ANALYSES OF RECENT GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF GARGATHY INLET, EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA, U. S. A.

Uargathy Inlet is a small natural tidal inlet in the northern region ol the Virginia Darner island chain. It is 100 m wide with a throat cross-sectional area of 384m2 and an average tidal prism of 6.47 x 106 m3. The inside drainage system is 7.8 km long and 2.2km wide. The main channels comprise 5.8% of the area, shallow lagoons 19.8%, and Spartina marshes 74.4% in 1970. Over the period 1851 - 1989 the inlet narrowed and migrated northward while maintaining a weakening downdrift offset. The nearby barrier island coastline’s rapid retreat (average rate 4.78m /a, 138 years retreat 660 m) was accompanied by back barrier channel and lagoon filling and a decrease in intertidal water volume which was probably the main reason for the entrance narrowing. The northward migration of the inlet was related to the dredging of the Inside Passage (before 1949) and the breaching of southern Metompkin Island (since 1957) connected with the inlet system. This altered the interior tidal circulation and likely shifted

Different roles of Ekman pumping in the west and east segments of the South China Sea Warm Current

A three-dimensional model is used to investigate the mechanism of the South China Sea （SCS） winter counter-current （also known as the SCS Warm Current, or the SCSWC）, which flows against the wind. The model can reproduce the structure of the band-like currents over the northern shelf of the SCS, including the westward coastal current and slop current, and the SCSWC sandwiched in between. Sensitivity experiments are designed to understand the different roles of Ekman pumping of the SCSWC at different longitude. The results show that the Ekman pumping drives the SCSWC in the west segment. In the east, it is not the Ekman pumping but the intrusion of the Kuroshio that drives the SCSWC.

Mean water level setup/setdown in the inlet-lagoon system induced by tidal action—a case study of Xincun Inlet,Hainan Island in China

With the tides propagating from the open sea to the lagoon, the mean water level （MWL） in the inlet and lagoon becomes different from that at the open sea, and a setup/setdown is generated. The change of MWL （setup/setdown） in the system imposes a great impact on regulating the development of tidal marshes, on determining the long-term water level for harbor maintenance, on the planning for the water front development with the flood control for the possible inundation, and on the interpretation of the historical sea level change when using tidal marsh peat deposits in the lagoon as the indicator for open sea＇ s sea level. In this case study on the mechanisms which control the setup/setdown in Xincun Inlet, Hainan in China, the 2-D barotropic mode of Eulerian - Lagrangian CIRCulation （ELCIRC） model was utilized. After model calibration and verification, a series of numerical experiments were conducted to examine the effects of bottom friction and advection terms, wetting and drying of intertidal areas, bathymetry and boundary conditions on the setup/setdown in the system. The modeling results show that setup occurs over the inlet and lagoon areas with an order of one tenth of the tide range at the entrance. The larger the bottom friction is, a larger setup is generated. Without the advection term, the setup is reduced clue to a decrease of water level gradient to compensate for the disappearance of the advection term. Even without overtides, a setup can still be developed in the system. Sea level rise and dredging in the inlet and tidal channel can cause a decrease of setup in the system, whereas shoaling of the system can increase the setup. The uniqueness of the Xincun Inlet with respect to MWL change is that there is no evident setdown in the inlet, which can be attributed to the complex geometry and bathymetry associated with the inlet system.

Distribution and their pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters

The present paper deals with the distribution patterns of heavy metals and the associated influenc- ing factors in the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters. Based upon the analysis of the surficial and core sediments measurements, the pollution of heavy metal and potentiM ecological risk were evaluated. The burial flux and contents of heavy metals （except for copper） have been continuously increasing since the 1920s. Therefore, the gross potential ecological risk for the sedi- ments was high or very high, and the study area was endangered by heavy metals contamination. Heavy metals originated mainly from upstream pollutant input, correlation analysis showed that chromium, nickel, zinc~ cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury in the sediments of the middle and west channels as well as the sea area of the western Yalu River Estuary concentrations were most probably derived from similar sources. In contrast, the metal of copper most probably originated from sources different from the other metals. Preliminary studies indicate that copper contamina- tion was most likely the result of emission from mining activities situated at the upstream of the river. The contents of heavy metals in the sediments of estuarine turbidity maximum zone of Yalu River were larger than those of any other areas in the middle channel. With large portion of fine sediments, weaker hydrodynamics, and richer sources of heavy metals, the sediments of the west channel, were even more enriched with heavy metals than those of the middle channel.

Preferential Bivalent Formation in Tetraploid Male of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg

Artificially induced tetraploid Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, produces more aneuploid gametes than normal diploid one, although they showed a comparable fecundity to diploidy. The meiotic chromosome configuration of 3 tetraploid and 1 tetraploid/triploid mosaic males were analyzed through direct chromosome observation. A majority of metaphase I spermatocytes contained both bivalents and quadrivalents. The chromosome configuration of these males was characterized by preferential formation of bivalents to quadrivalents. Bivalents appeared in all spermatocytes and consisted of 86% of all chromosome aggregates. In comparison, quadrivalents occurred in 91% spermatocytes and consisted of only 12.6% of all chromosome aggregates. The mean bivalent frequency per spermatocyte varied between 14.4 and 17.2; while that of quadrivalents varied between 2.2 and 2.7. Most quadrivalents were tandemly chained(58%) or circled(39%). The total number of chromosome aggregates per spermatocyte ranged from 13 to 20 with an average of 17.6; while 18(16 bivalents and 2 quadrivalents) was the most frequent. Univalents and trivalents appeared in very low frequency. Aneuploid(hypotetraploid) spermatocytes were observed in a low frequency. The chromosome configuration of in the mosaic individual was similar to that of tetraploid individuals. The percentage of triploid spermatocytes(2%) of the mosaic individual was significantly lower(χ2 =30, P < 0.01) than that of triploid cells(46%) in its somatic tissue.

Multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann simulations of lid driven flows using graphics processing unit

Large eddy simulation （LES） using the Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model is added to the two-dimensional nine velocity components （D2Q9） lattice Boltzmann equation （LBE） with multi-relaxation-time （MRT） to simulate incompressible turbulent cavity flows with the Reynolds numbers up to 1 × 10^7. To improve the computation efficiency of LBM on the numerical simulations of turbulent flows, the massively parallel computing power from a graphic processing unit （GPU） with a computing unified device architecture （CUDA） is introduced into the MRT-LBE-LES model. The model performs well, compared with the results from others, with an increase of 76 times in computation efficiency. It appears that the higher the Reynolds numbers is, the smaller the Smagorinsky constant should be, if the lattice number is fixed. Also, for a selected high Reynolds number and a selected proper Smagorinsky constant, there is a minimum requirement for the lattice number so that the Smagorinsky eddy viscosity will not be excessively large.

Nanoscale electropolishing of high-purity nickel with an ionic liquid

High purity(>99.9% composition) nickel metal specimens were used in electropolishing treatments with an acid-free ionic liquid electrolyte prepared from quaternary ammonium salts as a green polishing solution. Voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for electrochemical polishing. Atomic force microscopy(AFM) revealed nanoscale effectiveness of each polishing treatment. Atomic force microscopy provided an overall observation of the material interface between the treated and unpolished regions. Surface morphology comparisons summarized electrochemical polishing efficiency by providing root-mean-square roughness averages before and after electrochemical polishing to reveal a mirror finish six times smoother than the same nickel metal surface prior to electropolishing. This transition manifested in a marked change in root-mean-squared roughness from 112.58 nm to 18.64 nm and producing a smooth mirror finish. Finally, the mechanism of the ionic liquid during electropolishing revealed decomposition of choline in the form of a transient choline radical by acceptance of an electron from the nickel-working electrode to decompose to trimethylamine and ethanol.

Numerical investigation of the control factors driving Zhe-Min Coastal Current

During the northeast monsoon season,Zhe-Min Coastal Current(ZMCC)travels along the Chinese mainland coast and carries fresh,cold,and eutrophic water.ZMCC is significantly important for the hydrodynamic processes and marine ecosystems along its path.Thus,this bottom-trapped plume deserves to be further discussed in terms of the major driving factor,for which different opinions exist.For this purpose,in this study,a high resolution Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model(SCHISM)is established and validated.High correlation coefficients exist between along-shelf wind speeds and seasonal variations of both ZMCC volume transport and the freshwater signal.These coefficients imply that the wind is important in regulating ZMCC.However,for similar annual mean ZMCC volume transports,the extreme south boundaries of Zhe-Min Coastal Water(ZMCW)are different among different years.This difference is attracting attention and is explored in this study.According to the low wind/discharge experiment,it was found that although the volume transport of ZMCC is more sensitive to the variation of local wind speeds,the carried freshwater is limited by the Changjiang River discharge,which ultimately determines the south boundary of ZMCW.The momentum analysis at transects I and II shows that,for driving ZMCC,the along-shore wind forcing is as important as the buoyancy forcing.Note that this conclusion is supported by a zero-discharge experiment.It was also found that the buoyancy forcing varies with respect to time and space,which is due to variations of the discharge of Changjiang River.In addition,a particle tracking experiment shows that the substance carried by the Changjiang River diluted water would distribute along the Zhe-Min coastal region during the northeast monsoon season and it may escape due to the wind relaxation.

长江口水沙入海通量的观测与分析

在长江口用声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)进行走航式断面观测,结果表明,采集水样获取的悬沙浓度与ADCP记录的声学信号(后向散射强度)之间存在显著相关关系,因此可据ADCP声学数据获得沿观测断面的高时空分辨率的悬沙浓度剖面。分析结果表明,在徐六泾附近断面以往复流占优势,大潮期间单位时间最大水、悬沙通量值出现于涨潮期,落潮历时较长,落潮期水、悬沙通量分别大于涨潮期水、悬沙通量,净通量向海。长江口南槽拦门沙外侧主要为旋转流,涨潮期间内的水、悬沙通量均分别大于落潮期间的水、悬沙通量。2003年11月12日的观测结果表明,潮周期内通过徐六泾断面向海输运的水与悬沙通量分别为109m3和108kg量级;径流量与悬沙输运率分别为104m3/s和103kg/s量级。1998年以来徐六泾ADCP流量观测数据与同时间的大通径流量之间存在着显著的相关关系,故可由大通径流量估算徐六泾径流量,作为长江入海径流量,以作为历史资料整编的一种手段。结果表明,长江入海年径流总量略大于大通年径流总量;而在枯水期间入海径流量小于大通径流量。

养殖梭子蟹血卵涡鞭虫感染的初步研究

2004年7—9月,浙江舟山人工养殖梭子蟹相继发生一种被当地渔民称为"牛奶病"的流行性疾病,并引起大量死亡。病蟹蟹体消瘦,肌肉白浊,蟹盖内可见大量乳白色液体。对带有典型病症的濒死病蟹进行细菌分离,未分离到细菌。组织病理学观察发现,病蟹血淋巴急剧下降,代之以大量的寄生原虫,该寄生虫在病蟹的肝胰腺、鳃、心脏、肌肉等部位大量侵袭,并引起这些组织发生以坏死为主的变质性病变,其病理特征主要表现为:细胞肿胀、变性、坏死,某些细胞的细胞核固缩、碎裂或崩解。电镜观察乳白色体液及病变组织,可见大量寄生原虫,该寄生虫大小约5—7μm,多数呈卵圆形,单核或多核,具有2根鞭毛。进一步通过分子生物学方法,确定该寄生虫为血卵涡鞭虫Hematodinium sp.,初步认定其是引起养殖梭子蟹"牛奶病"的一种重要病原。

海产甲壳类血卵涡鞭虫病研究进展

血卵涡鞭虫是导致海产甲壳类疾病的主要寄生虫病原之一,国内迄今尚未见相关报道。本文结合作者近年来对海水养殖甲壳类病害的研究结果,较系统地综述了国外甲壳类寄生血卵涡鞭虫的研究进展,包括分类地位、生活史、传播途径、流行病学、组织病理以及诊断方法,并提出了相应的防治措施,旨在为中国海水养殖蟹类血卵涡鞭虫病害的研究与防治提供参考。

长江口浑浊带水沙特性研究

结合2011年枯季与2013年洪季长江口浑浊带水域多测点水文数据,分析了长江口最大浑浊带及邻近海域的洪枯季水沙分布特征,计算了各测点的单宽悬沙通量。研究发现在长江口最大浑浊带水域,位于浑浊带核心的流速和悬沙浓度最大,且最大浑浊带浓度远高于其他区域;从最大浑浊带到口门外,测点流速逐渐减小,悬沙浓度逐渐降低;悬沙浓度随涨落潮呈现周期性的变化,最大悬沙浓度一般出现在急流时刻。通量计算显示,最大浑浊带核心区的悬沙通量较外缘要大,北港通量有向东输送的趋势,北槽通量向东南输送,南汇嘴外侧靠口内测点悬沙主要在南北方向往复输送,口外悬沙通量向东南方向输运。

河口/近海区域低氧形成的物理机制研究进展

低氧/缺氧已成为严重威胁河口/近海与陆架浅海生态系统安全的要素之一。生物地球化学过程大量耗氧与水体分层限制表、底层水体交换是河口/近海低氧/缺氧问题的直接原因;而河口/近海和陆架海的各种物理过程控制了营养盐和有机质输运、水体层化,成为导致低氧/缺氧发生的根本原因之一。先讨论了近几年来国内外主要大河河口/近海和陆架浅海低氧现象发生的物理机制:径流冲淡水、潮汐、风、环流对低氧的影响,以及低氧对海-气大尺度变化和气候变化的响应等。再以长江口为例,重点分析了水动力过程对长江口夏季底层低氧的具体影响,同时对溶解氧统计模型和动力学模型的研究工作进行了阐述。最后对各种研究方法的优缺点进行总结,对长江口外海夏季底层低氧的研究工作进行了展望。

用一维水力学方程求取泻湖水位及潮汐汊道断面流速——以海南陵水新村港为例

本文通过一维水力学运动方程及连续性方程,得出一个反映泻湖水位变化的二阶非线性有阻尼的强迫振动方程,采用龙格-库特四步格式进行求解,并以海南陵水新村港为例,计算了泻湖水位及潮汐汊道的断面流速.研究结果表明:(1)一维水力学方程可容易地求得泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中泻湖内的水位及汊道的断面流速,计算简单快捷.(2)一维水力学方程可分析潮汐汊道体系中的一些基本现象.如潮汐汊道对潮波的"过滤器"特征;由于泻湖-潮汐汊道体系的阻尼系数较大所导致的潮波自外向泻湖传播时衰减剧烈;径流对泻湖水位及汊道流速产生有利于落潮优势的影响;风可使泻湖水位抬升或下降等.(3)无论是否考虑泻湖与潮汐汊道面积随水位的变化,一维水力学方程都具有相当大的缺陷.由于其不能反映泻湖内地形的空间变化,也不能解决漫滩与归槽等过程,在外海潮波无次生波的情况下,它本身不能产生次生潮波,因而不能正确地反映潮汐汊道体系的涨落潮历时与流速不对称,从而不能分析泥沙的净输运及潮汐汊道的稳定性问题.(4)新村港泻湖-潮汐汊道体系中潮汐汊道的断面面积大小对整个体系的稳定性及演变趋势起着控制作用.

高雷诺数顶盖驱动方腔流实验

为得到高雷诺数（1×10^5-1×10^6）条件下顶盖驱动方腔水流流场和速度分布,设计了边长为0.2 m和0.5 m的立方腔,并利用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）对方腔流流场进行测量,分析方腔流流场特性和边壁对流场影响规律。结果表明：雷诺数达到5×10^5时方腔流中主涡旋发生变形,雷诺数从5×10^5增大到1×10^6过程中,中间的初级涡旋（Primary eddy,PE）继续变形,并分裂成两个涡旋;随着雷诺数的增大,顺流次级涡旋（Downstream Secondary Eddy Region,DSE）区域面积缩小,雷诺数为5×10^5时DSE区域可看到成型的涡旋,当雷诺数为1×10^6时,DSE区域继续缩小,在同样条件下看不到成型的涡旋;雷诺数增大的过程中各边壁的边界层变薄,边壁对方腔流流场特性影响明显。

南黄海辐射沙脊群地貌演变的模拟研究

南黄海辐射沙脊群的地貌演变机制是物理海洋和海洋地质学家们近30多年来争议较多的问题.本文设计了两个理想实验,模拟苏北潮流脊在理想地形下的发育过程.通过对比真实地形和两个理想地形下的模型结果,本文探讨了潮流脊的发育条件和古沙坝对沙脊群发育的影响以及沙脊群在理想状态下的演变过程.结果表明,(1)江苏近岸海域辐射状流场不依赖于辐射状地形,局部区域的地形差异不影响大范围的潮波系统和潮流特征;辐射沙脊群区域的辐射状潮流是潮汐与中国东部岸线的必然产物.(2)废黄河口海域不断受到侵蚀,等深线向后退,是辐射状沙脊群发育的重要泥沙来源之一.(3)潮致沉积和侵蚀对20m水深以下且未发育潮流脊的平坦地形影响微弱.

长江河口水流输运时间研究

利用水龄理论的新方法,借助环境水动力学模型定量讨论了多年平均径流条件下长江河口径流和潮汐作用对河口水流输运时间的影响。研究给出了长江河口水流输运时间的时空格局:多年平均流量条件下,水流从徐六泾输出至河口(122.5°E)大约需要24d,南、北槽分流口以上河段水流输运时间主要由径流控制,水流输运时间为8d,向下至拦门沙滩顶水域由径流和潮汐共同控制,水龄为16d,说明最大浑浊带区域的水流输运速度较上下游为慢,从一个侧面阐述了最大浑浊带区域水动力的特征;长江河口水流输运时间存在明显的层化现象,表底层相差最大值可达6d。数值模拟试验结果表明长江河口的潮汐作用是影响河口水流输运时间的关键要素,河口巨大的进潮量增强河口水流交换能力并减小水流输运时间,从而显著影响随水体运动的物质输运格局。水流输运时间研究,不仅可以成功应用于河口水动力环境的量化研究,而且可以为泥沙输运及污染物输运等环境变化研究提供动力的基础。

Wind impact on pollutant transport in a shallow estuary

A three-dimensional numerical model, EFDC （ environmental fluid dynamics code） is applied to the Pamlico River Estuary （PRE） in eastern North Carolina of the United States to examine the wind impact on pollutant age distributions and residence time. A series of model experiments representing base case, remote-wind-induced water level set-up and local winds cases are conducted. Model results indicate that the pollutant mean age and the system residence time are functions of gravitational circulation in the PRE. The system responses to remote-wind-induced water level set-up are different in different portions of the PRE. Under such condition, dissolved substances in the upstream portion of the PRE have a younger age and shorter residence time （compared with the base case） , by contrast, they have a older age and longer residence time in the downstream portion of the PRE. Upriver and downriver local winds appear to have opposite impacts on pollutant age distributions. The substances are retained much longer within the PRE under upriver wind than those under downriver wind. The model results also suggest that across - river winds may lead to longer residence time through enhanced turbulence mixing, which slows down the gravitational circulation in the PRE.

Feedback between tidal hydrodynamics and morphological changes induced by natural process and human interventions in a wave-dominated tidal inlet: Xiaohai, Hainan, China

The feedback between morphological evolution and tidal hydrodynamics in a wave-dominated tidal inlet, Xiaohai, China is investigated through data analysis and numerical model experiments. Historically, Xiaohai Inlet had two openings, located at the north and south of Neizhi Island （a rocky outcrop）, respectively. The evolution of Xiaohai Inlet was dominated by the natural process before 1972. In addition to the natural process, human interventions, including the closure of the north opening, 50% of freshwater reduction, and increase of land reclamation, have altered tidal hydrodynamics and morphological evolution since 1972. A series of numerical model simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of morphological changes on the hydrodynamics and the influence of human activities on the inlet evolution. The natural process has caused narrowing and shoaling of the inlet throat, development of the flood-tidal delta, and shoaling of the tidal channel inside the lagoon. Human interventions have accelerated these changes. Consequently, the tidal propagation from the offshore into the lagoon has been impeded and the tidal energy has been dissipated substantially. Tidal current has changed from ebb-dominant to flood-dominant in most parts of the inlet system whereas the inlet throat has remained as ebb-dominant, the tidal prism has decreased consistently, and sediment has continued to deposit inside the inlet. As a result, the changes of morphology, hydrodynamics, and sediment transport show a positive feedback. The human interventions have had both advantageous and adverse influences on the stability of the inlet. The closure of the North Opening has decreased the longshore sediment input to the inlet, and increased the tidal prism, ebb velocity, and sediment transport in the south opening, thus enhancing the inlet＇s stability. However, reducing the river discharge and landfill of the tidal flats has resulted in a decrease of the tidal prism, the ebb velocity, and the ability to export sediment, thus having the tendency to deteriorate the inlet＇s stability. A stability analysis based on a closure curve methodology has shown that Xiaohai Inlet is in a state of dynamic equilibrium at present.

Weather Induced Quasi-Periodic Motions in Estuaries and Bays:Meteoro-logical Tide

Influenced by weather, the estuaries and bays often exhibit recurring oscillations in flow and water level similar to astronomical tides. The weather impact however is less regular than tides and more difficult to predict. The spectrum of weather induced motions in estuaries and bays is mostly at the low-frequency end with time scales longer than those of diurnal tides. The repeated weather impact produces meteorological tide: the recurring flood and ebb and flushing of the estuaries and bays but at lower frequencies than those of tides. The variation in weather conditions is quasi-periodic and of large scale nature(~1000-3000 km) because of the alternating low-and high-atmospheric pressure systems of extra-tropical cyclones and anti-cyclones and associated fronts. By examining 40 years of data between Jan. 1, 1977 and Dec. 31, 2016, we identified 1648 frontal events(averaging ~41.2±4.7 per year)influencing the northern Gulf of Mexico for time periods in the spring, fall and winter. The late spring and summer months(May, Jun, July, and August) were not included in the calculation because of much weaker activities involving synoptic weather systems with fronts during these months. It is found that the number of frontal events reached the maximum in Jan. and Dec. while the minimum occurred in April and Sept. It is found that there is an increasing trend of number of fronts over the 40-year period. Our data show that the low pass filtered water level,velocity, and vorticity(velocity shear) all vary in response to the weather and appear as the meteorological tide. The particle excursions of meteorological tides are much larger than those from the astronomical tides. In addition, the irregular nature of the meteorological tide makes the inward flux and outward flux asymmetric in general and thus it has a significant implication to dispersion and transport of waterborne materials. A scaling analysis shows that the meteorological tide generally reaches quasi-steady state;and as a result, a regression model is established which can be very useful for predicting the weather produced quasi-periodic motions.