Tidal Marsh Plant Community Development within Four Restored Lowland Estuaries in the Western Peninsulas of Washington State, USA

Vegetation and soil within estuarine ecosystems play an integral role in ecological processes within pocket estuaries. However, physical barriers, caused by culverts diminish hydrological inputs, sediment exchange, and habitat connectivity. The restoration of estuaries by bridge replacement reconnects the aquatic corridor, however, the recovery of plant communities and soil substrate is not well understood. This observational study monitored four estuary restoration sites of variable ages (0 - 12 years) in Western Washington, USA. Plant community composition, soil organic carbon, organic matter, and soil nutrients were assessed. Percent soil carbon was different among the pre-restoration and youngest (3-year) post-restoration site (P = 0.03), suggesting an initial decrease in carbon and organic matter during restoration. Both N and P were deficient at the newest, lower restoration site, presumably linked to the lack of organic matter required for adequate cation exchange capacity and nutrient/plant exchange (P < 0.05). Plant species diversity was higher at the intermediate (9-year) and oldest post-restoration sites (12-year;P = 0.02). Vegetation composition was primarily native species with few invasive plants present. The results of this study illustrate that tidal marsh plant communities are influenced by the development of salinity and vertical gradients with older sites having an increase in species diversity. Future surveys are ongoing to better understand how these sites recover organic matter and tidal marsh communities to form adequate estuarine habitat over time.

The Influence of Land Surface Changes on Regional Climate in Northwest China

Land surface changes effect the regional climate due to the complex coupling of land-atmosphere interactions. From 1995 to 2000, a decrease in the vegetation density and an increase in ground-level thermodynamic activity has been documented by multiple data sources in Northwest China, including meteorological, reanalysis from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF）, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration＇s （NOAA） Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） and TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder （TOVS） satellite remote sensing data. As the ground-level thermodynamic activity increases, humid air from the surrounding regions converge toward desert （and semi-desert） regions, causing areas with high vegetation cover to become gradually more arid. Furthermore, land surface changes in Northwest China are responsible for a decrease in total cloud cover, a decline in the fraction of low and middle clouds, an increase in high cloud cover （due to thermodynamic activity） and other regional climatic adaptations. It is proposed that, beginning in 1995, these cloud cover changes contributed to a ＂green- house＂ effect, leading to the rapid air temperature increases and other regional climate impacts that have been observed over Northwest China.

Spatial effect of environmental regulation measures on industrial structure upgrading from the empirical analysis of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas

This paper investigates the spatial effect of environmental regulation measures on the upgrading of industrial structure in the integrated development strategy of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas.In order to reflect the effect of the environmental regulation and different regulation measures more truly,this paper constructs indices of the environmental regulation measures through the results of policy texts quantification.On the basis of the previous research,this paper divides environmental regulation into the following types:personnel and administrative measures of command and control;market-oriented fiscal,taxation,financial and other economic measures;guidance measures.Spatial panel regression results show that administrative measures of command control and market-oriented fiscal measures have a significant role in promoting regional industrial structure upgrading,but not conducive to the advancement of the industrial structure of adjacent areas.Their roles in promoting and inhibition are counteracted,which causes the total effect of industrial structure upgrading of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas are not significant.Personnel measures,financial measures,other economic measures and guidance measures do not have the short-term effect and spatial effect on the upgrading of industrial structure.

The Effects of Ocean Acidity and Elevated Temperature on Bacterioplankton Community Structure and Metabolism

By the end of the 21st century, mean sea surface temperatures are expected to increase 4?C, while atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to triple causing seawater to become acidic. These compounding effects will undoubtedly have major consequences for the organisms and processes in the oceans. Bacterioplankton play a vital role in the marine carbon cycle and the oceans’ ability to sequester CO2. We utilized pCO2 perturbation experiments to investigate the effects of ocean acidity and elevated temperature on bacterioplankton community structure and metabolism. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of small subunit ribosomal (SSU) genes revealed that bacterioplankton incubated in lower pH conditions exhibited a reduction of species richness, evenness, and overall diversity, relative to those incubated in ambient pH conditions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) of T-RFLP data resulted in clustering by pH suggesting that pH influenced the structure of these communities. Shifts in the dominant members of bacterioplankton communities incubated under different pH were observed in both T-RFLP and SSU clone library analyses. Both ambient and low pH communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, although abundance of Alphaproteobacteria increased in communities incubated at lower pH. This was expressed by the gamma to alpha ratio dropping from ~9 to 4, respectively. In general, the representative taxa from these two classes were distinctly different between the treatments, with a few taxa found to be persistent in both treatments. Changes in the structure of bacterioplankton communities coincided with significant changes to their overall metabolism. Bacterial production rates decreased, while bacterial respiration increased under lower pH conditions. This study highlights the ability of bacterioplankton communities to respond to ocean acidification both structurally and metabolically, which may have significant implications for their ecological function in the marine carbon cycle and the ocean’s response to global climate change.

A Comparison of the Growth and Asexual Reproduction by Cryphonectria parasitica Isolates Infected with Hypoviruses CHV3-County Line, CHV1-Euro7, and CHV1-Ep713

The impact of chestnut blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, has diminished in Europe due to a natural biological control caused by hypovirus infection. Hypovirulence-mediated biological control has been far less successful in North America meriting further evaluation of field isolates that have the ability to produce non-lethal cankers, generate hypovirulent inoculum, and exhibit a greater ecological fitness in forest systems. In this study, Cryphonectria hypoviruses (CHV) CHV3-County Line, CHV1-Euro7, and CHV1-Ep713 were evaluated in five different isolates of C. parasitica. One hundred and eighty cankers representing each treatment combination were initiated on American chestnut sprouts in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, USA. The size of cankers, the persistence of hypovirulent (HV) isolates, stroma production, and hypovirus transmission to conidia were assessed four and 12 months after canker expansion. CHV3-County Line infected isolates produced significantly smaller cankers than the isolates infected with either CHV1-type. With regard to CHV1-Euro7 isolates, the fungal genome appeared to contribute to the differences in canker size. After four months, HV isolates harboring either CHV1-type (30%) were retrieved at a significantly higher rate than isolates containing CHV3-County Line (14%). After 12 months, the HV recovery was similar among the three hypoviruses indicating smaller cankers will maintain their HV status after one year. Very few stroma were produced after one year in the field from HV isolates. In vitro, CHV3-County Line (49%) had a significantly lower rate of hypovirus transmission to conidia when compared to CHV1-Euro7 (87%) and CHV1-Ep713 (80%). Significant differences existed among the five different isolates indicating HV transmission is dependent on the fungal genome. This research provided additional evidence that each hypovirus interacts with its host differently and certain isolate/hypovirus combinations have better biological control potential than others.

Bifurcation of Bingham Streamline Topologies in Rectangular Double-Lid-Driven Cavities

Numerical simulation of the bifurcation of Bingham fluid streamline topologies in rectangular double-lid-driven cavity, with varying aspect (height to width) ratio A, is presented. The lids on the top and bottom move at the same speed but in opposite directions so that symmetric flow patterns are generated. Similar to the Newtonian case, bifurcations occur as the aspect ratio decreases. Special to Bingham fluids, the non-Newtonian indicator, Bingham number B, also governs the bifurcation besides the bifurcation parameter A.

Effects of scenario-based carbon pricing policies on China's dual climate change mitigation goals: Does policy design matter?

Although the carbon pricing policy is a critical driving factor that will help China achieve economic growth,energy transition,and dual climate change mitigation goals,the kind of carbon pricing policy that will complement the country's current development situation remains controversial.We apply the World Induced Technical Change Hybrid(WITCH)model to explore the heterogeneity and synergy of different carbon pricing policies,and the results indicate that it will be challenging to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.The study find that the combined policy-a mix of carbon tax and carbon market policies--has the optimal emission reduction effect but comes with the highest economic cost,proving to be unsuitable in the long run.The carbon tax policy is an important transitional means to assist in emission reduction,which can serve as an important supplement to carbon market policy and be phased out after the market mechanism matures.

气候变暖背景下青藏高原植被覆盖特征的时空变化及其成因分析

正交分解反演于NOAA-AVHRR数据的叶面积指数、空间特征场分布和时间系数变化显示,自20世纪80年代初至2000年,在全球变暖气候大背景下,青藏高原地区植被覆盖率总体上呈增加趋势.降水量与主特征场时间系数相关性分析表明,降水量是决定高原地区植被整体覆盖年际变化和波动的主要气候驱动因素.植被覆盖总体增加的同时,高原地区植被覆盖率也存在显著的南北反相位区域变化特征,气候变暖是造成植被覆盖南北反相位变化的主要原因.气温持续增高导致活动积温增加,有利于高原南缘湿润地区植被的生长,相反却使高原北部地区干旱加剧,不利于植被覆盖状况的改善.

广东大宝山斑岩钼矿热液体系演化研究

大宝山多金属矿床位于南岭成矿带中带南侧,东西向的大东山-贵东花岗岩体与北北东向四会-吴川深大断裂交汇的部位。矿区包含燕山早期斑岩型钼矿床和发育在泥盆系碳酸盐地层中的似层状Cu-Pb-Zn矿床,其中似层状Cu-Pb-Zn矿床与斑岩系统的关系仍存在争议。依据斑岩体系中石英脉的矿物组合、蚀变特征、脉体结构构造及空间分布等特征,划分出四期石英脉:早期无矿石英脉、石英-辉钼矿脉、石英-黄铁矿脉和少量晚期石英-铅锌铜矿脉。

中国区域陆表热力作用时空分布及异常变化区域的成因

基于互补相关理论,通过20cm蒸发皿气象观测数据分析了中国区域1980～2000年地表热力时空变化和分布.结果显示:四川盆地为中心的长江中上游流域和黑龙江北部地区热力作用显著异常增强;新疆和云南部分区域热力作用显著减少.上述区域内低云覆盖率也同步发生显著的异常变化.通过西太平洋副热带高压波动数据和热带风暴频率资料证实,天气系统是造成地表热力异常分布的主要原因,并合理地解释了中国大部分区域年降水周期性和准周期性波动的成因.同时利用NOAA-AVHRR卫星遥感数据,分析了下垫面性质变化对地表热力异常分布的影响.在地表植被增加区域,地表热力作用下降;在地表植被减少强度最大的城市化周边地区,热力作用显著增强,而更大范围的热力增强却与天气系统引发的低云异常减少有关.

ANALYSIS OF FREEMIUM BUSINESS MODEL CONSIDERING NETWORK EXTERNALITIES AND CONSUMER UNCERTAINTY

An emerging business model increasingly used by companies in the online software market is to provide both a free basic version and a paid premium version for a service or a product to customers. Such a setting is often called freemium model. The existence of the free version can reduce the customer uncertainty regarding the evaluation of the commercial software and make use of network effect to improve the firm＇s profit. However, the freemium model may also have the cannibalization effect which can hurt the profit. Hence, the from needs to determine the optimal content for the free version and the optimal price for the premium version to maximize its profit. In this paper, thst, we obtain the optimal decisions of the freemium model and their properties. Second, we compare the freemium model with the traditional charge-for-everything model that all content of the product need to be charged in terms of the profit, customer welfare, and social welfare. The results show that when customer underestimates the value of the software significantly and the true value of the software is high enough, the freemium model can generate higher profit, higher customer welfare, and higher social welfare. Otherwise, the freemium model may not deliver the desired results.

Reactive optical matter: light-induced motility in electrodynamically asymmetric nanoscale scatterers

From Newton’s third law,which is known as the principle of actio et reactio1,we expect the forces between interacting particles to be equal and opposite for closed systems.Otherwise,“nonreciprocal”forces can arise.2 This has been shown theoretically in the interaction between dissimilar optically trapped particles that are mediated by an external field.3 As a result,despite the incident external field not having a transverse component of momentum,the particle pair experiences a force in a direction that is transverse to the light propagation direction.3,4 In this letter,we directly measure the net nonreciprocal forces in electrodynamically interacting asymmetric nanoparticle dimers and nanoparticle structures that are illuminated by plane waves and confined to pseudo one-dimensional geometries.We show via electrodynamic theory and simulations that interparticle interactions cause asymmetric scattering from heterodimers.Therefore,the putative nonreciprocal forces are actually a consequence of momentum conservation.Our study demonstrates that asymmetric scatterers exhibit directed motion due to the breakdown of mirror symmetry in their electrodynamic interactions with external fields.

Refined analysis and prediction of natural gas consumption in China

In view of the abrupt and phased features of natural gas consumption,this paper attempts to predict natural gas consumption in China with a refined forecasting approach.First,we establish a Markov switching(MS)model to identify the phase characteristics after eliminating change points in the natural gas consumption sequence,using the product partition model(PPM).The results show that there are"rapid growth"and"slow growth"regimes in the development process of natural gas consumption in China.Second,the Bayesian model average(BMA)method is employed to determine the core determinants of natural gas consumption under sub-regimes,and it is determined that there are significant differences in the influencing factors under different regimes and periods.Third,this paper establishes the BMA model of the"rapid growth"regime after predicting the state of future natural gas consumption in China.We find that,compared to some other models,the BMA model that fully recognizes the regime without considering change points has the best predictive performance.Finally,the results of static and dynamic scenario analyses show that natural gas consumption continues to rise in 2019 and has obvious seasonal charac-teristics,while possible ultra-rapid growth of consumption in the future provides a new requirement for the supply of natural gas.

A King＇s Two Bodies： The Northern Wei Emperor Wencheng and Representations of the Power of His Monarchy

This article examines the various ways in which the Northern Wei emperor Wenchengdi （440465; r. 452-465） was portrayed to his subjects. As is the case with many monarchs in many countries, he played different parts before different groups. For his soldiers, he was represented as a great hunter and marksman; to farmers in the lowlands, as a caring protector and benefactor; to potentially rebellious groups on the periphery, as a strong and steady observer of their actions. At the same time, it was in his reign that the Northern Wei court began efforts to use Buddhism as an overarching way to justify rule to all within the realm, by initiating construction of the famous cave-temples at Yungang, where ＂Buddhas became emperors and emperors Buddhas.＂ The spectacles through which Wenchengdi was portrayed are contextualized by a parallel examination of the very difficult life of the person behind the pomp and circumstance.

The Wire： Progress, Paradox, and Disaster in the Strategic Networking of China, 1881-1901

This study of the introduction of telegraphy to China in the late-nineteenth century tells three interrelated stories： China＇s pursuit of telegraphic sovereignty with its strategic networking of the empire in the period 1881-99; the functioning of China＇s hybrid express courier-telegraphic communications infrastructure; and the international communications crisis during the Boxer Uprising and the ＂Siege of the Legations＂ in 1900. The material reality of two inter-connected networks--the privately owned Imperial Telegraph Administration network and the government-run telegraph network--allowed Qing-era Beijing and its provincial governors to communicate with much greater speed. The materiality of these networks--how this new communications technology affected the practical realities of government communications, including the ease of lateral communications between provincial governors--is explored in the context of the communications crisis of 1900. In May and June of 1900 all telegraph lines to Beijing, and throughout much of North China, were cut or otherwise destroyed. While these blinded Western governments are no longer able to exchange telegrams with their Beijing-based envoys, the Qing express courier system continued to operate. Moreover, both the court and provincial officials quickly improvised ad hoc telegraphic communication protocols through the use of ＂transfer telegrams＂ （zhuandian） that relied on mounted express couriers between Beijing and those North China telegraph stations with working network connections. This assessment of real-time secret imperial communications between the Qing court and the provinces is based on the documentary register Suishou dengji （Records of [documents] at hand） maintained by communications managers in the Grand Council. China lost its telegraphic sovereignty in the capital region when Allied troops occupied the Beijing-Tianjin line of communications in the summer and fall of 1900. Moreover, Western dreams of laying, landing, and controlling submarine cables on the China coast were finally realized in North China by the end of 1900. The British, therefore, were able to add a critical section to their planned global network of secure telegraphic communications. China＇s recognition of the Western and Japanese right of protecting the Beijing-Tianjin line ofcommunications was codified in Article 9 of the Boxer Protocol of September 1901. These losses of China＇s telegraphic sovereignty would not be completely reversed until after 1949.

MMPP/M/C queue with congestion-based staffing policy and applications in operations of steel industry

A queueing model of the Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) with thresholds was investigated. The customer arrival with various arrival rates in the model was viewed as the MMPP. In contrast to the Poisson, s arrival process, the MMPP can better describe the situation that the arrival rate changes with changing conditions;therefore, the model fits better with reality. The threshold conversion was added to the model based on the general MMPP/M/C model. When the number of customers in the system exceeds a threshold, all servers work to serve;when the number of customers in the system is less than another threshold, some servers are shut down. This is the congestion-based staffing policy with two thresholds. Specifically, the problems in the slab stocking stage of slab production at the Iron and Steel Complex in China were analysed. In the slab production process, because the rate of the upstream steelmaking is not constant, the rate of slab reaching the slab yard is uncertain. The crane service is used to store slabs in a warehouse. Because the slab arrival rate varies, different numbers of cranes in service need to be optimized for cost control. Thus, MMPP was used to describe slab arrival with varied arrival rates. Therefore, an MMPP/M/C queue with thresholds was used to analyse and solve the practical problems, and the optimal number of service cranes was obtained to minimize the cost of slab stocking.

A Policy Perspective on Outward Foreign Direct Investment by Chinese State-Owned Enterprises

最近的年里的越来越多的发达国家政府向国有企业(SOEs ) 在他们的市场承担的外国直接投资采用了敌对态度，经常在中国基于的后者。为这敌视的宽广原因是国有企业与产生损坏追求非商业性的目的招待经济的信仰。这篇论文主张实验证据证明 SOEs 逐渐地正在展出拥有市场的行为。而且，非商业性的行为的任何不利后果是可能的首先被 SOEs 自己认识到。

Hierarchical modeling of stochastic manufacturing and service systems

This paper presents a review of methodologies for analyzing stochastic manufacturing and service systems. On the basis of the scale and level of details of operations, we can study stochastic systems using micro-,meso-, and macro-scopic models. Such a classification unifies stochastic modeling theory. For each model type,we highlight the advantages and disadvantages and the applicable situations. Micro-scopic models are based on quasi-birth-and-death process because of the phase-type distributed service times and/or Markov arrival processes.Such models are appropriate for modeling the detailed operations of a manufacturing system with relatively small number of servers(production facilities). By contrast,meso-scopic and macro-scopic models are based on the functional central limit theorem(FCLT) and functional strong law of large numbers(FSLLN), respectively, under heavy-traffic regimes. These high-level models are appropriate for modeling large-scale service systems with many servers, such as call centers or large service networks. This review will help practitioners select the appropriate level of modeling to enhance their understanding of the dynamic behavior of manufacturing or service systems. Enhanced understanding will ensure that optimal policies can be designed to improve system performance. Researchers in operation analytics and optimization of manufacturing and logistics also benefit from such a review.