Gasification kinetic modelling of Victorian brown coal chars and validity for entrained flow gasification in CO_(2)

The gasification kinetic modelling of two Victorian brown coal(Yallourn and Maddingley)chars and the validity for entrained flow gasification were investigated in this study.The study was conducted in a thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA)at 750–1100℃,30%–90%CO_(2)concentration using different char particle sizes within 20–106 mm.It was found that random pore model and modified volumetric model are applicable for TGA results,but volumetric model and grain model are not.The effect of particle size under106 mm on gasification rate is very limited.Activation energies of Maddingley char and Yallourn char in CO_(2)gasification are 219–220 and 197–208 k J/mol,respectively.The pre-exponential factors are in the same order of magnitude,and they increased as particle size decreased.A mathematical model was developed to predict carbon conversion over time for entrained flow gasification of Victorian brown coal chars at 1000–1400℃.

The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Immune Compromised Patients in Augusta Victoria Hospital AVH-2021

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 which is officially known as COVID-19 belongs to family viruses. COVID-19 manifestations vary among affected people. These symptoms may become more serious among patients suffering from chronic disease and those who are on treatment which may af-fect their defense mechanism or immune-compromised patients who become more vulnerable to complications of COVID-19, and at high risk for morbidity and mortality with any bacterial or viral illness. Method: A retrospective, non-experimental research design was applied with a quantitative approach among patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to COVID-19 department at AVH with a total of 72 patients. Data were extracted from a patients’ elec-tronic medical record. Results: During COVID-19 outbreak 72 patients were admitted to COVID department at AVH, 54.2% were female and 33% of study participants were from Gaza governorate followed by Jerusalem 27%. Most participants 34.7% had first clinic visit after two days from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. 45.8% were discharged to home while 13.9% died. All inflammatory markers that include ferritin, C-RP, IL-6 and D-dimer are in-creasing in all patients that were admitted to hospital;IL-6 and D-dimer were significant inflammatory markers in relation to the mortality rate. The study found the risk of mortality with IL-6 mean (218.5), and D-dimer mean (12). Furthermore there was a relation between increased risk of mortality and im-mune comprised. Conclusion: Mortality rate increased among COVID-19 pa-tients when IL-6 was higher than 218.5 and D-dimer higher than 12, and there was a relationship between increased risk of mortality and immune comprised.

Adapting the botanical landscape of Melbourne Gardens(Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria)in response to climate change

Botanic gardens around the world maintain collections of living plants for science, conservation, education, beauty and more. These collections change over time-in scope and content-but the predicted impacts of climate change will require a more strategic approach to the succession of plant species and their landscapes. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria has recently published a 'Landscape Succession Strategy'for its Melbourne Gardens, a spectacular botanical landscape established in 1846. The strategy recognizes that with 1.6 million visitors each year, responsibility for a heritage-listed landscape and the need to care for a collection of 8500 plant species of conservation and scientific importance, planting and planning must take into account anticipated changes to rainfall and temperature. The trees we plant today must be suitable for the climate of the twenty-second century. Specifically, the Strategy sets out the steps needed over the next twenty years to transition the botanic garden to one resilient to the climate modelled for2090. The document includes a range of practical measures and achievable(and at times somewhat aspirational) targets. Climate analogues will be used to identify places in Australia and elsewhere with conditions today similar to those predicted for Melbourne in 2090, to help select new species for the collection. Modelling of the natural and cultivated distribution of species will be used to help select suitable growth forms to replace existing species of high value or interest. Improved understanding of temperature gradients within the botanic garden, water holding capacity of soils and plant water use behaviour is already resulting in better targeted planting and irrigation. The goal is to retain a similar diversity of species but transition the collection so that by 2036 at least 75% of the species are suitable for the climate in 2090. Over the next few years we hope to provide 100% of irrigation water from sustainable water sources, and infrastructure will be improved to adapt to predicted higher temperatures and more climatic extremes. At all times there will be a strong focus on assisting the broader community in their response to climate change.

Ambulance Victoria心脏骤停登记系统

大家好!今天很荣幸作为代表,介绍AmbulanceVictoria心脏骤停登记系统。这个登记系统旨在评估心脏骤停患者的生存率。我是卡伦。史密斯(Karen Smith),Ambulance Victoria心脏骤停登记系统的主席,研究和发展中心主任,也是澳大利亚蒙纳士大学教授。首先,我简要介绍一下Ambulance Victoria的背景。

Arsenic and major cation hydrogeochemistry of the Central Victorian （Australia） surface waters

This paper reports on the major cations（Ca, Mg, Na and K） and arsenic（As） compositions of surface waters collected from major creeks, rivers and lakes in Central Victoria （Australia）. The surface waters were found to be neutral to alkaline （pH 6.7-9.4）, oxidised （average redox potential （Eh） about 130 mV） and showed variable concentrations of dissolved ions （EC, about 51-4386 /μS/cm）. The concen- trations of dissolved major cations in surface waters were found to be in the order of Na〉〉Mg〉Ca〉K and in soils the contents of metals followed an order of abundance as： Ca〉Mg〉〉K〉Na. While Na was the least abundant in soils, it registered the highest dissolved cation in surface waters. Of the four major cations, the average concentration ofNa（98.7 mg/L） was attributed to the weathering of feldspars and atmospheric input. Relatively highly dissolved concentrations of Na and Mg compared with the world average values of rivers reflected the weathering of rock and soil minerals within the catchments. The As soil level is naturally high（linked to lithology） as reflected by high background soil values and mining operations are also considered to be a contributory factor. Under relatively alkaline-oxidative conditions low mobility of dissolved As （average about 7.9 μg/L） was observed in most of the surface waters with a few higher values（〉15 μg/L） around a sewage disposal site and mine railings. Arsenic in soils is slowly released into water under alkaline and/or lower Eh conditions. The efficient sink of Fe, AI and Mn oxides acts as a barrier against the As release under near neutral-oxidising conditions. High As content （average about 28.3 mg/kg） in soils was found to be associated with Fe-hydroxides as revealed by XRD and SEM analysis. The dissolved As concentration was found to be below the recommended maximum levels for recreational water in all surface waters（lakes and rivers） in the study area. Catchment lithology exerted the fundamental control on surface water chemistry. Sites impacted by mining waste dumps showed a decline in water quality.

Imaging volumes during COVID-19:A Victorian health service experience

BACKGROUND The World Health Organisation declared the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)a pandemic on March 11,2020.While globally,the relative caseload has been high,Australia’s has been relatively low.During the pandemic,radiology services have seen significant changes in workflow across modalities and a reduction in imaging volumes.AIM To investigate differences in modality imaging volumes during the COVID-19 pandemic across a large Victorian public health network.METHODS A retrospective analysis from January 2019 to December 2020 compared imaging volumes across two periods corresponding to the pandemic’s first and second waves.Weekly volumes across patient class,modality and mobile imaging were summed for periods:wave 1(weeks 11 to 16 for 2019;weeks 63 to 68 for 2020)and wave 2(weeks 28 to 43 for 2019;weeks 80 to 95 for 2020).Microsoft Power Business Intelligence linked to the radiology information system was used to mine all completed examinations.RESULTS Summed weekly data during the pandemic’s first wave showed the greatest decrease of 29.8%in adult outpatient imaging volumes and 46.3%in paediatric emergency department imaging volumes.Adult nuclear medicine demonstrated the greatest decrease of 37.1%for the same period.Paediatric nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 47.8%,with angiography increasing by 50%.The pandemic’s second wave demonstrated the greatest decrease of 23.5%in adult outpatient imaging volumes,with an increase of 18.2%in inpatient imaging volumes.The greatest decrease was 28.5%in paediatric emergency department imaging volumes.Nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 37.1%for the same period.Paediatric nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 36.7%.Mobile imaging utilisation increased between 57.8%and 135.1%during the first and second waves.A strong correlation was observed between mobile and nonmobile imaging in the emergency setting(Spearman’s correlation coefficient=-0.743,P=0.000).No correlation was observed in the inpatient setting(Spearman’s correlation coefficient=-0.059,P=0.554).CONCLUSION Nuclear medicine was most impacted,while computed tomography and angiography were the least affected by the pandemic.The impact was less during the pandemic’s second wave.Mobile imaging shows continuous growth during both waves.

海底管道边界条件类型及其对走管行为的影响

针对深海海底管道两端通常与井口、悬链线立管、器管收集器等相连,管道端部边界条件复杂的情况,为了探究不同的管道边界条件对走管行为的影响,将海底管道端部边界条件简化为3种类型,即类型Ⅰ两端水平力、类型Ⅱ一端水平力一端倾斜力和类型Ⅲ一端弹性边界一端水平力,建立不同边界条件下海底管道走管数值模型,对比分析不同类型边界条件下海底管道走管行为。结果表明:类型Ⅱ边界条件与类型Ⅰ相比,随着管道端部拉力倾角增加,管道轴向拉力减小,走管量也减小,管道拉力倾角从0°增至60°,最大轴向拉力减小6.73%,走管率减小50%,这意味着悬链线立管形态改变,使得作用于海底管道的拉力方向改变,相应的海底管道走管量也随之改变;类型Ⅲ与类型Ⅰ边界条件相比,类型Ⅰ边界条件下海底管道走管率为恒值,随着升降温循环次数的增加,海底管道走管量近似线性增长;类型Ⅲ边界条件下海底管道走管率受器管收集器弹性刚度影响,弹性刚度越大,第1次升降温循环走管率越大;随着升降温循环次数增加,管道走管率快速衰减,直至为0,类型Ⅲ边界条件下多次升降温循环最终走管量通常小于类型Ⅰ。3类边界条件下海底管道走管行为差异很大,可为实际工程中分析海底管道端部边界条件类型、选定合适的边界条件提供参考。

基于GIS技术的山地小城镇雨洪灾害风险评估

在快速城镇化和工业化背景下,城市的自然灾害风险日益暴露,尤其是雨洪灾害问题日益突出。针对巩义市近年来不断发生的洪涝灾害,基于自然灾害风险评估理论,构建以致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境孕险性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力为评价因子的雨洪灾害风险模型,共选取14个指标进行定量分析,运用SCS模型和GIS空间分析功能,最终得出巩义市雨洪灾害综合风险区划图。结果表明:巩义市米河镇、回郭镇、芝田镇、孝义街道等地区致灾因子危险性较大;北部、西部和东部包括河洛镇、孝义街道、回郭镇、芝田镇、米河镇等孕灾环境孕险性较高;西部和中部承灾体易损性较大,包括回郭镇、芝田镇、站街镇等;北部整体防灾减灾能力较强,包括站街镇、紫荆路街道等地区。综合来说,巩义市雨洪灾害总体风险等级较高,高风险区主要分布在中部偏北和西部,呈带状分布。

世界教育的走向

在过去的几十年间,全世界的教育投入大大增加,教育改革也如火如荼,但是教育基本没有进步,甚至还有可能是退步了。本文旨在分析出现这个矛盾现象的原因,并展望世界教育的走向。现有教育体系的生发时代及其特点造就了其具有分学段标准化操作、统一课程与评估以及过程化选拔等特征,而这些特征禁锢了学生的发展空间、制约了教育质量提升的空间、限制了教育公平的实现,使现有教育体系变无可变。在当下这个知识快速迭代的信息化时代、“机器越来越像人”的AI快速发展的时代、“人人都(可)是创业者”的时代,这个教育体系再也无法满足社会对人才的需求,它不仅束缚了学生创新意识和创新素养的发展,也限制了人类灵活应对当下和未来社会发展不确定性的能力。基于此,我们展望了未来教育所需要具备的三大特征:可个性化、发现问题和解决问题以及全球化校园。我们呼吁全球教育工作者跳出现有这个以学校为主体、以班级为教学基础、以选拔为目标的教育体系的框架,带着当代和未来社会对新型人才的期许,一起畅想和创造教育的未来。

新文科背景下应用型本科英语专业产教融合研究

新文科背景下,文科教学工作加强与其他学科的有效融合,旨在提升学生的综合素质,促进学生的全面发展以更好地契合社会发展的趋势。产教融合为高校培养新时代应用型英语人才提供了一个有效的模式,英语人才的培养应符合现代社会的实际需求。文章通过分析三亚学院英语专业人才培养与产教融合的现状,探讨了以新文科为导向的应用型英语专业实现产教融合的有效措施。

不同推进比下螺旋桩在砂土中安装力的离散元研究

螺旋桩作为一种颇具潜力的海上风电基础形式,其安装问题是螺旋桩能否成功应用在海上风电工程中的关键。基于离散元方法,采用PFC^(3D)模拟分析了螺旋桩在不同推进比下安装时的桩身受力情况以及对周围土体的影响。宏观上,研究了螺旋桩在不同推进比下安装时螺旋桩连杆侧壁、连杆端部、螺旋叶片上下表面的受力变化规律;微观上,分析了螺旋桩安装过程中桩周土体孔隙率、配位数及应力变化规律。研究表明:随着推进比的减小,螺旋桩安装时受到的竖向力与扭矩也随之降低,对桩周土体的扰动也更小;螺旋桩在推进比为1时安装与在推进比小于1时安装存在两种不同的安装机制。研究结果对进一步确定螺旋桩在不同推进比下的安装条件具有一定意义。

运动与训练科学的五大“论战”

科学的目的是揭示客观事物存在的现象及其规律。由于所持有的证据不一,研究人员对事物现象与规律的认识可能并不完全一样。国际学术期刊通过设立争鸣类的栏目,允许和鼓励对相关科学问题持有不同学术观点的研究人员“同台论战”。研究遴选了运动与训练科学领域的五大“论战”:负荷术语使用、训练强度分布模式、线粒体含量增加、无氧阈的金标准测试、高强度间歇训练的临床作用,分别综述了正反两方的论据,并予以评论。建议注重科学争鸣的证据导向,认清结论成立的限定条件,加强“运动中的人”的研究及其出版刊发力度,搭建有组织的的学术争鸣平台。

考虑颗粒破碎影响的钙质砂中海底管道贯入机制研究

通过离心机模型试验,结合离散元数值分析对钙质砂中海底管道竖向贯入机制进行了研究。研究结果显示,钙质砂中管道竖向贯入阻力与埋深基本呈线性关系,其值大致等于管-土接触宽度与静力触探试验(cone penetration test,简称CPT)中相同深度锥尖阻力的乘积。当管道埋深较小时,由于土体变形主要以颗粒重排挤密为主,管道竖向贯入阻力几乎不受颗粒强度影响;当管道埋深较大时,管道竖向贯入阻力随着颗粒强度的降低以及颗粒破碎的加剧而减小。钙质砂中管道竖向贯入机制主要表现为典型的冲剪破坏,土体变形主要集中在管道底部,且水滴状变形区域随着颗粒破碎的加剧逐渐收缩。颗粒破碎从管道底部向远离管道径向发展,大量贴近管道底部的颗粒发生连续破碎,少量远离管道的颗粒发生独立破碎。颗粒破碎导致管道底部土体中的集中应力释放,颗粒破碎越多,应力释放导致管道竖向贯入阻力减小的现象越明显。

Treat to target in Crohn’s disease:A practical guide for clinicians

A treat-to-target(T2T)approach applies the principles of early intervention and tight disease control to optimise long-term outcomes in Crohn's disease.The Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease(STRIDE)-II guidelines specify short,intermediate,and long-term treatment goals,documenting specific treatment targets to be achieved at each of these timepoints.Scheduled appraisal of Crohn’s disease activity against pre-defined treatment targets at these timepoints remains central to determining whether current therapy should be continued or modified.Consensus treatment targets in Crohn’s disease comprise combination clinical and patient-reported outcome remission,in conjunction with biomarker normalisation and endoscopic healing.Although the STRIDE-II guidelines endorse the pursuit of endoscopic healing,clinicians must consider that this may not always be appropriate,acceptable,or achievable in all patients.This underscores the need to engage patients at the outset in an effort to personalise care and individualise treatment targets.The use of non-invasive biomarkers such as faecal calprotectin in conjunction with cross-sectional imaging techniques,particularly intestinal ultrasound,holds great promise;as do emerging treatment targets such as transmural healing.Two randomised clinical trials,namely,CALM and STARDUST,have evaluated the efficacy of a T2T approach in achieving endoscopic endpoints in patients with Crohn’s disease.Findings from these studies reflect that patient subgroups and Crohn’s disease characteristics likely to benefit most from a T2T approach,remain to be clarified.Moreover,outside of clinical trials,data pertaining to the real-world effectiveness of a T2T approach remains scare,highlighting the need for pragmatic real-world studies.Despite the obvious promise of a T2T approach,a lack of guidance to support its integration into real-world clinical practice has the potential to limit its uptake.This highlights the need to describe strategies,processes,and models of care capable of supporting the integration and execution of a T2T approach in real-world clinical practice.Hence,this review seeks to examine the current and emerging literature to provide clinicians with practical guidance on how to incorporate the principles of T2T into routine clinical practice for the management of Crohn’s disease.

基于模糊逻辑的空调系统广义预测控制参数整定

针对多输入多输出(multiple-input-multiple-output,MIMO)变风量空调系统(variable air volume,VAV),本文提出了一种基于模糊逻辑和事件触发的广义预测控制(generalized predictive control,GPC)参数整定方法。针对多变量VAV空调系统,基于输出斜率等新型模糊目标参数及高斯双边形隶属度函数建立模糊预测模型,提高了隶属函数拟合度以更贴切地反映系统当前时刻状态。利用麻雀智能算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)构建隶属度函数,对GPC控制器中的柔化因子和加权系数进行在线分段整定,有效提升了系统性能。此外,在参数整定过程中,引入事件触发机制(event-triggered mechanism,ETM),在保证控制性能的同时,避免了不必要的控制器采样与更新,降低了系统在线计算量并减少了能源消耗。最后通过VAV空调系统仿真实验验证,证明了本文提出方法的可行性和有效性。

Approach to loss of response to advanced therapies in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND Remarkable progress over the last decade has equipped clinicians with many options in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.Clinicians now have the unique opportunity to provide individualized treatment that can achieve and sustain remission in many patients.However,issues of primary non-response(PNR)and secondary loss of response(SLOR)to non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor(TNFi)therapies remains a common problem.Specific issues include the choice of optimization of therapy,identifying when dose optimization will recapture response,establishing optimal dose for escalation and when to switch therapy.AIM To explores the issues of PNR and SLOR to non-TNFi therapies.METHODS This review explores the current evidence and literature to elucidate management options in cases of PNR/SLOR.It will also explore potential predictors for response following SLOR/PNR to therapies including the role of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM).RESULTS In the setting of PNR and loss of response to alpha-beta7-integrin inhibitors and interleukin(IL)-12 and IL-23 inhibitors dose optimization is a reasonable option to capture response.For Janus kinase inhibitors dose optimization can be utilized to recapture response with loss of response.CONCLUSION The role of TDM in the setting of advanced non-TNFi therapies to identify patients who require dose optimization and as a predictor for clinical remission is not yet established and this remains an area that should be addressed in the future.

Influence of laser parameters on the microstructures and surface properties in laser surface modification of biomedical magnesium alloys

Biodegradable implants from magnesium(Mg)alloys have emerged in the biomedical field especially in the orthopedic and cardiovascular stent applications owing to their low density,high specific strength,excellent machinability,good biocompatibility,and biodegradability.The primary shortcoming of Mg-based implants is their low corrosion resistance in the physiological environment,which results in premature mechanical integrity loss before adequate healing and the production of excessive hydrogen gas,which is harmful to the body tissues and negatively affects the biocompatibility of the implant.Laser surface modification has recently received attention because it can improve the surface properties such as surface chemistry,roughness,topography,corrosion resistance,wear resistance,hydrophilicity,and thus cell response to the surface of the material.The composition and microstructures including textures and phases of laser-treated surfaces depend largely on the laser processing parameters(input laser power,laser scan velocity,frequency,pulse duration,pressure,gas circulation,working time,spot size,beam focal position,and laser track overlap)and the thermophysical properties of the substrate(solubility,melting point,and boiling point).This review investigates the impacts of various laser surface modification techniques including laser surface melting,laser surface alloying,laser cladding,laser surface texturing,and laser shock peening,and highlights their significance in improving the surface properties of biodegradable Mg alloys for implant applications.Additionally,we explore how different laser process parameters affect its composition,microstructure,and surface properties in each laser surface modification technique.

Comparison of methods for deriving phenotypes from incomplete observation data with an application to age at puberty in dairy cattle

Background Many phenotypes in animal breeding are derived from incomplete measures,especially if they are challenging or expensive to measure precisely.Examples include time-dependent traits such as reproductive status,or lifespan.Incomplete measures for these traits result in phenotypes that are subject to left-,interval-and rightcensoring,where phenotypes are only known to fall below an upper bound,between a lower and upper bound,or above a lower bound respectively.Here we compare three methods for deriving phenotypes from incomplete data using age at first elevation(>1 ng/mL)in blood plasma progesterone(AGEP4),which generally coincides with onset of puberty,as an example trait.Methods We produced AGEP4 phenotypes from three blood samples collected at about 30-day intervals from approximately 5,000 Holstein–Friesian or Holstein–Friesian×Jersey cross-bred dairy heifers managed in 54 seasonal-calving,pasture-based herds in New Zealand.We used these actual data to simulate 7 different visit scenarios,increasing the extent of censoring by disregarding data from one or two of the three visits.Three methods for deriving phenotypes from these data were explored:1)ordinal categorical variables which were analysed using categorical threshold analysis;2)continuous variables,with a penalty of 31 d assigned to right-censored phenotypes;and 3)continuous variables,sampled from within a lower and upper bound using a data augmentation approach.Results Credibility intervals for heritability estimations overlapped across all methods and visit scenarios,but estimated heritabilities tended to be higher when left censoring was reduced.For sires with at least 5 daughters,the correlations between estimated breeding values(EBVs)from our three-visit scenario and each reduced data scenario varied by method,ranging from 0.65 to 0.95.The estimated breed effects also varied by method,but breed differences were smaller as phenotype censoring increased.Conclusion Our results indicate that using some methods,phenotypes derived from one observation per offspring for a time-dependent trait such as AGEP4 may provide comparable sire rankings to three observations per offspring.This has implications for the design of large-scale phenotyping initiatives where animal breeders aim to estimate variance parameters and estimated breeding values(EBVs)for phenotypes that are challenging to measure or prohibitively expensive.

Refining safety considerations for intradialytic blood flow restriction exercise. Commentary on “Concerns on the application of blood-flow restriction resistance exercise and thrombosis risk in hemodialysis patients”

I read with great interest the article“Concerns on the application of blood flow restriction resistance exercise and thrombosis risk in hemodialysis patients”by Correa et al.1 The study presents complementary data from a previous randomized controlled trial,2 exploring the application of intradialytic blood flow restriction exercise for hemodialysis patients.

Asynchronous Learning-Based Output Feedback Sliding Mode Control for Semi-Markov Jump Systems: A Descriptor Approach

This paper presents an asynchronous output-feed-back control strategy of semi-Markovian systems via sliding mode-based learning technique.Compared with most literature results that require exact prior knowledge of system state and mode information,an asynchronous output-feedback sliding sur-face is adopted in the case of incompletely available state and non-synchronization phenomenon.The holonomic dynamics of the sliding mode are characterized by a descriptor system in which the switching surface is regarded as the fast subsystem and the system dynamics are viewed as the slow subsystem.Based upon the co-occurrence of two subsystems,the sufficient stochastic admissibility criterion of the holonomic dynamics is derived by utilizing the characteristics of cumulative distribution functions.Furthermore,a recursive learning controller is formulated to guarantee the reachability of the sliding manifold and realize the chattering reduction of the asynchronous switching and sliding motion.Finally,the proposed theoretical method is substantia-ted through two numerical simulations with the practical contin-uous stirred tank reactor and F-404 aircraft engine model,respectively.