Electromagnetically induced transparency and electromagnetically induced absorption in Y-type system

The propagation of a probe field through a four-level Y-type atomic system is described in the presence of two additional coherent radiation fields,namely,the control field and the coupling field.An expression for the probe response is derived analytically from the optical Bloch equations under steady state condition to study the absorptive properties of the system under probe field propagation through an ensemble of stationary atoms as well as in a Doppler broadened atomic vapor medium.The most striking result is the conversion of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT)into electromagnetically induced absorption(EIA)as we start switching from weak probe regime to strong probe regime.The dependence of this conversion on residual Doppler averaging due to wavelength mismatch is also shown by choosing the coupling transition as a Rydberg transition.

Lithological and tectonic response on catchment characteristics of Rishi Khola, Sikkim, India

Rishi Khola,a sub-watershed of Teesta river,traverses along the Main Central Thrust(MCT)with a multitude of litho units and structural entities.This study examines the impact of tectonic and lithologic controls in configuring the catchment characteristics of Rishi Khola,Sikkim,India.Corrected SRTM 30m DEM and Landsat 8 satellite image have been used for extracting the river network,preparing the sub-catchments,the longitudinal profile and thereby calculating the morphotectonic indices.An aggregated tectonic index(ATI)has been prepared to map the intensity of tectonic perturbations in the fluvial environment using the entropy weightage method(EWM)and Weighted Linear Combination(WLC).The undulating nature of the longitudinal profile with prominent knick points confirms the presence of tectonic disturbances and lithological variations.From all the computed morphotectonic indices and the ATI,it has been evident that the region has experienced surface deformations.When viewed at the entire catchment,the morphotectonic indices suggest ample responses to the tectonic perturbations due to the dominance of lithology-controlled hill slope processes and fluvial erosion.The spatiality of the tectonic sensitiveness is rather concentrated into certain pockets of differential stress field formed due to fault thrusting of the Himalayas.The study chiefly focuses on the peculiarity of the watershed which displays a complex response of tectonic and rock structure;wherein the proposed methodology has been successful in excavating such complex responses around the Himalayan thrusts.

The ＂Metaphysical Physician＂ in Victorian Fiction： The Moonstone and A Romance of Two Worlds

The Victorian period experienced, among many other paradoxes, an ongoing tension between science and spirituality. Bearing the legacy of the ＂Enlightenment Rationalism＂ and the Cartesian division between ＂matter＂ and ＂mind＂ since the eighteenth century, the Victorian minds had to deal with a contemporary world rapidly unfolding new discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology, and medical sciences. However, these could not completely erase the spiritual belief from the human mind. Rather they sought to reshape their codes in terms of ＂alternative sciences＂ like occultism and metaphysical psychiatry （pre-Freudian）. This paper seeks to explore the characterisation of the ＂metaphysical＂ physician in two novels by Wilkie Collins and Marie Corelli, showing how these figures play a crucial role in negotiating the tensions between science and spiritualism.

Fractional Weierstrass Function by Application of Jumarie Fractional Trigonometric Functions and Its Analysis

The classical example of no-where differentiable but everywhere continuous function is Weierstrass function. In this paper we have defined fractional order Weierstrass function in terms of Jumarie fractional trigonometric functions. The H?lder exponent and Box dimension of this new function have been evaluated here. It has been established that the values of H?lder exponent and Box dimension of this fractional order Weierstrass function are the same as in the original Weierstrass function. This new development in generalizing the classical Weierstrass function by use of fractional trigonometric function analysis and fractional derivative of fractional Weierstrass function by Jumarie fractional derivative, establishes that roughness indices are invariant to this generalization.

mLBOA:A Modified Butterfly Optimization Algorithm with Lagrange Interpolation for Global Optimization

Though the Butterfly Bptimization Algorithm(BOA)has already proved its effectiveness as a robust optimization algorithm,it has certain disadvantages.So,a new variant of BOA,namely mLBOA,is proposed here to improve its performance.The proposed algorithm employs a self-adaptive parameter setting,Lagrange interpolation formula,and a new local search strategy embedded with Levy flight search to enhance its searching ability to make a better trade-off between exploration and exploitation.Also,the fragrance generation scheme of BOA is modified,which leads for exploring the domain effectively for better searching.To evaluate the performance,it has been applied to solve the IEEE CEC 2017 benchmark suite.The results have been compared to that of six state-of-the-art algorithms and five BOA variants.Moreover,various statistical tests,such as the Friedman rank test,Wilcoxon rank test,convergence analysis,and complexity analysis,have been conducted to justify the rank,significance,and complexity of the proposed mLBOA.Finally,the mLBOA has been applied to solve three real-world engineering design problems.From all the analyses,it has been found that the proposed mLBOA is a competitive algorithm compared to other popular state-of-the-art algorithms and BOA variants.

The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review

The phytoecdysteroids(PEs)comprise a large group of biologically-active plant steroids,which have structures similar to those of insect-molting hormones.PEs are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagus(plant-eating)insects.When insects consume the plants containing these chemicals,they promptly molt and undergo metabolic destruction;the insects eventually die.Chemically,ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids that are structurally similar to androgens.The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroids is termed as cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene with aβ-side chain at carbon-17.The essential characteristics of ecdysteroids are a cis-(5β-H)junction of rings A and B,a 7-en-6-one chromophore,and a trans(14α-OH)junction of rings C and D.Plants only synthesize PEs from mevalonic acid in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell using acetyl-CoA as a precursor;the most common PE is 20-hydroxyecdysone.So far,over 400 PEs have been identified and reported,and a compilation of 166 PEs originating from 1998 has been previously reviewed.In the present review,we have summarized 212 new PEs reported between 1999 and 2019.We have also critically analyzed the biological,pharmacological,and medicinal properties of PEs to understand the full impact of these phytoconstituents in health and disease.

Mechanism of oxide thickness and temperature dependent current conduction in n^+-polySi/SiO_2/p-Si structures—a new analysis

The conduction mechanism of gate leakage current through thermally grown silicon dioxide（Si02）films on（100） p-type silicon has been investigated in detail under negative bias on the degenerately doped n-type polysilicon（n^＋-polySi） gate.The analysis utilizes the measured gate current density JG at high oxide fields Eox in5.4 to 12 nm thick Si02 films between 25 and 300 ℃.The leakage current measured up to 300 ℃ was due to Fowler-Nordheim（FN） tunneling of electrons from the accumulated n^＋-polySi gate in conjunction with Poole Frenkel（PF） emission of trapped-electrons from the electron traps located at energy levels ranging from 0.6 to 1.12 eV（depending on the oxide thickness） below the Si02 conduction band（CB）.It was observed that PF emission current IPF dominates FN electron tunneling current IFN at oxide electric fields EOX between 6 and 10 MV/cm and throughout the temperature range studied here.Understanding of the mechanism of leakage current conduction through Si02 films plays a crucial role in simulation of time-dependent dielectric breakdown（TDDB） of metaloxide-semiconductor（MOS） devices and to precisely predict the normal operating field or applied gate voltage for lifetime projection of the MOS integrated circuits.

New iridoid glucoside from Wendlandia tinctoria roots

A new iridoid glucoside,10-O-veratroyleranthemoside（1） was isolated from the roots of Wendlandia tinctoria.The structure was established by spectroscopic（including 2D NMR） and chemical methods.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Differential Evolution Variants on Engineering Design Problems

Because of their superior problem-solving ability,nature-inspired optimization algorithms are being regularly used in solving complex real-world optimization problems.Engineering academics have recently focused on meta-heuristic algorithms to solve various optimization challenges.Among the state-of-the-art algorithms,Differential Evolution(DE)is one of the most successful algorithms and is frequently used to solve various industrial problems.Over the previous 2 decades,DE has been heavily modified to improve its capabilities.Several DE variations secured positions in IEEE CEC competitions,establishing their efficacy.However,to our knowledge,there has never been a comparison of performance across various CEC-winning DE versions,which could aid in determining which is the most successful.In this study,the performance of DE and its eight other IEEE CEC competition-winning variants are compared.First,the algorithms have evaluated IEEE CEC 2019 and 2020 bound-constrained functions,and the performances have been compared.One unconstrained problem from IEEE CEC 2011 problem suite and five other constrained mechanical engineering design problems,out of which four issues have been taken from IEEE CEC 2020 non-convex constrained optimization suite,have been solved to compare the performances.Statistical analyses like Friedman's test and Wilcoxon's test are executed to verify the algorithm’s ability statistically.Performance analysis exposes that none of the DE variants can solve all the problems efficiently.Performance of SHADE and ELSHADE-SPACMA are considerable among the methods used for comparison to solve such mechanical design problems.