Geological Environmental Adaptability of Qingdao Rural Urbanization Based on Fuzzy Mathematical Method

Fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the geological environment suitability of rural urbanization in Qingdao City,China.A total of 5 first-level evaluation factors are selected,including environmental geological condition,geological resources,engineering geological condition,geological disaster and environmental geological problem,and human engineering activity.And there are 27 second-level evaluation factors,such as topography,land type and vegetation,nature reserve,water source protection area,groundwater quality division,and major engineering project.Qingdao City is divided into four districts of suitable area,relatively suitable area,moderately suitable area and relatively unsuitable area of ecological environment.And their characteristics are introduced.Suggestions for the developing direction of urban construction are put forward.Region of Laoshan District lying to the west of the Shilaoren is suitable to set up high-rise building;west Hongshiya may establish a waste landfill site;Jiaozhou Bay,the downstream of Dagu River,and Jihongtan Reservoir should be built as the key geological environment protection area and water source protection area.And the north Hongdao should be strictly monitored in order to control the expansion of urban construction to Jihongtan Reservoir.Mocheng District and the area north of it,Jiaozhou District and the area east of it are the ideal urban construction development areas in Qingdao City in the future.

Influence of Stand-Alone Vertical Gas Vents on Aeration and Denitrification of Organic Municipal Waste Assessed by Two-Dimensional (2D) Lysimeters

Landfilled organic waste, in the presence of oxygen, can undergo aerobic decomposition facilitated by heterotrophic microorganisms. Aerobic degradation of solid waste can quickly consume available oxygen thus curtailing further degradation. The aim of this study was the investigation of a low-cost method of replenishing oxygen consumed in landfilled waste. Three 2D lysimeters were established to investigate the effectiveness of stand-alone, vertical ventilation pipes inserted into waste masses. Two different configurations of ventilation were tested with the third lysimeter acting as an unventilated control. Lysimeters were left uninsulated and observed over the course of 6 months with regular collection of gas and leachate samples. Lysimeters were then simulated for Oxygen (O2) and Nitrous oxide (N2O) to analyze the denitrification contributions of each. The experiment revealed that a single ventilation pipe can increase the mean oxygen level of a 1.7 m × 1.0 m area by up to 13.5%. It also identified that while increasing the density of ventilation pipes led to increased O2 levels, this increase was not significant at the 0.05 probability level. A single vent averaged 13.67% O2 while inclusion of an additional vent in the same area only increased the average to 14.59%, a 6.7% increase. Simulation helped to verify that lower ventilation pipe placement density may be more efficient as in addition to the effect on oxygenation, denitrification efficiency may increase. Simulations of N2O production estimated between 8% - 20% more N2O being generated with lower venting density configurations.

Variation of biological and hydrological parameters and nitrogen removal optimization of modified Carrousel oxidation ditch process

To enhance the nitrogen removal,a systemic monitoring of the biological and hydrological parameters of Carrousel oxidation ditch in Chongqing Jingkou Wastewater Treatment Plant was carried out to study the feasibility of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND).The variation and distribution of parameters such as flow velocity,concentration of dissolved oxygen(DO) and mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS) in oxidation ditch were monitored and analyzed,which were major control factors for SND.The results showed that,the dimensional distribution of flow velocity,DO and MLSS were affected significantly by the operation condition of the aeration wheels.With all the four aeration wheels being in operation,DO and flow velocity were higher and the mixing of MLSS was sufficient.With three aeration wheels being in operation,the flow velocity in most of the bottom areas was enough to meet the basic requirements of no deposition,and the anaerobic region and aerobic region could exist simultaneously in one oxidation ditch,which was helpful to the process of SND.According to spatial distribution characteristics of the flow velocity,DO and soluble components under optimized condition,different functional zones of biochemical reaction in the Carrousel oxidation ditch system were defined,which might contribute to the optimization control and SND of Carrousel oxidation ditch.

Impact of summer office set air-conditioning temperature on energy consumption and thermal comfort

To explore the relationship between summer office set air-conditioning temperature and energy consumption related to air conditioning use to provide human thermal comfort,a comparison experiment was conducted in three similar offices at temperatures of 24,26 and 28 ℃ respectively. A thermal comfort questionnaire survey was conducted. It is demonstrated that air-conditioner energy consumption at the set temperature of 28 ℃ is 113% and 271% lower than at 26 ℃ and 24 ℃,respectively. A linear relationship exists between air-conditioner energy consumption and the indoor and outdoor temperature difference. When comfortably dressed,over 80% of research participants accept the set temperature of 28 ℃. The regression analysis leads to a neutral temperature of 26.2 ℃ and an acceptable temperature of 28.2 ℃ for over 80% of the research participants subjects,indicating that the current 26 ℃ set temperature for offices in summer,required by Chinese General Office of the State Council,can be increased to 28 ℃. Moreover,analysis of predicted mean vote(PMV) index shows that a set temperature of 27 ℃,not 26 ℃,is sufficiently comfortable for office staff wearing long-sleeve shirts,long pants and leather shoes.

Analysis and forecast of residential building energy consumption in Chongqing on carbon emissions

Carbon emissions mainly result from energy consumption. Carbon emissions inevitably will increase to some extent with economic expansion and rising energy consumption. We introduce a gray theory of quantitative analysis of the energy consumption of residential buildings in Chongqing,China,on the impact of carbon emission factors. Three impacts are analyzed,namely per capita residential housing area,domestic water consumption and the rate of air conditioner ownership per 100 urban households. The gray prediction model established using the Chongqing carbon emission-residential building energy consumption forecast model is sufficiently accurate to achieve a measure of feasibility and applicability.

Role of urban remnant evergreen broad-leaved forests on natural restoration of artificial forests in Chongqing metropolis

The effects of urban remnant natural evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF) on the restoration of artificial pine forests surrounding it were studied with reference to species composition,biodiversity,dominant species and stand structure on Mt. Tieshanping in Chongqing metropolis,Southwest China. The seeds from the remnant EBLF naturally facilitate the restoration process of artificial Pinus massoniana forests near it. The similarity of species composition between the artificial Pinus massoniana forests and the remnant EBLF and biodiversity index of the artificial Pinus massoniana forests decrease as the distance from the remnant EBLF increases. Castanopsis carlesii var. spinusa is the dominant species in the ground vegetation,shrub layer and sub-tree layer of the Pinus massoniana forests near the remnant EBLF. However,the natural restoration processes of those farther away from the remnant EBLF are restricted for the absence of seed source of the inherent components of the remnant EBLF,and the anthropogenic measures should be taken to facilitate the restoration process.

Impact of cold indoor thermal environmental conditions on human thermal response

To explore the thermal responses under the non-thermal equilibrium cold environmental conditions,a laboratory study was conducted in climate chamber.The local skin temperatures and thermal sensation of 20 subjects were recorded at 10 min intervals for 90 min under air temperatures of 7.4,9.1,11 and 15 °C.The results show that both local skin temperatures and mean skin temperature decrease not only with the drop of ambient air temperature but also with the exposure time.Local thermal sensation and overall the thermal sensation have the similar temperature-varying and time-varying characteristics.Predicted mean vote(PMV) model cannot correctly predict the thermal sensation under non-thermal equilibrium cold environment.The correlation between local thermal sensation and local skin temperatures shows that thermal sensation is closely related to skin temperature.Skin temperature is an effective indicator of thermal sensation.A linear relationship model between overall thermal sensation and mean skin temperature,considering both ambient temperature and exposure time,was established in the non-thermal equilibrium cold environment,which makes the evaluation of thermal sensation more objective.

Retrieval of Outgoing Longwave Radiation from COMS Narrowband Infrared Imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.

Dynamic response law about gravity retaining wall to seismic characteristics and earth fill properties

In order to find the dynamic response laws of retaining walls affected by certain earthquake loads,the influence of the seismic wave characteristics and sub-grade fill parameters(including the foundation surface slope) were focused on,and a series of tests were performed.The results show that the maximum stress of the retaining wall decreases as internal friction angle,foundation slope,filled soil cohesion and the biggest dynamic elastic modulus increase,while it increases with the seismic frequency and seismic input peak dropping.The addition value of dynamics earth pressure increases when seismic frequency and seismic input peak are reduced,while it decreases when the filled soil cohesion and internal friction angle rise.Meanwhile,dynamic elastic modulus and foundation slope have no obvious influences on addition value of dynamics earth pressure.The slope will be instable if the seismic input peak exceeds 0.5g and be disruptive if seismic frequency is larger than 2.5 Hz.The mid-lower parts of retaining walls are in most heavy and obvious response to these factors,which reveals the mechanism of "belly burst" in retaining wall that appears commonly in practical projects.

Performance of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in lateral flow biological aerated filter

A new wastewater treatment facility—lateral flow biological aerated filter (LBAF) was developed aiming at solving energy consumption and operational problems in wastewater treatment facilities in small towns. It has the function of nitrification and removing organic substrate. In this study, we focused on the denitrification performance of LBAF and its possible mechanism under thorough aeration. We identified the existence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) by analyzing nitrogenous compounds along the flow path of LBAF and supportive microbial microscopy, and studied the effects of air/water ratio and hydraulic loading on the performance of nitrogen removal and on SND in LBAF to find out the optimal operation condition. It is found that for saving operation cost, aeration can be reduced to some degree that allows desirable removal efficiency of pollutants, and the optimal air/water ratio is 10:1. Hydraulic loading less than 0.43 m h?1 hardly affects the nitrification and denitrification performance; whereas higher hydraulic loading is unfavorable to both nitrification and denitrification, far more unfavorable to denitrification than to nitrification.

THE INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES ON THE DISSOLUTION OF CA- AND SR-BEARING BARITE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

The reaction path in the (Ba, Sr, Ca)SO-4 solid-solution aqueous-solution (SSAS) system was experimentally studied using a batch-reactor method. The effect of the impurities "fluorite" and "iron sulfides" admixed in a natural barite sample on the reaction path was followed by analyzing the aqueous solution continuously. The dissolution and precipitation of the impurity "fluorite" affected strongly the reaction path in the SSAS system, especially the Ca/Sr/Ba ratio in the aqueous solution. This influence became stronger with decreasing CaSO-4 in the solid solution. The dissolution and precipitation of fluorite could hinder the CaSO-4 component from dissolving into water, and reduce the release rate of SO{2-}-4 from the solid solution to the aqueous solution and the removing rate of Ba{2} from the aqueous solution. In the presence of fluorite and sulfides, the aqueous Ba{2} and Sr{2} concentrations were controlled by the dissolution-precipitation of the end-members BaSO-4 and SrSO-4, respectively; the aqueous F-, Ca{2} and SO{2-}-4 concentrations were controlled by the dissolution-precipitation of fluorite. The incongruent dissolution of the (Ba, Sr, Ca)SO-4 solid solution caused the solid phase to become progressively more enriched in the more insoluble component (BaSO-4), while the aqueous composition shifted towards the more soluble end-members (SrSO-4 and CaSO-4) as equilibrium was approached to.

Cloud Radiative Effects and Changes Simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Models

Using 32 CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models, this study examines the veracity in the simulation of cloud amount and their radiative effects(CREs) in the historical run driven by observed external radiative forcing for 1850–2005, and their future changes in the RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 4.5 scenario runs for2006–2100. Validation metrics for the historical run are designed to examine the accuracy in the representation of spatial patterns for climatological mean, and annual and interannual variations of clouds and CREs. The models show large spread in the simulation of cloud amounts, specifically in the low cloud amount. The observed relationship between cloud amount and the controlling large-scale environment are also reproduced diversely by various models. Based on the validation metrics,four models—ACCESS1.0, ACCESS1.3, Had GEM2-CC, and Had GEM2-ES—are selected as best models, and the average of the four models performs more skillfully than the multimodel ensemble average.All models project global-mean SST warming at the increase of the greenhouse gases, but the magnitude varies across the simulations between 1 and 2 K, which is largely attributable to the difference in the change of cloud amount and distribution. The models that simulate more SST warming show a greater increase in the net CRE due to reduced low cloud and increased incoming shortwave radiation, particularly over the regions of marine boundary layer in the subtropics. Selected best-performing models project a significant reduction in global-mean cloud amount of about-0.99% K^(-1)and net radiative warming of 0.46 W m^(-2)K^(-1), suggesting a role of positive feedback to global warming.

Health risk assessment for typical and abandoned chromium-contaminated sites

Chromium pollution were investigated by sampling the abandoned chromium contaminated sites in Chongqing. Its health risk was assessed following the procedures made by USEPA. The results showed that the most seriously polluted land was found at the former production area(G4) with average Cr(VI) concentration of 3369.2 mg·kg-1 on the surface soil. The assessment indicated that there was high risk of non-carcinogens for children. The assessed risk of the first layer of office area(G1) for children, chromium slag transition(G2), drainage pipeline chromium slag transition(G3) and production area(G4) for both children and adults were not acceptable(>1.00×10-6). It was strongly suggested that the accessible measures of remediation should be taken for a portion of contaminated sites before the reuse of abandoned lands.

Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated indoor environment in hot and humid climate zone in P. R. China

To identify human thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings,the research based on both subjective and objective data was carried out in Chongqing,P. R. China. The characteristics of subjects' clothing regulation function,changes of actual mean thermal comfort vote (AMV) varying with time and acceptable operative temperature in natural conditions were analyzed. In addition,the indicator actual mean vote-actual percentage dissatisfied (AMV-APD) was used to study the actual dissatisfaction with thermal environment. The results indicate that regulative ability by changing clothing under natural ventilated conditions is very significant but limited simultaneously,about 1.7 ℃ per 0.1 clo. Under naturally ventilated conditions,people may have an acceptable operative temperature of 16-28 ℃. Based on the AMV-APD,the actual minimum percentage dissatisfied can reach 4% at AMV of -0.36.

Suppression of gold nanoparticle agglomeration and its separation via nylon membranes

Use of ultraporous nylon membrane is one of the most widely employed techniques for removal of hard and soft nanoparticles in the semiconductor industry, and the accurate determination of membrane pore size is necessary in order to avoid manufacturing defects caused by contamination. The gold nanoparticle has several benefits for the evaluation of polymeric membranes; however, the nanoparticles agglomerate easily on the nylon membrane and make it difficult to evaluate the membrane precisely. The properties of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol(ADP) ligand in gold nanoparticle solution were systematically investigated, and ADP was utilized for improved evaluation of the nylon membranes. Nylon membrane used in this study was prepared by phase inversion techniques. Ultrathin dense layer on top of the membrane surface and Darcy structures in the microporous membrane support were observed. The gold particle rejection was carried out at various p H values from 4 to14 and higher rejection was observed at p H 4 and 8. The suppression of gold colloid agglomeration using ADP and monodispersity of gold colloids was also analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). van der Waals interaction energy of the particles was reduced in the addition of ADP. The presence of ADP ligand in the gold solutions prevented the agglomeration of gold nanoparticles and reduced the adsorption of the particles on the nylon membrane surface,leading to precise evaluation of membrane pore sizes.

Embodied coefficient of energy carriers and its calculation method

To quantify the energy consumption in the process of production,transportation and processing of energy carriers,the life cycle of building energy used can be divided into two phases:on-site phase and embodied phase.As for the embodied phase,with the data in existing statistic yearbook,the consumption items of energy production and transportation were investigated.And based on the life cycle theory,an embodied coefficient of energy carriers was proposed to quantify the embodied energy consumption.Moreover,a calculation method for the embodied coefficient of energy carriers was deduced using Leontief inverse matrix based on the existing data sources.With relevant data of 2005-2007 in China,the embodied coefficients in 2005-2007 were obtained,in which the values for natural gas and thermal power are around 1.3 and 3.1,respectively;while they are 1.03-1.08 for other selected energy carriers.In addition,it is also found that the consumption in the production and processing accounts for more than 75%.

Environmental sustainability modeling with exergy methodology for building life cycle

As an important human activity,the building industry has created comfortable space for living and work,and at the same time brought considerable pollution and huge consumption of energy and recourses. From 1990s after the first building environmental assessment model-BREEAM was released in the UK,a number of assessment models were formulated as analytical and practical in methodology respectively. This paper aims to introduce a generic model of exergy assessment on environmental impact of building life cycle,taking into consideration of previous models and focusing on natural environment as well as building life cycle,and three environmental impacts will be analyzed,namely energy embodied exergy,resource chemical exergy and abatement exergy on energy consumption,resource consumption and pollutant discharge respectively. The model of exergy assessment on environmental impact of building life cycle thus formulated contains two sub-models,one from the aspect of building energy utilization,and the other from building materials use. Combining theories by ecologists such as Odum,building environmental sustainability modeling with exergy methodology is put forward with the index of exergy footprint of building environmental impacts.

Heat transfer performance of fresh-air handing device using earth energy

In order to reduce the fresh-air handing energy consumption,a fresh-air handing device using earth energy was presented. The major part is a double pipe soil-air heat exchanger. Its performance was tested in summer and winter. The results show that while the volume of the treated fresh-air is 125 m3/h,in summer,at the outlet of the device,the air temperature is 21.5-24.0 ℃,the air humidity ratio is about 17 g/kg,the greatest temperature drop is about 9 ℃ ,and the largest dehydration quantity is about 6 g/kg. In winter,at the outlet of the device,the air temperature is 15-17 ℃,the air humidity ratio is about 11 g/kg,the largest temperature rise is about 11 ℃,and the largest humidification quantity is about 6 g/kg. Therefore,the application of this new fresh-air handing device can take full advantage of the natural energy,thus effectively reduce the traditional energy consumption for fresh-air handing.

Indicator system of energy efficient technologies evaluation of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter regions of China

The related existing energy saving index system of buildings is deficient in direction, index coverage, depth, and technological and economic considerations. Aiming at the deficient existing research and with the advancement of energy saving of buildings in China from northern heating regions to southern hot summer and cold winter regions, selecting residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter regions as the research object, and through much evaluation index reference and repeated demonstrations and the borrowing of literature research home and abroad and relevant energy saving standards, filters and eliminates energy efficient technologies evaluation indexes according to the design principle of index system, the factors influencing the energy saving of residential buildings are evaluated, index system weight is established by adopting analytic hierarchy process, and finally the evaluation index system of energy saving technologies of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter area of China is established. Each target layer includes five standard layer indexes and sixteen index layer indexes. The standard layer of evaluation index, namely primary indexes, includes the technological, energy saving effect, economic, environmental, and social indexes. The secondary indexes are selected based on the principles of concision, comprehensiveness, representativeness and operability.