Assessment of groundwater suitability for different activities in Toshka district,south Egypt

Globally,groundwater has globally emerged as a crucial freshwater source for domestic,irrigation,and industrial needs.The evaluation of groundwater quality in the Toshka region is imperative to ensure its suitability for the extensive agricultural and industrial activities underway in this promising,groundwater-dependent development area.This is particularly significant as Egypt increasingly relies on groundwater reserves to address freshwater deficits and to implement mega-development projects in barren lands.In this study,fifty-two samples were collected from the recently drilled wells tapping into the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer(NSA)in the Toshka region.Groundwater quality was assessed through hydrochemical analysis,Piper diagram,and various indicators such as Na%,SAR,RSC,KR,MH and PI.The hydrochemical analysis revealed improved groundwater quality characteristics,attributed to continuous recharge from Lake Nasser.The Piper diagram categorised most of the water samples as"secondary salinity"water type.Almost all wells proved suitable for irrigation with only two wells unsuitable based on MH values and six wells based on KR values.Considering Total Hardness(TH)values,all samples were classified as"Soft",indicating their suitability for domestic and industrial purposes.Water Quality Index(WQI)results concluded that all samples met WHO and FAO guidelines for drinking and irrigation,respectively.Spatial distribution maps,constructed using GIS,facilitate the interpretation of the results.Regular monitoring of quality parameters is essential to detect any deviation from permissible limits.

Agricultural Water Footprint of Southern Highbush Blueberry Produced Commercially with Drip Irrigation and Sprinkler Frost Protection

A study was conducted from 2010 to 2017 to determine the water footprint for producing blueberries in the Entre Ríos province of Argentina. Three cultivars of southern highbush blueberry (hybrid cross of Vaccinium sp.) were evaluated in the study, including “Star”, “Emerald”, and “Snowchaser”. In each case, the plants were irrigated by drip and protected from frost using overhead sprinklers. Water requirements for irrigation and frost protection varied among the cultivars due to differences in the timing of flowering and fruit development. The annual water footprint for fruit production in each cultivar is expressed in units of cubic meters of water used to produce one ton of fresh fruit and ranged from 212 - 578 m3∙t−1 for “Star”, 296 - 985 m3∙t−1 for “Emerald”, and 536 - 4066 m3∙t−1 for “Snowchaser”. “Snowchaser” flowered earlier than the other cultivars and, therefore, needed more water for frost protection. “Star”, on the other hand, ripened the latest among the cultivars and required little to no water for frost protection. Frost protection required a minimum of 30 m3∙h−1 of water per hectare and in addition to drip irrigation was a major component of the water footprint.

农村纳污坑塘水体治理技术

研究出一套针对农村纳污坑塘水体治理的相关技术,即预处理+缺氧生化+复合型人工湿地。将纳污坑塘隔离出3个区,农村污水依次经过预处理区、缺氧生化区和水生植物稳定区,通过过滤、混凝、微生物降解、湿地基质吸附和植物吸收等作用,实现纳污坑塘水体的高效净化,改善农村的生态环境。

论历代治黄方略中的“中国智慧”

回顾历代疏水导水、防水御水、束水攻沙、谐水让水、调水调沙、协同治理和综合创新等黄河治理方略,总结概括其深邃的时代价值,提炼彰显其启迪现在及将来的“中国智慧”,包括“疏导”与“堵塞”辩证实施是中国治水成功的基本理路、“利人”与“利水”双向互动是中国治水成功的根本原因、“治水”与“治人”两手发力是中国治水成功的重要法宝、“治水”与“治国”融通联动是中国治水成功的切实保障等,对于进一步增强文化自信,彰显中华先进水文化成果,建设中华民族现代文明,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。

宁夏黄土区稀疏带状山杏人工林土壤湿度动态与影响因素

【目的】以宁夏南部黄土丘陵区带状山杏人工林为例,揭示林带内与带间的不同深度处土壤湿度的时空变化及其关键环境影响因素,为半干旱区林草植被科学管理及雨水资源高效利用提供依据。【方法】2020—2022年,在宁夏彭阳县山杏人工林带内和带间各布设1套200 cm测深的智墒传感器,分层逐时监测土壤体积含水量和土壤温度变化,同时布设1台气象站连续监测近地面降水、气温、空气湿度等气象条件,采用相关分析探究土壤湿度对前1日土壤湿度、土壤温度和气象因子的响应规律。【结果】2020年和2021年为平水年,降水量分别为467.4和440.8 mm;2022年为枯水年,降水量为354.8 mm;土壤体积含水量平均值为平水年(2021年,17.0%)显著高于枯水年(2022年,14.3%)。土壤体积含水量随土层加深呈近线性增加,其斜率表现为林带间高于林带内,平水年高于枯水年。在0~120 cm土层的土壤体积含水量为林带内(15.3%)高于林带间(14.0%),但在120~200 cm土层为林带间(17.6%)高于林带内(16.8%)。在0~60 cm土层的土壤体积含水量变异系数为林带间(42.9%)高于林带内(37.8%),但在60~200 cm土层为林带内(23.2%)高于林带间(19.1%)。土壤湿度变化的季节格局为:相对稳定期(3—4月)、耗损期(5—8月)、恢复期(9—11月)和衰退期(12月—次年2月),最大值多出现在4月,最小值出现在8月(平水年)和12月(枯水年);土壤湿度变化的垂直空间格局为:速变层(0~50 cm)、活跃层(50~90 cm)、次活跃层(90~170 cm)、相对稳定层(170~200 cm)。相关分析发现,土壤湿度日变化相关性最强的环境因子为正相关的前1日土壤湿度和负相关的土壤温度,月变化相关性最强的环境因子为负相关的土壤温度。【结论】宁夏黄土区稀疏带状山杏人工林林带内和林带间土壤湿度在季节和剖面上均表现出较大波动,枯水年比平水年波动的层次更深。综合分析发现前1日土壤湿度、土壤温度、气象因子均是影响枯水年和平水年日及月尺度各剖面层次土壤湿度变化的要素。其中,前1日土壤湿度和土壤温度为主要影响因子;在0~120 cm土层内的土壤湿度为林带内高于林带间。本研究结果对宁夏半干旱黄土区水平沟整地后退化植被科学恢复及土壤水分高效利用有很好的指导意义。

宁夏黄土区典型坡面表层土壤有机碳含量的空间变化特征及尺度效应

【目的】定量认识土壤有机碳(SOC)含量在坡面上的空间异质性及尺度效应,探索“由点及面”估算坡面平均SOC含量的精确便捷途径,为细致刻画坡面土壤资源状况、全面理解生态系统碳循环、制定土壤高质量管理方案提供科学基础。【方法】在宁夏半干旱黄土丘陵区,选择3个相邻的由退耕还林工程形成的典型坡面,从坡顶向坡脚设置连续样点,调查各样点的土地利用、植被特征、立地条件及表层(0^20 cm)SOC含量,分析其坡向差异、坡位变化;以“离坡顶的水平距离或相对距离”为自变量,以表层SOC含量的顺坡滑动平均值为因变量,定量描述坡面尺度效应;再以坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值为因变量,实现由“点”到“面”的尺度上推。【结果】研究区表层SOC含量存在明显的坡向差异、坡位变化、尺度效应。表层SOC含量的坡面平均值在南坡(7.60 g·kg^(-1))最高,东坡(6.42 g·kg^(-1))次之,西坡(5.65 g·kg^(-1))最低,其坡位间变幅在东坡(15.95 g·kg^(-1))最大,其次为西坡(11.34 g·kg^(-1)),最小为南坡(9.72 g·kg^(-1)),说明东坡的坡面效应最强,其次为西坡,南坡最弱。东坡、西坡、南坡表层SOC含量的坡位变化大致相同,均由坡顶向下逐渐减小,至离坡顶水平距离200、150、280 m(相对距离0.73、0.45、0.76)后趋于稳定,主要与坡面“上部为自然状态的坡地+林草植被+恢复年限长、下部为人工梯田+林农植被+扰动频繁”的空间格局有关。在东坡、西坡、南坡上,距坡顶水平距离每增加100 m,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-3.40、-2.50、-1.51 g·kg^(-1);距坡顶相对距离每增加0.1,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-0.96、-0.75、-0.55 g·kg^(-1)。构建3个坡向不同坡位样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值随离坡顶水平距离或相对距离增加而变化的数量关系(R^(2)>0.7,P<0.001),籍此可由坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量精确便捷地估算坡面平均值。将所有位点数据融合得出,离坡顶相对距离0.4的位点表层SOC含量最接近坡面平均值。【结论】半干旱黄土丘陵区坡面表层SOC含量沿坡从上至下基本呈先减小后稳定的变化,与土地利用类型、植被类型、恢复年限的坡面分布格局有关。以顺坡(相对)水平坡长增加为尺度变量可较好地定量刻画表层SOC含量的坡面变化特征及尺度效应,藉此可实现坡面表层SOC含量平均值的精确便捷推算。

基于费用效益分析的工业供水项目再生水定价

再生水利用系统建设需要综合考虑资源、环境、社会等外部效益,合理制定再生水水价才能有效激励政府和用水户选择再生水。通过研究构建了费用效益分析计算体系,综合考虑了再生水项目的建设运营费用和再生水项目相对其他水源供水产生的资源环境效益,利用增量净年值法评价再生水项目经济可行性,并提出替代方案法计算再生水的合理定价。将该方法应用于安吉县某工业用水项目的再生水定价中。通过分析可知:再生水供水方案相对自来水供水和西苕溪取水方案经济可行;在兼顾了不增加用水户用水负担和保护水资源环境的前提下,采用替代方案法计算得到再生水合理定价区间为1.26~1.41元/m^(3).

基于Meta分析灌溉对中国北方地区花生产量和水分利用效率的影响

探究灌溉对我国北方地区花生产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响及不同灌溉模式下花生产量和WUE变化的差异,可为北方地区花生高效灌溉提供理论依据和数据支撑。通过收集北方地区近40年的花生田间灌溉试验数据,依据灌溉方式、灌溉定额、灌溉次数和灌溉阶段进行分组,以不灌溉作对照,利用Meta-analysis定量分析灌溉对花生产量和WUE的综合效应及其影响因素。结果表明:在北方地区,相比不灌溉,花生灌溉后产量和WUE可分别提高16.86%和2.62%(P<0.05),其中,在华北地区灌溉对花生产量和WUE的提升幅度高于东北地区。当采取畦灌、灌溉定额>90 mm、灌水次数≥4次或全生育期灌溉的措施时,花生的增产率更高,分别为20.42%、29.87%、25.89%和29.84%(P<0.05)。选择滴灌、灌溉定额<30 mm、灌水1次或花针期灌溉时,花生WUE提升更显著,分别为2.76%、8.39%、5.27%和7.96%(P<0.05)。随机森林结果显示:在北方地区,灌溉定额是影响灌溉对花生产量和WUE效应的最重要因素,其次为灌溉阶段。因此,建议北方花生种植区灌溉定额不超过150 mm,其中,东北地区适宜灌溉定额为30~60 mm,华北地区适宜灌溉定额为90~150 mm。采取滴灌方式进行灌溉、全生育期灌水2~3次或以花针期和结荚期灌溉为主,苗期为辅,更利于花生增产和WUE提升的协同,进而实现我国北方地区花生的高效灌溉。

西宁盆地黄土区草本植物边坡电阻率与土体物理力学性质关系研究

为研究高寒干旱-半干旱环境黄土区种植不同类型草本植物边坡土体电阻率与其物理力学性质之间的定量关系,探讨电阻率数值反映边坡土体物理力学性质及其变化特征,在西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区选取未种植裸坡以及种植生长期为3年的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum Linn.Gaertn.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)的边坡共5种类型边坡为研究对象。通过开展边坡土体密度、含水率、含根系与不含根系土体直剪试验,对比不同草本植物根系对边坡土体物理力学性质的影响。在此基础上,利用二维电阻率层析成像方法建立不同边坡土体物理力学性质指标与土体电阻率间的定量关系。结果表明:(1)与未种植裸坡相比较,种植老芒麦边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体含水率增幅最大为26.53%;种植高羊茅边坡上层(0~10 cm)土体平均密度降幅最大为18.30%;种植垂穂披碱草边坡上层(0~10cm)土体黏聚力附加值最大,且为未种植裸坡的2.75倍。(2)5种类型边坡的电阻率受根系分布和边坡位置因素的共同影响,电阻率随着深度增加逐渐降低。4种草本边坡坡面以下0~20cm处土体电阻率均较裸坡大,该深度为根系分布大致范围。(3)5种边坡土体物理力学性质与电阻率数据之间存在拟合方程式(相关系数R2为0.48~0.77),且通过Pearson相关性分析得到边坡土体黏聚力c与电阻率间的相关性相对最高,相关系数R2为0.765。上述研究结果反映出可通过电阻率层析成像技术反映边坡土体物理力学性质,以及边坡土体中植物根系分布特征,可为研究区及其周边地区采用植物有效防治水土流失、浅层滑坡等灾害提供理论依据和实际指导意义。

有压管道瞬变流的非恒定摩阻模型改进

有压管道流动系统运行中经常发生水锤现象,极易导致爆管甚至人员伤亡,因此准确预测有压管道内的水锤现象对于保证系统安全运行具有重要意义。在有压管道内的水锤模拟中,以ZIELKE摩阻模型为代表的基于加权函数的非恒定摩阻模型能够描述有压管道瞬变流中的摩阻效应,但存在计算效率低下的问题。为提高计算效率,该研究提出了“先分段,后整体”的两阶段最小二乘拟合方法,建立了包含19个指数项的近似加权函数,并与已有近似加权函数进行对比,同时开展关阀水锤试验,对比了建立的摩阻模型与已有模型的计算效率和精度。结果表明,该研究建立的近似加权函数能够很好地拟合ZIELKE加权函数,其与ZIELKE加权函数的相对百分比误差近似为0;且其适用范围更宽,能够对无量纲时间在■范围内的非恒定流进行有效模拟。在计算精度方面,建立的模型与ZIELKE模型在阀门和中点处水头的最大相对百分比误差较小,分别为0.17%和0.15%,与URBANOWICZ模型的表现基本相同;在计算效率方面,建立的模型能够使ZIELKE模型计算效率提升约90%,能够使URBANOWICZ模型计算效率提升约30%。该研究建立的模型在适用范围、计算精度和计算效率方面具有较好的综合表现,能够在保证较宽适用范围和较高计算精度的前提下,提升计算效率。研究可为有压管道瞬变流的准确高效模拟提供理论支撑与参考。

针对6G-IoT设备的OTA测试技术研究

随着5G物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)的快速发展,针对下一代IoT通信的特点,6G-IoT网络将会进一步优化海量机器通信(massive Machine Type Communication,mMTC)场景,从而促进新一代无线设备如超大规模多输入多输出(Extremely Large-scale Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,XL-MIMO)设备等的快速发展。针对此类设备尺寸大、无内置测试接头的特点,重点分析了多种空中下载(Over-The-Air,OTA)技术用于此类设备测试的优缺点,提出了一种适用于6G-IoT设备的电搅拌混响OTA测试方案,并通过对比多台5G-IoT终端的在OTA暗室以及OTA混响室的测试结果,初步验证了所提方案的可行性。

复合混凝剂中Ca^(2+)对高溶解态磷坑塘水混凝效果的影响

文章以Ca^(2+)改性后的AlCl_(3)和PACl作为混凝剂进行混凝实验,通过出水浊度、余铝、总磷、絮体粒径及有机物组成等分析改性后混凝剂的作用机理,探讨混凝剂中存在的Ca^(2+)对高磷坑塘水混凝效果的影响机制。浊度去除方面,低投加量下Ca^(2+)可明显降低出水浊度。当投加量为0.10 mmol/L时,PACl出水浊度下降了33.52 NTU,AlCl_(3)出水浊度下降了28.72 NTU。余铝去除方面,当AlCl_(3)作混凝剂时,Ca^(2+)可以通过增加混凝剂的电中和能力来降低出水余铝浓度。溶解态磷去除方面,Ca^(2+)与磷酸根反应或通过压缩双电层和吸附电中和作用来增加溶解态磷的去除率。当投加量为0.20 mmol/L时,Ca^(2+)浓度为0.9 mmol/L,PACl溶解态磷去除率较未改性前提高16.1%。絮体粒径方面,Ca^(2+)可以促进颗粒之间脱稳凝聚,增加絮体粒径和分形维数,AlCl_(3)在0.20 mmol/L投加量下絮体粒径增加79μm。并且Ca^(2+)的加入使AlCl_(3)生成的絮体抗剪切能力更强,但是絮体受到破坏后更不容易恢复,使PACl形成絮体强度因子和恢复因子变大。有机物去除方面,Ca^(2+)可以提高有机物的去除率。对于0.20 mmol/L投加量,Ca^(2+)为0.06 mmol/L投加量条件下AlCl_(3)改性后混凝剂荧光响应值由1100降至800。

扩散控制条件下铝基混凝剂除低浓度磷的效果研究

该研究比较了不同浓度AlCl_(3)和Al_(13)铝基混凝剂在深度不同的情况下对不同磷形态的去除特征。结果表明:AlCl_(3)表现出优异的控磷能力,AlCl_(3)能够在2 h静沉后使总磷(TP)下降至9μg/L,并可在较短时间内降低溶解态磷,而Al_(13)对吸附态磷的去除效果更好;AlCl_(3)和Al_(13)都有助于表层水中颗粒态磷的去除,在pH=7.5的条件下,磷以Al-P沉淀的形式得以去除;AlCl_(3)具有更优的有机物去除能力,能够在0.5 h时使DOC浓度快速降低。研究结果可为选择合适的控磷药剂和投药量提供参考,有助于制定原位磷污染控制策略及维护生态健康。

一种用于层状结构模型的先进计算方法

提出一种针对层状结构模型的先进计算方法。研究的层状结构通常为水平层状板或者层状半空间,结构由横观各向同性(TI)材料组成,材料对称轴指向分层方向。本文方法可以考虑材料的多场耦合特性,即热弹性、多孔弹性和磁电弹性耦合。基于最近提出的傅立叶-贝塞尔级数(FBS)向量函数系和双变量/位置(DVP)方法,建立了本文的先进计算方法。DVP能够无条件稳定地将层矩阵从一层传播到下一层。FBS向量函数系具有以下特点,(1)反映了具有明确类型的广义变形/波,(2)将展开系数预先计算为Love数,然后将其用于涉及问题的模拟。层状地球中的断层(或位错)作用、土-结构相互作用以及近地表地球剖面中的瞬态波等三个典型算例,证明了提出方法的准确性和有效性。

Application of Artificial Neural Networks for the Prediction of Water Quality Variables in the Nile Delta

The quality of a water body is usually characterized by sets of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, which are mutually interrelated. Since August 1997, monthly records of 33 parameters, monitored at 102 locations on the Nile Delta drainage system, are stored in a National Database operated by the Drainage Research Institute (DRI). Correlation patterns may be found between water quantity and water quality parameters at the same location, or among water quality parameters within a monitoring location or among locations. Serial correlation is also detected in water quality variables. Through the investigation of the level of information redundancy, assessment and redesign of water quality monitoring network aim to improve the overall network efficiency and cost effectiveness. In this study, the potential of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) on simulating interrelation between water quality parameters is examined. Several ANN inputs, structures and training possibilities are assessed and the best ANN model and modeling procedure is selected. The prediction capabilities of the ANN are compared with the linear regression models with autocorrelated residuals, usually used for this purpose. It is concluded that the ANN models are more accurate than the linear regression models having the same inputs and output.

Assessment of a Non-Optical Water Quality Property Using Space-Based Imagery in Egyptian Coastal Lake

Progressively anthropogenic intrusion and increasing water demand necessitate frequent water quality monitoring for sustainability management. Unlike laborious, time consuming field-based measurements, remote sensing-based water quality retrieval proved promising to overcome difficulties with temporal and spatial coverage. However, remotely estimated water quality parameters are mostly related to visibility characteristic and optically active property of water. This study presents results of an investigated approach to derive oxygen-related water quality parameter, namely Dissolved Oxygen (DO), in a shallow inland water body from satellite imagery. The approach deduces DO levels based on interrelated optical properties that dictate oxygen consumption and release in waters. Comparative analysis of multiple regression algorithms was carried out, using various combinations of parameters;namely, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chlorophyll-a, and Temperature. To cover the wide range of conditions that is experienced by Edku coastal lake, ground truth measurements covering the four seasons were used with corresponding satellite imageries. While results show successful statistically significant correlation in certain combinations considered, yet optimal results were concluded with Turbidity and natural logarithm of temperature. The algorithm model was developed with summer and fall data (R2 0.79), then validated with winter and spring data (R2 0.67). Retrieved DO concentrations highlighted the variability in pollution degree and zonation nature within that coastal lake, as related to boundary interactions and irregularity in flow dynamics within. The approach presented in this study encourages expanded applications with space-based earth observation products for exploring non-detectable water quality parameters that are interlinked with optically active properties in water.

The Development of a Renewable-Energy-Driven Reverse Osmosis System for Water Desalination and Aquaculture Production

Water and energy are closely linked natural resources - the transportation, treatment, and distribution of water depends on low-cost energy; while power generation requires large volumes of water. Seawater desalination is a mature technology for increasing freshwater supply, but it is essentially a trade of energy for freshwater and is not a viable solution for regions where both water and energy are in short supply. This paper discusses the development and application of a renewable-energy-driven reverse osmosis （RO） system for water desalination and the treatment and reuse of aquaculture wastewater. The system consists of （1） a wind-driven pumping subsystem, （2） a pressure-driven RO membrane desalination subsystem, and （3） a solar-driven feedback control module. The results of the pilot experiments indicated that the system, operated under wind speeds of 3 m s-~ or higher, can be used for brackish water desalination by reducing the salinity of feedwater with total dissolved solids （TDS） of over 3 000 mg L-1 to product water or permeate with a TDS of 200 mg L-~ or less. Results of the pilot experiments also indicated that the system can remove up to 97% of the nitrogenous wastes from the fish pond effluent and can recover and reuse up to 56% of the freshwater supply for fish pond operation.

Impacts of climate change on water quantity, water salinity, food security, and socioeconomy in Egypt

Climate change might have direct impacts on water quantity in Egypt and lead to indirect effects on Mediterranean saltwater intrusion to groundwater,which exposes agriculture to vulnerability.This study investigated impacts of climate change on agriculture,with particular regard to food security and socioeconomy,and quantified the effectiveness of cropping pattern adaptation measures by integrating three mathematical models.The BlueM model was used for hydrological simulations of Nasser Lake under flooding scenarios to predict the water supply from the High Aswan Dam.The water and salinity balance(WB-SAL)model was adopted to estimate the water salinity in the Nile Delta.The simulated results from the BlueM and WB-SAL models were integrated with the agricultural simulation model for Egypt(ASME)to project cropping patterns,food security,and socioeconomy throughout the country.The results showed that future climate change will directly affect the total crop area;crop areas for 13 crop types;the self-sufficiency of wheat,rice,cereal,and maize supplies;and socioeconomic indicators.The proposed cropping pattern adaptation measures focus on fixing the crop areas of rice and orchards and providing half of the population with lentils,maize,onion,vegetables,milk,and meat.The adaptation measures have the potential to promote food security without causing deterioration of the socioeconomic situation.However,water availability has much more significant effects on food security and socioeconomy than cropping pattern adaptation measures do.Accordingly,the country should rationalize water use efficiency and increase water supply.©2021 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Use of Numerical Groundwater Modeling to Assess the Feasibility of Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) in the Wadi Watir Delta, Sinai, Egypt

The lack of water resources in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula is a major constraint for further socioeconomic development, and flash floods in this region can damage roads and infrastructure. The Wadi Watir basin is the main water source for the groundwater aquifer, which supplies fresh water to Nuweiba city, where demands for groundwater are increasing. The objective of this research was to assess the hydrogeological suitability of installing Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) systems in the Wadi Watir delta by using numerical groundwater models. The developed models were used to evaluate the effects of hydrogeological and operational parameters on the recovery efficiency of ASR systems at five potential locations in the study area. As the estimation of recovery efficiency depends on the salinity of recovered water, the recovered water salinity limit was assumed as 150% of the injected water salinity, where 150% refers to the point at which recovery has ended because the concentration of recovered water reached 150% of that of injected water. The most important output from the model runs was that the recovery efficiency of these ASR systems ranged from 25% to 54% with a longitudinal dispersivity of 10 m, volume of injected water of 12,000 m3, and storage period of 180 days. The main conclusions are as follows. 1) Using coupled numerical groundwater flow and solute transport models is an effective tool for predicting the effects of mixing between injected water and ambient groundwater in ASR systems. 2) The groundwater aquifer in the study area is not suitable as strategic area for ASR systems because the thickness of the water storage layer is relatively small and the distance to the sea is very close;consequently, it is recommended that artificial recharge systems be developed with existing technology to replenish the groundwater aquifer in the Wadi Watir delta.

Evaluation of Magnetizing Irrigation Water Impacts on the Enhancement of Yield and Water Productivity for Some Crops

Magnetic water treatment is considered as one of many techniques used worldwide that affects plant growth and development.This study examines whether there are beneficial effects of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on yield and water productivity as well as water saving.Three experiments were performed involving three crops(eggplant,faba beans and tomato)with different salinity tolerance thresholds ECw 0.7,1.1 and 1.7 dS/m,respectively.Two types of irrigation water were applied magnetically treated and non-magnetically treated.The experiments were carried out at Wadi EL Natroon station of Water Management Research Institute,El-Behira Governorate,Egypt during two sequentially winter seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 in a complete randomized design analysis with four replicates.There was a decrease of pH of the soil irrigated with magnetically treated water(MTW)compared with the non-MTW.The pH reached neutral values in some locations,especially the area cultivated with the faba beans(pH between 7.05 and 7.08).Results showed significant increases of water productivity for the MTW compared with non-MTW equal to 1.65,1.88 and 1.78 for eggplant,faba beans and tomato,respectively.It was also observed that the MTW affected the amounts of irrigation water added to different crops during its growing period.The percentages of water savings were 11%,13.5%and 14.2%for eggplant,faba beans and tomato,respectively.As a result the net return increased by 1.97,3.0 and 2.45 for the three crops,respectively.