By using tapping mode atomic force microscopy(TMAFM), a polymer layer was found on the enamel surface after the exposure to xanthan gum solutions. The layer thickness is closely related to the exposure time and the co...By using tapping mode atomic force microscopy(TMAFM), a polymer layer was found on the enamel surface after the exposure to xanthan gum solutions. The layer thickness is closely related to the exposure time and the concentration of xanthan gum solution. The thickness data were evaluated by a Kruskal-Wallis test and Box-Whisker Plot at a 95% confidence level(p<0.05), and a statistically significant difference among the thickness data groups was demonstrated. After the exposure to 1000, 400, 100 mg/L xanthan gum solutions, the mean of layer thickness at the adsorption equilibrium is in the ranges of 103.5_122.06, 82.4_88.94 and 45.27_55.55 nm, respectively. This phenomenon suggests that the viscosity modifying agents in the beverage might be adsorbed on the enamel surface during consumption, which may form a barrier that can protect the enamel from being attacked by acid and therefore reduce dental erosion.展开更多
Both radiation-induced excess vacancies and solute-interstitials may enhance solute diffusion. The radiation-enhanced solute diffusion promotes the kinetic process of equilibrium segregation. This effect is especially...Both radiation-induced excess vacancies and solute-interstitials may enhance solute diffusion. The radiation-enhanced solute diffusion promotes the kinetic process of equilibrium segregation. This effect is especially considerable in the low temperature range. As a complement to modelling of radiation-induced non-equilibrium segregation, the radiation-created vacancy and solute-interstitial-accelerated equilibrium grain boundary solute segregation were theoretically treated. The models were applied to phosphorus segregation in α-Fe subjected to neutron irradiation.展开更多
Exquisitely preserved three-dimensional soft- bodied fossils and typical Orsten-type preservation have been found from the strata of Middle and Late Cambrian in western Hunan, China. A preliminary description is provi...Exquisitely preserved three-dimensional soft- bodied fossils and typical Orsten-type preservation have been found from the strata of Middle and Late Cambrian in western Hunan, China. A preliminary description is provided for Hesslandona sp. (Phosphatocopida, Crustacea, Arthro-poda) and Skara sp. (Skaracarida, Crustaceam, Arthropoda). The scientific significance of Orsten-type preservation and prospects for future work on these fossils from Hunan are outlined.展开更多
The wall shear stress （WSS） that a moving fluid exerts on a surface affects many processes including those relating to vascular function. WSS plays an important role in normal physiology （e.g. angiogenesis） and af...The wall shear stress （WSS） that a moving fluid exerts on a surface affects many processes including those relating to vascular function. WSS plays an important role in normal physiology （e.g. angiogenesis） and affects the microvasculature＇s primary function of molecular transport. Points of fluctuating WSS show abnormalities in a number of diseases; however, there is no established technique for measuring WSS directly in physiological systems. All current methods rely on estimates obtained from measured velocity gradients in bulk flow data. In this work, we report a nanosensor that can directly measure WSS in microfluidic chambers with sub-micron spatial resolution by using a specific type of virus, the bacteriophage M13, which has been fluorescently labeled and anchored to a surface. It is demonstrated that the nanosensor can be calibrated and adapted for biological tissue, revealing WSS in micro-domains of cells that cannot be calculated accurately from bulk flow measurements. This method lends itself to a platform applicable to many applications in biology and microfluidics.展开更多
The new role of grammar instruction now is based on the increasing understandings that grammar per se is a comprehensive conglomerate. The paper examines the inductive approach to EFL grammar instruction. It starts wi...The new role of grammar instruction now is based on the increasing understandings that grammar per se is a comprehensive conglomerate. The paper examines the inductive approach to EFL grammar instruction. It starts with some theoretical considerations on inductive approach to formal grammar instruction, followed by its methodological considerations such as how to deal with grammar generalizations and exceptions, learner variables, and grammar complexity, and proposes a sensitive and dynamic balance of explorations and explanations in EFL grammar instruction.展开更多
文摘By using tapping mode atomic force microscopy(TMAFM), a polymer layer was found on the enamel surface after the exposure to xanthan gum solutions. The layer thickness is closely related to the exposure time and the concentration of xanthan gum solution. The thickness data were evaluated by a Kruskal-Wallis test and Box-Whisker Plot at a 95% confidence level(p<0.05), and a statistically significant difference among the thickness data groups was demonstrated. After the exposure to 1000, 400, 100 mg/L xanthan gum solutions, the mean of layer thickness at the adsorption equilibrium is in the ranges of 103.5_122.06, 82.4_88.94 and 45.27_55.55 nm, respectively. This phenomenon suggests that the viscosity modifying agents in the beverage might be adsorbed on the enamel surface during consumption, which may form a barrier that can protect the enamel from being attacked by acid and therefore reduce dental erosion.
基金This work was partly supported by the N ational N atural Science Foundation of China(project title:Nonequilibrium Grain Boundary Segregation Kinetics and Brittle Intergran-ular Fracturegrant No.50331020).
文摘Both radiation-induced excess vacancies and solute-interstitials may enhance solute diffusion. The radiation-enhanced solute diffusion promotes the kinetic process of equilibrium segregation. This effect is especially considerable in the low temperature range. As a complement to modelling of radiation-induced non-equilibrium segregation, the radiation-created vacancy and solute-interstitial-accelerated equilibrium grain boundary solute segregation were theoretically treated. The models were applied to phosphorus segregation in α-Fe subjected to neutron irradiation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40372001 and 40072007 to DXP)Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.023106 to XPD)+2 种基金funded by the Research Fund for Doctoral Program of High Education(Grant No.2000000127 to XPD)the Funding of Peking University(to XPD),the Royal Society(to XPD and PCJD),the international cooperation program of NSFC(to PCJD and XPD)the Natural Environment Research Council(Grant Nos.NER/M/S/2002/00069 and NE/C511256/1 to PCJD).
文摘Exquisitely preserved three-dimensional soft- bodied fossils and typical Orsten-type preservation have been found from the strata of Middle and Late Cambrian in western Hunan, China. A preliminary description is provided for Hesslandona sp. (Phosphatocopida, Crustacea, Arthro-poda) and Skara sp. (Skaracarida, Crustaceam, Arthropoda). The scientific significance of Orsten-type preservation and prospects for future work on these fossils from Hunan are outlined.
文摘The wall shear stress （WSS） that a moving fluid exerts on a surface affects many processes including those relating to vascular function. WSS plays an important role in normal physiology （e.g. angiogenesis） and affects the microvasculature＇s primary function of molecular transport. Points of fluctuating WSS show abnormalities in a number of diseases; however, there is no established technique for measuring WSS directly in physiological systems. All current methods rely on estimates obtained from measured velocity gradients in bulk flow data. In this work, we report a nanosensor that can directly measure WSS in microfluidic chambers with sub-micron spatial resolution by using a specific type of virus, the bacteriophage M13, which has been fluorescently labeled and anchored to a surface. It is demonstrated that the nanosensor can be calibrated and adapted for biological tissue, revealing WSS in micro-domains of cells that cannot be calculated accurately from bulk flow measurements. This method lends itself to a platform applicable to many applications in biology and microfluidics.
文摘The new role of grammar instruction now is based on the increasing understandings that grammar per se is a comprehensive conglomerate. The paper examines the inductive approach to EFL grammar instruction. It starts with some theoretical considerations on inductive approach to formal grammar instruction, followed by its methodological considerations such as how to deal with grammar generalizations and exceptions, learner variables, and grammar complexity, and proposes a sensitive and dynamic balance of explorations and explanations in EFL grammar instruction.
