Isolation of three cyanins from Lonicera caerulea L. fruits and its anticancer activity

Lonicera caerulea L.fruit is an excellent source of bioactive compounds.An efficient separation method of cyanins is important for the development of many value-added products and functional food ingredients.High-speed counter-current chromatography(HSCCC) was applied to isolate cyanins from Lonicera caerulea fruits with a biphasic solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid(2:2:1:5:0.01,volume ratio).1.41 mg of cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside,1.08 mg of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and 6.38 mg of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were obtained from 40 mg of crude extract.The purities of these compounds were 95.8%,92.4% and 97.6%,respectively,as identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometryn(HPLC-ESI/MSn).In addition,the dominant anthocyanin,cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was demonstrated cytotoxic response of human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells,inducing live cancer cell apoptotic by flow cytometric analysis.

Photooxidation of Furfural with Phthalocyanine-sensitized TiO_2 Particle Under Xenon Lamp

Copper phthalocyanine was selected as the photosensitizer to sensitize TiO2 in this experiment with furfural as the target pollutant. The composite catalysts（TiO2/CuPC） obtained showed a great activity under a xenon lamp. By experiments, the optimal preparation conditions of the composite catalysts were set as follows ： the CuPC loading mass fraction was 1.5%, the mass fraction of acetylacetone was 0. 3% , and the stirring time was 10 h. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, XRD, and BET were used to characterize the properties of the composite catalysts, which showed that after loading CuPC on TiO2, the composite catalyst retained the same crystal structure as pure TiO2 and the wavelength range of its absorption spectrum was broadened to 600-700 nm while its surface area was smaller than that of the pure TiO2. Under the optimal conditions, 20 mg/L furfural solution was degraded by nearly 90% and TOC by about 70%. When the catalyst was reused 6 times, the activity of the catalyst was still retained by about 75%.

Numerical Analysis of Cylindrical Cavity Expansion in Sand Considering Particle Crushing and Intermediate Principal Stress

Considering the effects of particle crushing and intermediate principal stress on material yielding strength, the spatial mobilization plane(SMP) yielding criterion and state parameter model including a general critical state line are selected in the analysis of cylindrical cavity expansion.Meanwhile, combining Rowe's flow rule and Bolton's simplification to stress-dilatancy relationship to reflect soil shear dilatancy and softening behavior, this paper analyzes the problem of cylindrical cavity expansion in sand by discretizing the plastic zone, which is applicable to cavity expansions from zero initial radius and finite initial radius simultaneously and can determine stress field, strain field and limit cavity pressure.A series of comparative analyses are made with the results ignoring crushing and based on MohrCoulomb criterion to examine the effects of crushing as well as the coupled effects of crushing and intermediate principal stress on cavity expansion.Results indicate that crushing causes a reduction in limit cavity pressure and void ratio, and results in less stiff response in expansion curves, the amounts of which increase with initial density and mean effective stress.The consideration of crushing can weaken the effects of intermediate principal stress on expansion, while the consideration of intermediate principal stress makes crushing effects become more prominent.The limit cavity pressure can be reduced by over 40% for dense sand with high initial stress based on SMP criterion when crushing is considered.

Comprehensive evaluation and sensitivity analysis of regeneration energy for acid gas removal plant using single and activated-methyl diethanolamine solvents

The absorption of acid gas using reactive amines is among the most widely used types of capturing technologies.However,the absorption process requires intensive energy expenditure majorly in the solvent regeneration process.This study simultaneously evaluated the regeneration energy of MDEA and PZ/MDEA solvents in terms of heat of absorption,sensible heat,and vaporization heat.Aspen Hysys version 8.8 simulation tool is applied to model the full acid gas removal plant for the chemical absorption process.The new energy balance technique presents around the absorption and desorption columns to bring a new perspective of energy distribution in the capturing of acid gas plants.Sensitivity analysis of regeneration energy and its three contributors is performed at several operation parameters such as absorber and stripper pressures,lean amine circulation rate,solvent concentration,reflux ratio,and CO2 and H2 S concentrations.The results show that the heat of absorption of PZ/MDEA system is higher than that for MDEA system for the same operating conditions.The sensible heat is the main contributor in the required regeneration energy of MDEA solvent system.The simulation results have been validated against data taken from real plant and literature.The product specifications of our simulation corroborate with real plant data in an excellent approach;additionally,the profile temperature of the absorber and the stripper columns are in good agreement with literature.The overall results highlight the direction of the effects of each parameter on the heat of absorption,sensible heat,and vaporization heat.

Model development and parameter investigation of a column-type electric power steering system

In this paper, the performance of a column-type electric power steering （EPS） system and vehicle has been studied and a detailed mathematical model for the system has been established. Based on the mathematic model of the optimization design for steering feel, the parameters of the EPS system and vehicle on steering performance have been investigated. Moreover, the effects of the parameters on system stability have been analyzed and compared by the method of absolute sensitivity and the results are given in the end.

Gate Lip Hydraulics under Sluice Gate

This paper present the effect of the lower gate lip on the coefficient of contraction, velocity and discharge which have been made in a rectangular flume with four gates opening from (2 to 4.5) cm, five different discharges from (6.2 to 18.15) l/s and five different gate cases (vertical and inclined vertically) by angle (45)° with and opposite flow direction with horizontal and sharp lower lip. The values of coefficients of contraction (Cc) and discharge (Cd) increases when gate slope increases with flow direction and the lower lip is horizontal, these increases are (16)% and (18)% respecttively, while these values decreases when gate slope increases opposite flow direction and the lower lip is horizontal these decreases are (13)% and (11)% respectively. The values of coefficient of velocity (Cv) remain constant and don’t effect with changes of gate slope or gate lip.

Study of Panjin Wetlands Along Bohai Coast:(Ⅰ) the Information System of Wetlands Based on 3S Technique

Based on previous studies on Panjin wetlands along the coast of the Bohai Sea,this paper adopts RS,GIS and GPS tech-niques and establishes the information system for Panjin wetlands. The system involves many functions,such as identification and classification of wetlands,calculation of the area of wetlands and storage of the information of the wetland management. Moreover,our study indicates that remote sensing technique is a useful tool for great macrography,speediness and accuracy to carry out the extraction,analysis,management and handling of information together with geography information system,which has prospective applications in similar kinds of research.

Lower Bound Limit Analysis of Anisotropic Soils

Previous approaches can only tackle anisotropic problems with cohesion varying with direction.A novel linearization of the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion associated with plane strain problem has been achieved by simulating the Mohr’s circle with orientation lines inσ-τspace,which allows for lower bound solution of soils with cohesion and friction coefficient varying with direction.The finite element lower limit analysis formulation using the modified anisotropic yield criterion is then developed.Several examples are given to illustrate the capability and effectiveness of the proposed numerical procedure for computing rigorous lower bounds for anisotropic soils.

Soil Amendments Enhanced Summer Squash Yield, Fruit Composition, Quality, and Soil Enzymes Activity

Summer squash, Cucurbita pepo was field grown under fourteen soil treatments: sewage sludge (SS);horse manure (HM);chicken manure (CM);vermicompost;inorganic fertilizer (Inorg);commercial organic fertilizer (Org);and no-mulch (NM) control treatment. Soil treatments were also mixed with biochar to make a total of 14 treatments to assess the impact on 1) squash fruit yield and quality, 2) fruit vitamin C, total phenols, and soluble sugars content, and 3) soil microbial activity expressed as urease and invertase secretions. Results revealed that SS treatments increased squash yield and fruit number by 114% and 116%, respectively compared to NM control treatment. Fruits of plants grown in Inorg mixed with biochar (InorgBio) increased fruits’ vitamin C, total phenols, and soluble sugars by 73%, 52%, and 7%, respectively compared to Inorg with no-biochar treatment. However, biochar was not consistent in increasing soil urease and invertase activities. The use of animal manure is an affordable way to reduce dependence on mineral fertilizers. Results revealed that the addition of biochar to Org fertilizer increased squash fruit weight and numbers of fruits compared to Org not treated with biochar. No single amendment increased all fruit composition and soil urease and invertase activities.

Modeling of Different Irrigation Methods for Maize Using AquaCrop Model: Case Study

Modeling of irrigation methods is one of the most important techniques that contribute to the future of modern agriculture. This will conserve water as water scarcity is a major threat for agriculture. In this study, AquaCrop model was used to model different irrigation methods of maize in field trails in Al-Yousifya, 15 km Southwest of Baghdad. Field experiments were conducted for two seasons during 2016 and 2017 using five irrigation methods including furrow, surface drip and subsurface drip with three patterns of emitter depth (10, 20 and 30 cm) irrigation. AquaCrop simulations of biomass, grain yield, harvest index and water productivity were validated using different statistical parameters under the natural conditions obtained in the study area. For 2016 and 2017 seasons, results of R2 were 0.98 and 0.99, 0.99 and 0.99, 0.99 and 0.97, and 0.8 and 0.73 for biomass, grain yield, harvest index and water productivity, respectively. The study has conducted that simulation using AquaCrop is considered very efficient tool for modeling of different irrigation applications for maize production under the existing conditions in the central region of Iraq.

Role of biochar in raising blue carbon stock capacity of salt marshes

Salt marshes are an important blue carbon ecosystem, with surprisingly fast carbon accumulation rates that are 40 times higher than those of terrestrial forests. In recent decades, salt marshes have suffered great degradation and loss all over the world. The idea to enhance carbon stock in salt marshes(so-called blue carbon) using biochar (so-called black carbon) has recently been proposed. Although experiments and observations remain limited, significant enhancements in soil organic carbon and plant growth have been documented in most case studies. However, due to the limited number of observations and their relatively short time window ranging from months to less than one year, there still exists a knowledge gap regarding the process, mechanism, and effect of biochar in enhancing carbon stock in salt marshes. Future research is urgently needed in the following perspectives:1) exploring the relationship between carbon stock enhancement efficiency and biochar properties, 2) optimizing the physical and chemical properties of biochar to boost its efficiency, and 3)studying the in-situ responses of complex carbon pools to biochar addition, especially under tidal conditions and over a longer period of time.

The dynamic changes of arsenic biotransformation and bioaccumulation in muscle of freshwater food fish crucian carp during chronic dietborne exposure

Dietary uptake is the major way that inorganic arsenic(iAs)enters into benthic fish;however,the metabolic process of dietborne i As in fish muscle following chronic exposure remains unclear.This was a 40-day study on chronic dietborne i As[arsenite(AsⅢ)and arsenate(AsⅤ)]exposure in the benthic freshwater food fish,the crucian carp(Carassius auratus),which determined the temporal profiles of iAs metabolism and toxicokinetics during exposure.We found that an adaptive response occurred in the fish body after iAs dietary exposure,which was associated with decreased As accumulation and increased As transformation into a non-toxic As form(arsenobetaine).The bioavailability of dietary AsⅢwas lower than that of AsⅤ,probably because AsⅢhas a lower ability to pass through fish tissues.Dietary AsⅤexhibited a high potential for transformation into AsⅢspecies,which then accumulated in fish muscle.The largely produced AsⅢconsidered more toxic at the earlier stage of AsⅤexposure should attract sufficient attention to human exposure assessment.Therefore,the pristine As species and exposure duration had significant effects on As bioaccumulation and biotransformation in fish.The behavior determined for dietborne arsenic in food fish is crucial for not only arsenic ecotoxicology but also food safety.

Synergistic chemical and electrochemical strategy for high-performance Zn//MnO_(2) batteries

Aqueous rechargeable Zn//MnO_(2)batteries have been considered as the promising candidate for future energy storage system due to their economic and environmental merits.However,the high-performance Zn//MnO_(2)batteries are plagued by poor sluggish reaction kinetics and capacity degradation due to the strong electrostatic interactions and complicated reaction process.Herein,the synergistic effect of atom defects engineering and phase transformation mechanism is confirmed as the effective strategy to enhance ion/charge transfer kinetics and structural stability.Defects gradient controlling and electrochemically induced phase transformation from spinel to layered structure render the aqueous Zn//λ-MnO_(2)system delivers a high discharge capacity of 285 m Ah/g and capacity retention of 81%after 500 cycles.

Algal community structure prediction by machine learning

The algal community structure is vital for aquatic management.However,the complicated environmental and biological processes make modeling challenging.To cope with this difficulty,we investigated using random forests(RF)to predict phytoplankton community shifting based on multi-source environmental factors(including physicochemical,hydrological,and meteorological variables).The RF models robustly predicted the algal communities composed by 13 major classes(Bray-Curtis dissimilarity=9.2±7.0%,validation NRMSE mostly<10%),with accurate simulations to the total biomass(validation R^(2)>0.74)in Norway's largest lake,Lake Mjosa.The importance analysis showed that the hydro-meteorological variables(Standardized MSE and Node Purity mostly>0.5)were the most influential factors in regulating the phytoplankton.Furthermore,an in-depth ecological interpretation uncovered the interactive stress-response effect on the algal community learned by the RF models.The interpretation results disclosed that the environmental drivers(i.e.,temperature,lake inflow,and nutrients)can jointly pose strong influence on the algal community shifts.This study highlighted the power of machine learning in predicting complex algal community structures and provided insights into the model interpretability.

鄂西北房县地区降雨侵蚀力的建立

本实验考虑了率定时高度对色斑的直径有一定的影响,并得到色斑直径和雨滴直径的关系为d=0.478D0.610,作为研究滤纸色斑法的基础。从02-05年在房县建立实验小区,获得降雨和径流资料。建立了该地区R指标最佳组合为E30I30和R值与降雨量的关系以月R值=2.766P11.161为最好。它们的建立对估算该地区的降雨侵蚀力,对水土流失量的预报有指导性作用。

Evaluation of TIGGE Daily Accumulated Precipitation Forecasts over the Qu River Basin, China

Quantitative precipitation forecasts(QPFs)provided by three operational global ensemble prediction systems(EPSs)from the THORPEX(The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment)Interactive Grand Global Ensemble(TIGGE)archive were evaluated over the Qu River basin,China during the plum rain and typhoon seasons of 2009–13.Two post-processing methods,the ensemble model output statistics based on censored shifted gamma distribution(CSGD-EMOS)and quantile mapping(QM),were used to reduce bias and to improve the QPFs.The results were evaluated by using three incremental precipitation thresholds and multiple verification metrics.It is demonstrated that QPFs from NCEP and ECMWF presented similarly skillful forecasts,although the ECMWF QPFs performed more satisfactorily in the typhoon season and the NCEP QPFs were better in the plum rain season.Most of the verification metrics showed evident seasonal discriminations,with more satisfactory behavior in the plum rain season.Lighter precipitation tended to be overestimated,but heavier precipitation was always underestimated.The post-processed QPFs showed a significant improvement from the raw forecasts and the effects of post-processing varied with the lead time,precipitation threshold,and EPS.Precipitation was better corrected at longer lead times and higher thresholds.CSGD-EMOS was more effective for probabilistic metrics and the root-mean-square error.QM had a greater effect on removing bias according to bias and categorical metrics,but was unable to warrant reliabilities.In general,raw forecasts can provide acceptable QPFs eight days in advance.After post-processing,the useful forecasts can be significantly extended beyond 10 days,showing promising prospects for flood forecasting.

Sensitivity analysis of using diethanolamine instead of methyldiethanolamine solution for GASCO’S Habshan acid gases removal plant

Sweeting natural gas processes are mainly focused on removing carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The high-energy requirements and opera-tional limitations make amine absorption process sensitive to any change in conditions. This paper presented a steady- state simulation using Hysys to reasonably predict removal amounts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from natural gas with the diethanolamine (DEA) solvent. The product specifications are taken from the real plant (GASCO5S Habshan) which uses the methyldiethanola-mine (MDEA) solvent, while this simulation uses DEA under the same operation conditions. First, the simulation validation has been checked with the data of the real plant. The results show accurate prediction for CO2 slippage and accepted agreement for H2S content compared with the data of the plant. A parametric analysis has been performed to test all possible parameters that affect the performance of the acid gases removal plant. The effects of operational parameters are examined in terms of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide contents in clean gas and reboiler duty.

锥探灌浆施工质量控制

本文介绍了探灌浆施工过程中原材料的控制、施工过程质量控制、特殊情况处理、施工质量检测等环节。