Vector textures derived from higher order derivative domains for classification of colorectal polyps

Textures have become widely adopted as an essential tool for lesion detection and classification through analysis of the lesion heterogeneities.In this study,higher order derivative images are being employed to combat the challenge of the poor contrast across similar tissue types among certain imaging modalities.To make good use of the derivative information,a novel concept of vector texture is firstly introduced to construct and extract several types of polyp descriptors.Two widely used differential operators,i.e.,the gradient operator and Hessian operator,are utilized to generate the first and second order derivative images.These derivative volumetric images are used to produce two angle-based and two vectorbased(including both angle and magnitude)textures.Next,a vector-based co-occurrence matrix is proposed to extract texture features which are fed to a random forest classifier to perform polyp classifications.To evaluate the performance of our method,experiments are implemented over a private colorectal polyp dataset obtained from computed tomographic colonography.We compare our method with four existing state-of-the-art methods and find that our method can outperform those competing methods over 4%-13%evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves.

由欧洲五维健康量表衡量的健康相关生活质量的决定:来自中国北京的数据

本文通过检验由欧洲五维健康量表(EQ5D)衡量的中国健康相关的生活质量(HealthRelatedQualityofLife,HRQoL)与深受改革进程影响的社会、经济和医疗系统指标之间的关系,考察了当前的经济转型对中国人健康状况的潜在效应。本文的数据取自2000年北京家庭健康调查,包括了2994名年龄12岁或以上的中国受访者。我们利用结合OLS模型和2SLS模型的健康生产函数分析估计了健康相关的生活质量指标和社会、经济及医疗系统指标之间的关系。本研究有如下三个主要发现。首先,就业状况和财产状况是中国人口健康相关的生活质量的主要潜在决定因素。其次,对于中年组(35岁至65岁)、男性和患有慢性疾病者而言,失业对健康相关的生活质量的潜在影响甚至还要更大。第三,尽管医疗保险覆盖状况是医疗服务利用的主要的潜在决定因素,但后者与总体人口健康相关的生活质量的联系却相当有限。

无溶剂条件下磷酸锆纳米粒子作为固体酸催化剂催化苯酚选择性烷基化(英文)

A facile synthesis of α-zirconium phosphate(ZP) nanoparticles as an effective, eco-friendly, and recyclable solid acid catalyst is reported. Polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were used as organic matrix as dispersing agents and served as a template for the nanoparticles. Hydrogen bonds between ZP and PVA or PVP, along the polymer chains, appear to play an important role for improving the dispersion of in situ formed ZP. Following calcination of PVA/ZP or PVP/ZP, pure hexagonal ZP nanoparticles were obtained. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen sorption, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Pyridine-FTIR and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 suggest the presence of Brnsted acid sites. The acidic properties of the catalyst were studied in Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phenol by tert-butanol, producing 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol. The alkylation reaction was performed in the presence of catalysts P2O5/Al2O3, P2O5/SiO2, α-ZrP(prepared in the absence of the polymers), and various ionic liquids. The use of the hexagonal ZP nanoparticle catalyst afforded an excellent phenol conversion(86%) and selectivity towards 4-tert-butylphenol(83%) under optimized reaction conditions. The catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture, regenerated, and reused at least four times without significant loss in the catalytic activity.

幽门螺杆菌感染处理的当前观念——MaastrichtⅢ共识报告

名词缩写欧洲幽门螺杆菌研究小组：European Helicobacter Study Group，EHSG胃食管反流病：gastro-esophageal reflux disease。

无溶剂条件下铜磷酸锆催化醇类和酚类化合物乙酰化(英文)

Copper zirconium phosphate nanoparticles have been used as an efficient catalyst for the acetyla-tion of a wide range of alcohols and phenols with acetic anhydride in good to excellent yields under solvent-free conditions. The steric and electronic properties of the different substrates had a signif-icant influence on the reaction conditions required to achieve the acetylation. The catalyst used in the current study was characterized by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These analyses revealed that the interlayer distance in the catalyst increased from 7.5 to 8.0 when Cu2+ was intercalated between the layers, whereas the crystallinity of the material was reduced. This nanocatalyst could also be recovered and reused at least six times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. This new method for the acetylation of alcohols and phenols has several key advantages, including mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, as well as good to excellent yields and a facile work-up.

磷酸铜锆催化剂上醇选择性氧化（英文）

The catalytic activity of copper zirconium phosphate(ZPCu) in the selective oxidation of alcohols to their corresponding ketones or aldehydes, using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent, was studied. The oxida‐tion reaction was performed without any organic solvent, phase‐transfer catalyst, or additive. Steric factors associated with the substrates influenced the reaction. The catalyst was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the interlayer distance increased from 0.74 to 0.80 nm and the crystallinity was reduced after Cu2+ intercalation into the layers. This catalyst can be recovered and reused three times without significant loss of activity and selectivity.

人重组Sigma-1受体的高表达及大量纯化

目的研究人Sigma-1受体高表达及大量纯化的方法。方法Sigma-1受体与麦芽糖结合蛋白(MBP)融合在大肠杆菌中表达,TritonX-100抽提,蛋白酶酶切,直链淀粉、Ni2+离子亲合层析纯化,通过SDS-PAGE电泳、125I-碘化可卡因光亲合标记、[H3]-(+)-镇痛新结合活性检测。结果表达纯化的Sigma-1受体相对分子质量约为26kDa的多肽,从表达到最后纯化倍数约为700,能够结合Sigma-1受体特异的光和标志物125I-碘化可卡因,也能结合配体[H3]-(+)-镇痛新。结论实现了均一、有活性的Sigma-1受体大量表达和纯化。

磷酸锆铁催化无溶剂条件下醇和苯酚乙酰化(英文)

Iron zirconium phosphate(ZPFe) nanoparticles were found to function as an efficient catalyst for the acetylation of a wide range of alcohols and phenols using acetic anhydride, generating good to excellent yields under solvent-free conditions. The steric and electronic properties of various sub-strates had a significant influence on the reaction conditions required to achieve the acetylation. The catalyst used in the current study was characterized by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These analyses revealed that the interlayer distance in the catalyst increased from 7.5 to 9.3 when Fe3+ was intercalated between the layers, whereas the crystallinity of the material was reduced. This nanocatalyst could also be recovered and reused at least six times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. This new method for the acetylation of alcohols and phenols has several important advantages, including mild and environ-mentally friendly reaction conditions, as well as good to excellent yields and a facile work-up.

磷酸锆镍上的醇选择性氧化（英文）

Nickel zirconium phosphate nanoparticles were found to function as efficient catalysts for the selective oxidation of a wide range of alcohols to their corresponding ketones and aldehydes using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and without any organic solvents, phase transfer catalysts, or additives. The steric and electronic properties of various substrates had significant influence on the reaction conditions required to achieve acetylation. The results showed that this method can be applied for the chemoselective oxidation of benzyl alcohols in the presence of aliphatic alcohols. The catalyst used in the current study was characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, NH3-TPD, Py-FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM and TEM. These analyses revealed that the interlayer distance in the catalyst increased from 0.75 to 0.98 nm when Ni2+ was intercalated between the layers, whereas the crystallinity of the material was reduced. The nanocatalyst could also be recovered and reused at least seven times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. This new method for the oxidation of alcohols has several key advantages, including mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, short reaction time, excellent yields and a facile work-up.

拉坦前列腺素与非拉坦前列腺素治疗患者虹膜切除标本的组织病理学特征研究

目的：观察青光眼手术患者虹膜切除标本的组织病理学特征。比较拉坦前列腺素治疗组与非拉坦前列腺素治疗组（对照组）组织学差异。方法：虹膜切除标本及患者病史资料呈送拉坦前列腺素病理学中心。标本由3位眼科病理学家以盲法分别观察。评估内容包括：癌变。癌前改变及其他病变：色素沉着水平差异，细胞构成差异。炎症，血管异常情况及虹膜色素上皮改变。结果：所收集标本中，449例曾接受拉坦前列腺素治疗，142例无拉坦前列腺素或其衍生物治疗史。所有标本均未发现癌或癌前病变。拉坦前列腺素治疗组，虹膜痣发生率显著高于对照组（P=0．001）。基质成纤维细胞和黑色素细胞数为对照组2倍（P〈0．001）。采用免疫组化染色技术分析2002年6月收集的各亚组标本，结果显示：拉坦前列腺素治疗组与非拉坦前列腺素治疗组黑色素细胞均数无显著差异（P=0．35）。结论：本研究结果支持已有观点，即：拉坦前列腺素诱发的眼部颜色的改变是由于虹膜基质黑色素细胞内黑色素数量增多而引起，虹膜痣数量增加可能是此效应的局部表现。

EARLY MANIFEST GLAUCOMA TREAT-MENT STUDY

Objective: To provide the results of the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial, which compared the effect of immediately lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP), vs no treatment or later treatment, on the progression of newly detected open-angle glaucoma Design: Randomized clinical trial. Participants: Two hundred fifty-five patients aged 50 to 80 years (median, 68 years) with early glau-

BUT WHY NOT JUST DRUG RX FOR SC?

SC itself is unlikely to be a major component ot either normal or pathological resistance to flow. Therefore, a manipulation -pharmacological or surgical - that targets only SC will not by itself provide much benefit. The ECM and the cells of the JCT function as an integrated, biologically active unit, with SC serv-

体质虚弱与老年性黄斑病变的关系:BeaverDam眼病研究

PURPOSE: To investigate the associations of measures of frailty to prevalent age-related maculopathy (ARM). DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. METHODS: Time to walk a measured course (gait-time), handgrip strength, peak expiratory flow rate, ability to stand from a sitting position without using arms, self-reported co-morbidities, and ARM were assessed at the third examination of the Beaver Dam Eye Study (n=2,962). ARM was determined by grading stereoscopic color fundus photographs. RESULTS: While controlling for age, smoking, and the number of co-morbid conditions, weaker handgrip strength was associated with early ARM (odds ratio [OR]10 kg decrease 1.28, confidence interval [CI]1.08, 1.52, P = .004) and late ARM(OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02, 2.36) in men but not women. Othermeasures of frailty were not related to ARM. CONCLUSIONS: A weak cross-sectional association of handgrip strength with ARM (in men) was found after controlling for co-morbid conditions. These data suggest that ARM is due to a specific disease process, albeit age-related, rather than to biologic aging, as reflected by measures of frailty.

通过新生儿筛查早期诊断囊性纤维化可以改善预后的足够证据

Objective: To generate and examine evidence in support of diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF) early through newborn screening (NBS). Study design: Using a randomized controlled trial with unique unblinding/surveillance,we evaluated patients with CF receiving similar treatment after assignment to an early diagnosis (screened) group or to a control group. Outcomes studied at diagnosis and longitudinally included measures of nutritional status and lung disease. Results: Assessment of patients with CF without meconium ileus who had pancreatic insufficiency revealed marked differences in age and condition at diagnosis -screened patients had significantly better length-/height, weight, and head circumference. Follow-up evaluation for 16 years showed that height and weight differences persisted long term. Although screened patients had better chest x-ray scores at diagnosis, our trial suggests that the effects of confounders such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections led to deterioration of their scores after 10 years, but there were no significant differences between the 2 CF/pancreatic insufficiency subgroups. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of CF and aggressive nutritional management can prevent malnutrition and growth failure. Although CF NBS provides a potential opportunity for better pulmonary outcomes, it appears that other factors can predominate over time in pulmonary prognosis. Overall, the Wisconsin trial is positive and provides enough evidence for routine CF NBS.

囊性纤维化诊断和治疗的成本评估

Objectives: To extend previous evaluations of costs of cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis and examine key issues in assessing the CF cost of care. Study design: Costs for CF newborn screening (NBS) including CF multi-mutation testing are analyzed by using data from the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. Electronic data from 2 Wisconsin CF centers are used to illustrate the complexity of analyzing CF health care utilization and costs. Results: The current cost-per-newborn of a CF multi-mutation test is 50% higher than testing for a single mutation. Data collection for the cost-of-care study requires a combination of electronic and manual data collection; modeling of cost data requires consideration of any censoring. Hospitalizations are shown to have a large impact on costs and show high variability at the individual level. Sixty-nine percent of children with meconium ileus had some hospitalization versus 56% of children without meconium ileus. Conclusion: A cost-benefit analysis of CF multi-mutation testing is warranted. The study of health care cost data is complex and utilization varies between children. Individual-level modeling of CF costs must include factors contributing to the severity of the disease and allow for consideration of individual-level utilization, such as the number of hospitalizations.

三维CT结肠成像对结肠腔内表面显像的覆盖范围和发现息肉的作用

Background &Aims: Effective colonoscopic screening for polyps, whether by optical or virtual means, requires adequate visualization of the entire colonic surface. The purpose of this study was to assess prospectively the degree of surface coverage at 3-dimensional (3D) endoluminal computed tomography colonography (CTC) after retrograde fly-through, combined retrograde-antegrade fly-through, and review of remaining missed regions. Methods: The study group consisted of 223 asymptomatic adults (mean age, 57.8 ±7.2 y; 111 men, 112 women) undergoing primary CTC screening. CTC studies were interpreted by experienced readers using a primary 3D approach. The CTC software system that was used continually tracks the percentage of endoluminal surface visualized. The degree of coverage was assessed prospectively after retrograde and combined retrograde-antegrade navigation. The added effect of reviewing missed regions was also assessed pro- spectively. Results: The mean surface coverage after only retrograde 3D endoluminal fly-through from rectum to cecum was 76.6%±4.8%(range, 63%-92%); coverage was 80%or less in 181 (81.2%) patients. Antegrade navigation back to the rectum increased the overall coverage to 94.1%±2.3%(range, 84%-99%; P < .0001). A review of missed regions 300 mm2 or larger increased coverage to 97.9%±1.1%(range, 93%-99%; P < .0001) and added 21.4 ±11.4 seconds to the interpretation time (range, 3-67 s). Conclusions: Combined bidirectional retrograde and antegrade 3D navigation, supplemented by rapid review of missed regions, effectively covers the entire evaluable surface at CTC. Unidirectional retrograde 3D fly-through typically excludes 20%or more of the endoluminal surface, which may provide insight into potential limitations at optical colonoscopy.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL OPTICALLY ACTIVE POLY(AMIDE-IMIDE)S AND POLY(ESTER-IMIDE)S CONTAINING CALIX[4]ARENE AND AMINO ACID UNITS WITH BINDING ABILITY TOWARDS ALKALI METAL AND TOXIC HEAVY METAL CATIONS

A novel calix[4]arene derivative 2 with amino functional groups at the lower rim was first prepared via introduction of nitro functional groups and amination of the dinitro derivative of calix[4]arene. The optically active monomers were synthesized by dehydration of L-leucine （and L-isoleucine） and 3,3＇,4,4＇-benzophenonetetracarboxylic- 3,3＇,4,4＇-dianhydride （3） followed by reaction with thionyl chloride to form 5a and 5b. Two methods, polymerization under microwave irradiation and solution polymerization in CH2Cl2/TEA, were then employed to carry out the condensation polymerization of 2 with the optically active monomers 5a and 5b, respectively. The polymerization conditions affected the kind of resulting polymers, poly（amide-imide）s （PAIs） 6a and 6b and poly（ester-imide）s （PEIs） 6a＇ and 6b＇ were obtained selectively in good yields and moderate inherent viscosities. Sorption-extraction experiments were carried out using cram picrate extraction method and verified good binding ability of the resulting calixarene-based polymers towards silver, alkali metal and toxic heavy metal cations. Also thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the resulting PAIs and PEIs were thermally stable.

Highly efficient and magnetically separable nano-CuFe_2O_4 catalyzed S-arylation of thiourea by aryl/heteroaryl halides

The non-toxic and magnetically separable nano-CuFeOcatalyzed synthesis of symmetrical aryl sulfides by the reaction of thiourea with a wide variety of aryl halides,including aryl chlorides has been reported.Excellent yields of products have been obtained under ligand-free conditions and without the use of any expensive catalyst,such as palladium.

CANCER PAIN AND REGULATION OF OPIOIDS:BALANCING DRUG CONTROL AND AVAILABILITY

Introduction Cancer is a major world problem. According to the World Health Organizatlon, people with cancer number approximately 14 million. About 7 million new cases are diagnosed each year, half in developing countries. These are conservative estimates, based largely on reported cases. In developing countries which account for a large part of the world's population,

Corrigendum to“Induction of resistance vessel dilation by ginger root juice,possibly through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in endothelial cells”[Family Medicine and Community Health(2013)1(3),12-18]

There was an error in the full spelling of the first author’s name,which is reprinted herein as Cynthia E.Bird.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience this error may have caused.