational efforts,sport culture,and medical professional presence were the primary facilitators discussed by participants.Stigma,pressure,and a lack of team support were perceived as disclosure barriers.Conclusion:The context in which concussion disclosure occurs or does not occur is vital to the success of educational interventions.Interventions must prioritize stakeholder-and team-based perspectives on concussion to establish a network supportive to disclosure.展开更多
A local refinement hybrid scheme(LRCSPH-FDM)is proposed to solve the two-dimensional(2D)time fractional nonlinear Schrodinger equation(TF-NLSE)in regularly or irregularly shaped domains,and extends the scheme to predi...A local refinement hybrid scheme(LRCSPH-FDM)is proposed to solve the two-dimensional(2D)time fractional nonlinear Schrodinger equation(TF-NLSE)in regularly or irregularly shaped domains,and extends the scheme to predict the quantum mechanical properties governed by the time fractional Gross-Pitaevskii equation(TF-GPE)with the rotating Bose-Einstein condensate.It is the first application of the purely meshless method to the TF-NLSE to the author’s knowledge.The proposed LRCSPH-FDM(which is based on a local refinement corrected SPH method combined with FDM)is derived by using the finite difference scheme(FDM)to discretize the Caputo TF term,followed by using a corrected smoothed particle hydrodynamics(CSPH)scheme continuously without using the kernel derivative to approximate the spatial derivatives.Meanwhile,the local refinement technique is adopted to reduce the numerical error.In numerical simulations,the complex irregular geometry is considered to show the flexibility of the purely meshless particle method and its advantages over the grid-based method.The numerical convergence rate and merits of the proposed LRCSPH-FDM are illustrated by solving several 1D/2D(where 1D stands for one-dimensional)analytical TF-NLSEs in a rectangular region(with regular or irregular particle distribution)or in a region with irregular geometry.The proposed method is then used to predict the complex nonlinear dynamic characters of 2D TF-NLSE/TF-GPE in a complex irregular domain,and the results from the posed method are compared with those from the FDM.All the numerical results show that the present method has a good accuracy and flexible application capacity for the TF-NLSE/GPE in regions of a complex shape.展开更多
Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total ph...Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (Po), inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (~13Corg and 615N) in a 137Cs-dated sediment core. The results indicated that the sedimentary record covers the last 60 years, during which the lake had undergone apparent changes in nutrient sources and productivity in response to nutrient loading. Prior to the late 1980s, the nutrient contents in sediments mainly originated from algae and lake productivity was relatively stable. Since the late 1980s, increasing TOC, TN and TP concentrations together with the change of 613Corg and 615N suggested anthropogenic perturbations in nutrient loading and lake productivity. Endogenic nutrients derived from algae and anthropogenic inputs were two important sources of sedimentary nutrients. The anthropogenic nutrients mainly originated from the discharge of industrial wastewater and artificial cultivation of Spirulina after the middle 1980s, and domestic wastewater discharged from Yongsheng County since 1993.展开更多
The high levels of some metals in metal hyperaccumulator plants may be transferred to insect associates. We surveyed insects collected from the South African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii to document whole-body ...The high levels of some metals in metal hyperaccumulator plants may be transferred to insect associates. We surveyed insects collected from the South African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii to document whole-body metal concentrations (Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). We also documented the concentrations of these metals in leaves, stems and inflorescences, finding extremely elevated levels of Ni (4 700-16 000μg/g) and high values (5-34μg/g) for Co, Cr, and Pb. Of 26 insect morphotypes collected from B. coddii, seven heteropterans, one coleopteran, and one orthopteran contained relatively high concentrations of Ni (〉 500μg/g). The large number of high-Ni heteropterans adds to discoveries of others (from California USA and New Caledonia) and suggests that members of this insect order may be particularly Ni tolerant. Nymphs of the orthopteran (Stenoscepa) contained 3 500 μg Ni/g, the greatest Ni concentration yet reported for an insect. We also found two beetles with elevated levels of Mg (〉 2 800 μg/g), one beetle with elevated Cu (〉 70 μg/g) and one heteropteran with an elevated level of Mn (〉 200 μg/g). Our results show that insects feeding on a Ni hyperaccumulator can mobilize Ni into food webs, although we found no evidence of Ni biomagnification in either herbivore or carnivore insect taxa. We also conclude that some insects associated with hyperaccumulators can contain Ni levels that are high enough to be toxic to vertebrates.展开更多
Nymphs of Stenoscepa sp. feed on leaves of the Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii at serpentine sites in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. These sites contain Ni hyperaccumulators, Ni accumulators, and plants with N...Nymphs of Stenoscepa sp. feed on leaves of the Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii at serpentine sites in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. These sites contain Ni hyperaccumulators, Ni accumulators, and plants with Ni concentrations in the normal range. We conducted studies to: (i) determine the whole-body metal concentration of nymphs (including those starved to empty their guts); (ii) compare Stenoscepa sp. nymphs against other grasshoppers in the same habitat for whole-body metal concentrations; and (iii)compare the suitability of Ni hyperaccumulator and Ni accumulator plants as food sources for Stenoscepa sp. and other grasshoppers. Stenoscepa nymphs had extremely high whole-body Ni concentrations (3 500μg Ni/g). This was partly due to food in the gut, as starved insects contained less Ni (950 pg Ni/g). Stenoscepa nymphs survived significantly better than other grasshoppers collected from either a serpentine or a non-serpentine site when offered high-Ni plants as food. In a host preference test among four Berkheya species (two Ni hyperaccumulators and two Ni accumulators), Stenoscepa sp, preferred leaves of the Ni hyperaccumulator species. A preference experiment using leaves of three Senecio species (of which one species, Senecio coronatus, was represented by both a Ni hyperaccumulator and a Ni accumulator population) showed that Stenoscepa sp. preferred Ni accumulator Senecio coronatus leaves to all other choices. We conclude that Stenoscepa sp. is extremely Ni-tolerant. Stenoscepa sp. nymphs prefer leaves of hyperaccumulator Berkheya species, but elevated Ni concentration alone does not determine their food preference. We suggest that the extremely high whole-body Ni concentration of Stenoscepa nymphs may affect food web relationships in these serpentine communities.展开更多
我们与给定的 nilpotent 矩阵 A 解决二次的矩阵方程 AXA = XAX,到发现所有变换答案。我们首先提供一个关键词根,并且认为 A 有的特殊情况是一仅仅乔丹块为一般的格激发这个想法。我们的主要结果与一个任意的 nilpotent 矩阵给方程的...我们与给定的 nilpotent 矩阵 A 解决二次的矩阵方程 AXA = XAX,到发现所有变换答案。我们首先提供一个关键词根,并且认为 A 有的特殊情况是一仅仅乔丹块为一般的格激发这个想法。我们的主要结果与一个任意的 nilpotent 矩阵给方程的所有变换答案的结构。展开更多
Once considered conventional,the construction industry is gradually increasing its reliance on innovations such as the application of technologies in safety management.Given the growing literature on technology applic...Once considered conventional,the construction industry is gradually increasing its reliance on innovations such as the application of technologies in safety management.Given the growing literature on technology applications in safety management and the varying opinions on the utility of applied technologies,a systematic review that streamlines findings from past studies is indispensable to construction stakeholders.Although a number of review studies are available in the building construction sector,the level of fragmentation and uniqueness within the construction industry necessitates a review study specifically targeting the heavy civil sector.In response,the present study applies a three-step approach to identify and review articles pertinent to the safety of highway construction work zones.The factors considered include the number of publications per year,publication locations,and technology types.In addition,the present study proposes to broadly group work zone safety technologies(WZSTs)into three categories based on their primary purpose:speed reduction systems,intrusion prevention and warning systems,and human-machine-interaction detection systems.Key findings include WZST research trends,application of smart work zone systems,and the potential relationship between WZSTs and fatalities.The paper ends with the identification of six additional research areas aimed at deepening the understanding of technology’s role in highway safety management.The trend analysis and an in-depth discussion of each technology category alongside the identified research gaps will provide a substantial informative body of knowledge that both benefits current practitioners and directs researchers towards potential future studies.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12001142).
文摘Let X be a Banach space and let P:X→X be a bounded linear operator.Using an algebraic inequality on the spectrum of P,we give a new sufficient condition that guarantees the existence of(I-P)^(-1) as a bounded linear operator on X,and a bound on its spectral radius is also obtained.This generalizes the classic Banach lemma.We apply the result to the perturbation analysis of general bounded linear operators on X with commutative perturbations.
文摘We compared subgroup differences in COVID-19 case and mortality and investigated factors associated with case and mortality rate(MR)measured at the county level in Mississippi.Findings were based on data published by the Mississippi State Department of Health between March 11 and July 16,2020.The COVID-19 case rate and case fatality rate(CFR)differed by gender and race,while MR only differed by race.Residents aged 80 years or older and those who live in a non-metro area had a higher case rate,CFR,and MR.After controlling for selected factors,researchers found that the percent of residents who are obese,low income,or with certain chronic conditions were associated with the county COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and/or MR,though some were negatively related.The findings may help the state to identify counties with higher COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and MR based on county demographics and the degree of its chronic conditions.
基金USGS Geographic Research and Applications Programthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Landscape Ecology Program in Las Vegas (Interagency Agreement DW14938108-01-0)and the NASA Land Cover/Land Use Change Program
文摘Landscape ecology and landscape pattern analysis are important components of national-scale programs to identify trends in land cover change because: 1) Statistics on changes in land cover proportions are not spatial. A change matrix derived from GIS provides useful information, but it does not show the spatial form of change in the landscape. Landscape pattern metrics reveal spatial pattern. 2) A growing body of literature has shown that a change in landscape pattern might indicate important changes in ecological functions: forest connectivity and species movements, number and size of farm patches, effects on water quality. Spatial pattern is important in structuring ecological communities and in maintaining existence of competitors. Spatial pattern may be determined by disturbance and may in turn, determine how disturbances propagate through the system. 3) Sometimes landscape pattern may not significantly change, even though land cover proportions do change. Or, vice-versa, sometimes landscape pattern can significantly change, even though land cover proportions don't significantly change. 4) Landscape pattern is an inherent and important part of describing landscapes: based on the literature, one of the most important descriptive characteristics of a landscape is its texture. The objectives of this paper are to: 1) Explain the importance of the role of landscape ecology and landscape pattern analysis in land cover change studies; 2) Review the literature that specifically incorporates landscape ecology into land cover change studies; and 3) List the theoretical and technical issues involved and suggest solutions for them.
文摘In their ranges on east and south coasts of the Americas as well as their established invasions in the Adriatic and Baltic,blue crabs,Callinectes sapidus,inhabit estuaries,sounds and coastal oceans and are commercially and ecologically important.How crabs move in response to physical variables is important to management.We monitored life stages at canal control structures,assessed gender ratios with recreational crabbing,learned from crabbers,and studied movements of tagged crabs in a canal connecting Lake Mattamuskeet to the Pamlico sound.Juveniles enter the lake through two of 4 canals connecting to the sounds.Females migrate out through one canal.The lake standing population is about 70% male.Movements of 240 crabs in August 2012 and 102 crabs in October 2014 were quantified using RFID tags with co-located meteorological and oceanographic devices.Non-spawning females and males are nomadic.Crabs released in the canal move in response to changes in water depth and go with the flow,toward the Pamlico Sound(summer 76% and fall 78%).What crabbers describe as a fall migration appears to be concentration of crabs in warmer deeper canals and then southern movement with flow generated by strong north winds.To be effective,management strategies like migratory corridors require understanding of crab movements.
基金the Division of Unintentional Injury,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(5U01CE002885-02)The University of North Carolina Injury Prevention Research Center is also partly supported by an Injury Control Research Center award(R49/CE002479)from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
文摘Background:Developing appropriate concussion prevention and management paradigms in middle school(MS)settings requires understanding parents’general levels of concussion-related knowledge and attitudes.This study examined factors associated with concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes among parents of MS children(aged 10-15 years).Methods:A panel of 1224 randomly selected U.S.residents,aged ≥18 years and identifying as parents of MS children,completed an online questionnaire capturing parental and child characteristics.The parents’concussion-symptom knowledge was measured using 25 questions,with possible answers being“yes”,“maybe”,and“no”.Correct answers earned 2 points,“maybe”answers earned 1 point,and incorrect answers earned 0 point(range:0-50;higher scores=better knowledge).Concussion care-seeking attitudes were also collected using five 7-point scale items(range:5-35;higher scores=more positive attitudes).Multivariable ordinal logistic regression models identified predictors of higher scores.Models met proportional odds assumptions.Adjusted odds ratios(aORs)with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)(excluding 1.00)were deemed statistically significant.Results:Median scores were 39(interquartile range:32-44)for symptom knowledge and 32(interquartile range:28-35)for care-seeking attitude.In multivariable models,odds of better symptom knowledge were higher in women vs.men(aOR=2.28;95%CI:1.71-3.05),white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.88;95%CI:1.42-2.49),higher parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.47;95%CI:1.26-1.71),and greater competitiveness(10%-scale-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.13-1.36).Odds of more positive care-seeking attitudes were higher in white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.45;95%CI:1.06-1.99)and in older parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.05-1.47).Conclusion:Characteristics of middle school children’s parents(e.g.,sex,race or ethnicity,age)are associated with their concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes.Parents’variations in concussion knowledge and attitudes warrant tailored concussion education and prevention.
基金funded by a grant from the Division of Unintentional Injury,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5U01CE002885-02)A portion of these grant funds were used to pay Survey Sampling International to acquire this study’s sample and datasupported by an Injury Control Research Center award (R49/ CE002479) from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
文摘Objective:Parents may use various information sources to obtain information about sport-related concussions(SRC).This study examined SRCrelated information sources used by parents of United States middle school children(age:10-15 years).Methods:A panel of 1083 randomly selected U.S.residents,aged≥18 years and identifying as parents of middle school children,completed an online questionnaire capturing parental and child characteristics,and utilization and perceived trustworthiness of various sources of SRC-related information.Multivariable logistic regression models identified factors associated with utilizing each source.Adjusted odds ratios(OR)with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)excluding 1.00 were deemed significant.Results:Doctors/healthcare providers(49.9%)and other healthcare-related resources(e.g.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,WebMD)(37.8%)were common SRC-related information sources;64.0%of parents utilized≥1 of these sources.Both sources were considered“very”or“extremely”trustworthy for SRC-related information among parents using these sources(doctors/healthcare providers:89.8%;other healthcare-related resources:70.9%).A 10-year increase in parental age was associated with higher odds of utilizing doctors/healthcare providers(adjusted odd ratio(OR_(adjusted))=1.09,95%CI:1.02-1.16)and other healthcare-related resources(OR_(adjusted)=1.11,95%CI:1.03-1.19).The odds of utilizing doctors/healthcare providers(OR_(adjusted)=0.58,95%CI:0.40-0.84)and other healthcare-related resources(OR_(adjusted)=0.64,95%CI:0.44-0.93)were lower among parents whose middle school children had concussion histories versus the parents of children who did not have concussion histories.Conclusion:One-third of parents did not report using doctors/healthcare providers or other healthcare-related resources for SRC-related information.Factors associated with underutilization of these sources may be targets for future intervention.Continuing education for healthcare providers and educational opportunities for parents should highlight accurate and up-to-date SRC-related information.
基金supported by North Pacific Research Board(NPRB),project No 828,contribution No 204AMSTEC,Japan,through the sponsorship of IARC+1 种基金The study was also supported by the NSF Award 0629311 and RFFI Grant 06-05-96065Nikolai Maximenko was partly supported by NASA through membership in its Ocean Surface Topography Science Team.
文摘The Bering Sea circulation is derived as a variational inverse of hydrographic profiles( temperature and salinity) , atmospheric climatologies and historical observation of ocean curents. The important result of this study is estimate of the mean climatological sea surface height (SSH) that can be used as a reference for satellite altimetry sea level anomaly data in the Bering Sea region. Numerical experiments reveal that, when combined with satellite altimetry, the obtained reference SSH effectively constrains a realistic reconstruction of the Amukta Pass circulation.
文摘The Salton Sea is a closed-basin, 980 km<sup>2</sup> salt lake in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. Three marine species, bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), and sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), established from introductions of over 34 species beginning in 1929. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis hornorum) invaded the Salton Sea and became dominant by number and weight. Recent surveys show a precipitous decline of all four species above starting sometime between 2001 and 2002. Declines were more evident in nearshore than in estuarine habitats. Corvina has probably declined the soonest, followed by Gulf croaker. Tilapia declines were followed by more recent increases in population numbers. The tilapia rebound observed are probably only sustainable if a curb in Salton Sea salinity levels is realized. The marine species will likely need restocking to reach historic levels, if the salinity of the lake is managed at 40 g•L<sup>–</sup>1 or below. Restoration alternatives for the Salton Sea must take into consideration estuarine areas as essential fish habitats and fish refuge against high salinities.
基金supported by the National Collegiate Athletic Association—Department of Defense(NCAA—DOD)Mind Matters Research Challenge Award。
文摘Background:Participation in sports is associated with many benefits to all aspects of health;however,it also comes with the risk of injury,particularly concussions.Self-disclosure and care seeking following a concussion are especially important because of the lack of outwardly visible signs and/or symptoms.Although recent research has explored factors affecting concussion disclosure,use of isolated methodologies limits the ability to contextualize how disclosure or nondisclosure occurs.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to describe the factors and expectations of National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)athletes that may influence concussion disclosure.Methods:This mixed-methods convergent parallel research study included 25 NCAA Division I athletes representing 13 sports,all of whom completed a concussion-education session with pre-/post-test surveys and a semistructured interview.Eligible athletes were at least 18 years old and on an NCAA roster.The surveys focused on previous concussion-related disclosure behaviors,knowledge,attitudes,beliefs,norms,and intentions about disclosing concussion.Interviews focused on the athletes’experiences related to concussion disclosure.Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests.Interviews were analyzed using a Consensual Qualitative Research tradition.Results:Participants had good concussion knowledge(median=46.0),positive attitudes(median=38.0),strong beliefs(median=13.0),and strong intentions to disclose concussion symptoms(median=7.0).None of the constructs differed by participants’gender.Although quantitative findings were mostly positive,interview data highlighted factors that may explain why some participants are successful in disclosing concussions and why others may find disclosure difficult.Educational efforts,sport culture,and medical professional presence were the primary facilitators discussed by participants.Stigma,pressure,and a lack of team support were perceived as disclosure barriers.Conclusion:The context in which concussion disclosure occurs or does not occur is vital to the success of educational interventions.Interventions must prioritize stakeholder-and team-based perspectives on concussion to establish a network supportive to disclosure.
基金TheresearchwasfundedbygrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation (No BSR 90 2 0 5 3 0 ) ,theNationalGeographicSocietyandtheNa tionalParkServicetoFRMandSigmaxiGrant in aid ,USDAForestService,andAlabamaA&MUniversitytoYW
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11501495,51779215,and 11672259)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.2015M581869 and 2015T80589)the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies,China(Grant No.JS-2017-227)。
文摘A local refinement hybrid scheme(LRCSPH-FDM)is proposed to solve the two-dimensional(2D)time fractional nonlinear Schrodinger equation(TF-NLSE)in regularly or irregularly shaped domains,and extends the scheme to predict the quantum mechanical properties governed by the time fractional Gross-Pitaevskii equation(TF-GPE)with the rotating Bose-Einstein condensate.It is the first application of the purely meshless method to the TF-NLSE to the author’s knowledge.The proposed LRCSPH-FDM(which is based on a local refinement corrected SPH method combined with FDM)is derived by using the finite difference scheme(FDM)to discretize the Caputo TF term,followed by using a corrected smoothed particle hydrodynamics(CSPH)scheme continuously without using the kernel derivative to approximate the spatial derivatives.Meanwhile,the local refinement technique is adopted to reduce the numerical error.In numerical simulations,the complex irregular geometry is considered to show the flexibility of the purely meshless particle method and its advantages over the grid-based method.The numerical convergence rate and merits of the proposed LRCSPH-FDM are illustrated by solving several 1D/2D(where 1D stands for one-dimensional)analytical TF-NLSEs in a rectangular region(with regular or irregular particle distribution)or in a region with irregular geometry.The proposed method is then used to predict the complex nonlinear dynamic characters of 2D TF-NLSE/TF-GPE in a complex irregular domain,and the results from the posed method are compared with those from the FDM.All the numerical results show that the present method has a good accuracy and flexible application capacity for the TF-NLSE/GPE in regions of a complex shape.
基金supported by the Mega-projects of Science Research for Water Environment Improvement (No.2009ZX07106-001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40901248)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2008CB418206)
文摘Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (Po), inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (~13Corg and 615N) in a 137Cs-dated sediment core. The results indicated that the sedimentary record covers the last 60 years, during which the lake had undergone apparent changes in nutrient sources and productivity in response to nutrient loading. Prior to the late 1980s, the nutrient contents in sediments mainly originated from algae and lake productivity was relatively stable. Since the late 1980s, increasing TOC, TN and TP concentrations together with the change of 613Corg and 615N suggested anthropogenic perturbations in nutrient loading and lake productivity. Endogenic nutrients derived from algae and anthropogenic inputs were two important sources of sedimentary nutrients. The anthropogenic nutrients mainly originated from the discharge of industrial wastewater and artificial cultivation of Spirulina after the middle 1980s, and domestic wastewater discharged from Yongsheng County since 1993.
文摘The high levels of some metals in metal hyperaccumulator plants may be transferred to insect associates. We surveyed insects collected from the South African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii to document whole-body metal concentrations (Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). We also documented the concentrations of these metals in leaves, stems and inflorescences, finding extremely elevated levels of Ni (4 700-16 000μg/g) and high values (5-34μg/g) for Co, Cr, and Pb. Of 26 insect morphotypes collected from B. coddii, seven heteropterans, one coleopteran, and one orthopteran contained relatively high concentrations of Ni (〉 500μg/g). The large number of high-Ni heteropterans adds to discoveries of others (from California USA and New Caledonia) and suggests that members of this insect order may be particularly Ni tolerant. Nymphs of the orthopteran (Stenoscepa) contained 3 500 μg Ni/g, the greatest Ni concentration yet reported for an insect. We also found two beetles with elevated levels of Mg (〉 2 800 μg/g), one beetle with elevated Cu (〉 70 μg/g) and one heteropteran with an elevated level of Mn (〉 200 μg/g). Our results show that insects feeding on a Ni hyperaccumulator can mobilize Ni into food webs, although we found no evidence of Ni biomagnification in either herbivore or carnivore insect taxa. We also conclude that some insects associated with hyperaccumulators can contain Ni levels that are high enough to be toxic to vertebrates.
文摘Nymphs of Stenoscepa sp. feed on leaves of the Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii at serpentine sites in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. These sites contain Ni hyperaccumulators, Ni accumulators, and plants with Ni concentrations in the normal range. We conducted studies to: (i) determine the whole-body metal concentration of nymphs (including those starved to empty their guts); (ii) compare Stenoscepa sp. nymphs against other grasshoppers in the same habitat for whole-body metal concentrations; and (iii)compare the suitability of Ni hyperaccumulator and Ni accumulator plants as food sources for Stenoscepa sp. and other grasshoppers. Stenoscepa nymphs had extremely high whole-body Ni concentrations (3 500μg Ni/g). This was partly due to food in the gut, as starved insects contained less Ni (950 pg Ni/g). Stenoscepa nymphs survived significantly better than other grasshoppers collected from either a serpentine or a non-serpentine site when offered high-Ni plants as food. In a host preference test among four Berkheya species (two Ni hyperaccumulators and two Ni accumulators), Stenoscepa sp, preferred leaves of the Ni hyperaccumulator species. A preference experiment using leaves of three Senecio species (of which one species, Senecio coronatus, was represented by both a Ni hyperaccumulator and a Ni accumulator population) showed that Stenoscepa sp. preferred Ni accumulator Senecio coronatus leaves to all other choices. We conclude that Stenoscepa sp. is extremely Ni-tolerant. Stenoscepa sp. nymphs prefer leaves of hyperaccumulator Berkheya species, but elevated Ni concentration alone does not determine their food preference. We suggest that the extremely high whole-body Ni concentration of Stenoscepa nymphs may affect food web relationships in these serpentine communities.
基金supported in part by the Oregon Department of Transportation research study grant SPR-790the Center for Construction Research and Training(CPWR)through NIOSH cooperative agreement OH009762.
文摘Once considered conventional,the construction industry is gradually increasing its reliance on innovations such as the application of technologies in safety management.Given the growing literature on technology applications in safety management and the varying opinions on the utility of applied technologies,a systematic review that streamlines findings from past studies is indispensable to construction stakeholders.Although a number of review studies are available in the building construction sector,the level of fragmentation and uniqueness within the construction industry necessitates a review study specifically targeting the heavy civil sector.In response,the present study applies a three-step approach to identify and review articles pertinent to the safety of highway construction work zones.The factors considered include the number of publications per year,publication locations,and technology types.In addition,the present study proposes to broadly group work zone safety technologies(WZSTs)into three categories based on their primary purpose:speed reduction systems,intrusion prevention and warning systems,and human-machine-interaction detection systems.Key findings include WZST research trends,application of smart work zone systems,and the potential relationship between WZSTs and fatalities.The paper ends with the identification of six additional research areas aimed at deepening the understanding of technology’s role in highway safety management.The trend analysis and an in-depth discussion of each technology category alongside the identified research gaps will provide a substantial informative body of knowledge that both benefits current practitioners and directs researchers towards potential future studies.